p.10
Applications in Pharmaceutical Products
What is one pharmaceutical application of DNA technology?
Large-scale production of human hormones and other proteins with therapeutic uses.
p.23
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What organization has approved many gene therapies for trials in human patients?
The National Institutes of Health.
p.1
Definition and Overview of Recombinant DNA Technology
What is recombinant DNA technology considered?
One of the recent advances in biotechnology.
p.8
Applications in Pharmaceutical Products
What is one application of recombinant DNA technology in gene analysis?
Analysis of Gene Structure and Expression.
p.15
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What does the gene in the insect-resistant tomato plant encode?
A bacterial protein that is toxic to certain insects.
p.12
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What are the advantages of using a subunit vaccine?
Reduced risk of infection and fewer side effects compared to live vaccines.
p.19
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
How do GMOs contribute to drought and salinity tolerance?
They allow crops to be grown in otherwise inhospitable environments as populations expand.
p.17
Transgenic Plants and Animals
What do transgenic plants and animals contain?
Genes from other organisms.
p.12
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What is the primary purpose of the subunit herpes vaccine?
To stimulate an immune response against the herpes virus without using live virus.
p.19
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What is an example of a genetically modified organism that exhibits cold tolerance?
Tobacco and potato plants with an antifreeze gene from cold water fish.
p.9
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What techniques are used to analyze gene structure and expression?
Specialized recombinant DNA techniques.
p.9
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
Where is GenBank located?
At the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.
p.6
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What happens after the DNA fragments are cut?
The DNA fragments are joined or spliced together.
p.19
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What is one benefit of GMOs related to disease?
Disease resistance against viruses, fungi, and bacteria that cause plant diseases.
p.15
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What is the result of watering the transformed tobacco plant with luciferin?
All plant tissues generate light.
p.21
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
How can recombinant DNA technology assist in healthcare?
By diagnosing genetic disorders.
p.10
Applications in Pharmaceutical Products
How has DNA technology improved vaccine production?
By enabling the production of safer vaccines.
p.15
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What gene is transformed into tobacco plants using the Ti plasmid?
The luciferase gene from a firefly.
p.17
Transgenic Plants and Animals
How may the human blood protein produced by transgenic sheep be beneficial?
It may help in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
p.14
Transgenic Plants and Animals
What is the purpose of breeding plants for millennia?
To enhance certain desirable characteristics in important food crops.
p.14
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What are transgenic plants?
Plants that have been genetically modified to express desirable traits.
p.8
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What are genetically modified organisms (GMO) in the context of recombinant DNA technology?
Organisms that have been altered using recombinant DNA techniques, including transgenic plants and animals.
p.8
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
How is recombinant DNA technology applied in medicine?
It is used for developing therapies and treatments.
p.12
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What type of vaccine is the subunit herpes vaccine?
It is a vaccine that contains only specific subunits of the herpes virus.
p.17
Transgenic Plants and Animals
What distinguishes a transgenic mouse from a normal mouse?
A transgenic mouse expresses a rat growth hormone.
p.17
Transgenic Plants and Animals
What gene do the transgenic sheep carry?
A gene for a human blood protein.
p.13
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) used for in agriculture?
To create plants with genetically desirable traits.
p.4
Definition and Overview of Recombinant DNA Technology
What is recombinant DNA?
A molecule that combines DNA from two sources, also known as gene cloning.
p.13
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What is one benefit of using herbicide or pesticide resistant crops?
Decreases chemical insecticide use.
p.4
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What is genetic engineering?
The application of recombinant DNA technology to the manipulation of genes.
p.4
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What is a vector in recombinant DNA technology?
A plasmid or phage into which the target gene is inserted to form a replicon.
p.23
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What is ADA-SCID?
Severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency.
p.6
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is done during the specific cutting step in recombinant DNA technology?
DNA is cut at defined sites.
p.5
Definition and Overview of Recombinant DNA Technology
What are some common terms used to describe genetic engineering?
Gene manipulation, recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning (molecular cloning), genetic modification.
p.7
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the first step in the Recombinant DNA process?
Isolating the vector and target gene.
p.20
Ethical Considerations in Gene Therapy
Why are patents important in the context of genetic engineering?
To insure profits from R&D investments.
p.5
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
Why is cloning necessary in recombinant DNA technology?
To produce numerous copies of DNA for insertion into host cells.
p.5
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What does the term 'clone' refer to in classical biology?
A population of identical organisms derived from a single parental organism.
p.13
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
How do genetically modified crops impact production?
They increase production.
p.22
Future Prospects and Challenges in Recombinant DNA Technology
What are the current challenges in gene therapy?
Serious technical and clinical difficulties in ensuring proper gene expression.
p.2
Applications in Pharmaceutical Products
What practical applications does Recombinant DNA Technology have?
It has been used to change DNA in living organisms and may have more practical uses in the future.
p.20
Ethical Considerations in Gene Therapy
What is a concern regarding capitalism in the field of genetic engineering?
It may overshadow humanitarian efforts.
p.9
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What significant genomic information has been determined by researchers?
The entire genomic sequence of humans and many key experimental organisms.
p.15
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
How do the insect-resistant tomato plants differ from wild-type plants?
Only the insect-resistant plant can grow when exposed to insects.
p.22
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What does gene therapy involve?
The alteration of an afflicted individual’s genes.
p.4
Applications in Pharmaceutical Products
What significant application of recombinant DNA technology was developed for diabetics?
The human gene for insulin was placed in bacteria to produce insulin in large quantities.
p.6
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What can happen to the recombinant DNA after selection?
It can either be expressed or not expressed.
p.20
Ethical Considerations in Gene Therapy
How can trans-genes be transferred to wild populations?
Through pollinator transfer.
p.7
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What occurs during the fourth step of Recombinant DNA technology?
Transforming the host cells with the recombinant DNA.
p.9
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What are the two primary data banks for DNA sequence data?
GenBank at the National Institutes of Health and EMBL Sequence Data Base at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory.
p.22
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What is the primary goal of human gene therapy?
To repair damage caused by a genetic deficiency by introducing a functional version of the defective gene.
p.9
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
Where is the EMBL Sequence Data Base located?
At the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany.
p.5
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
How is the term 'clone' used in molecular biology?
To mean a collection of molecules or cells all identical to an original molecule or cell.
p.7
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the fifth step in the Recombinant DNA process?
Cloning the transformed cells.
p.2
Future Prospects and Challenges in Recombinant DNA Technology
What stage is Recombinant DNA Technology currently in within medical science?
It is an area that is just beginning to be researched in a concerted effort.
p.10
Applications in Pharmaceutical Products
What are some examples of therapeutic gene products produced commercially?
Interleukins, interferons, growth hormones, erythropoietin, and coagulation factor VIII.
p.9
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What has been done with the vast amounts of DNA sequence data?
It has been stored and organized in data banks.
p.6
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the first step in recombinant DNA technology?
Isolating the target gene and the vector.
p.4
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What emerged in the early 1970s that led to recombinant DNA technology?
Technologies for the laboratory manipulation of nucleic acids.
p.4
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What does the cloning of DNA sequences allow in recombinant DNA technology?
The amplification of any particular DNA segment within bacterial host cells.
p.23
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What types of conditions are gene constructs designed to cure or treat?
ADA-SCID, neuroblastoma, cystic fibrosis, and cancer.
p.24
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What are the basic techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology?
Isolation of DNA, cleavage at specific sequences, ligation of DNA fragments, introduction into host cells, replication and expression, and identification of host cells with recombinants.
p.22
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What are vectors used for in gene therapy?
For the delivery of genes into cells.
p.7
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What does the second step of Recombinant DNA involve?
Cutting or cleavage of DNA.
p.13
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What are some advantages of genetically modified crops?
Better taste, longer freshness, and protection from disease and insect infestations.
p.24
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
How can cells containing recombinant DNA molecules be selected?
By the activity of a marker gene and screening for desired recombinants.
p.24
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What is a key benefit of incorporating foreign genes into the genomes of animals and plants?
Stable incorporation allows for the expression of desired traits.
p.12
Future Prospects and Challenges in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is a potential challenge in developing subunit vaccines?
Ensuring that the immune response is strong enough to provide protection.
p.4
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
What makes genetically modified organisms possible?
The universal nature of the genetic code.
p.7
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the third step in the Recombinant DNA process?
Joining or ligation of DNA fragments.
p.2
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What is the significance of DNA cloning in Recombinant DNA Technology?
It allows the artificially-created DNA to be reproduced, making the technology useful.
p.12
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
How does the subunit herpes vaccine work?
It introduces harmless pieces of the virus to the immune system, prompting an immune response.
p.24
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What types of cloning vectors can DNA fragments be ligated into?
Plasmids, bacteriophage, viruses, or artificial chromosomes.
p.6
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the purpose of transforming the replicon to a host cell?
To introduce the recombinant DNA into the host for cloning.
p.22
Ethical Considerations in Gene Therapy
What ethical questions does gene therapy raise?
Whether human germ-line cells should be treated to correct defects in future generations.
p.7
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the final step in the Recombinant DNA process?
Selecting or screening for successful recombinant DNA.
p.24
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
In which types of cells can the product of a gene incorporated into an expression vector be generated?
In prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
p.24
Applications in Pharmaceutical Products
What can recombinant DNA methods produce for therapeutic use?
Proteins and identification of individuals with genetic defects.
p.20
Ethical Considerations in Gene Therapy
What is a potential downside of introducing genetically modified organisms?
They may introduce allergens.
p.4
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the first step in recombinant DNA technology?
Isolation of a gene of interest (target gene).
p.22
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What must be done to incorporate a cloned variant of a gene into an organism?
It must be expressed only at the proper time and in appropriate cell types.
p.22
Human Gene Therapy and Medical Applications
What potential does gene therapy hold?
Great potential for treating disorders traceable to a single defective gene.
p.5
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
What can a recombinant DNA molecule do under certain conditions?
Enter a cell and replicate autonomously or after integration into a chromosome.
p.6
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
How are positive cells containing recombinant DNA selected?
By identifying cells that have successfully incorporated the recombinant DNA.
p.5
Definition and Overview of Recombinant DNA Technology
What is recombinant DNA technology?
A series of procedures used to join together (recombine) DNA segments.
p.13
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Why is beta-carotene important?
It is required to make vitamin A, which prevents blindness when in deficiency.
p.2
Basic Concepts and Techniques in Recombinant DNA
How does Recombinant DNA Technology work?
By taking DNA from two different sources and combining it into a single molecule.
p.6
Steps Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the next step after transforming the host cell?
Cloning the transformed cells.
p.20
Ethical Considerations in Gene Therapy
What risk is associated with trans-genes in genetically modified organisms?
They may pass trans-genes to wild populations.
p.2
Definition and Overview of Recombinant DNA Technology
What is Recombinant DNA Technology?
A technology that allows DNA to be produced via artificial means.
