p.19
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What does the intestinal lumen refer to?
The inside space of the intestine.
p.40
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What types of substances can secretory cells synthesize, store, and release?
Proteins (in the pancreas), lipids (adrenal, sebaceous glands), or complexes of carbohydrates and proteins (salivary glands).
p.48
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
How do endocrine glands deliver their products to target cells?
They secrete their products into the bloodstream.
p.46
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
How do exocrine glands evacuate their secretions?
They release their secretions through ducts to an epithelial surface.
p.9
Definition and Types of Tissues
From which germ layers does epithelium develop?
Epithelium develops from all three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and entoderm.
p.9
Definition and Types of Tissues
Which type of epithelium develops from the ectoderm?
Skin epithelium (epidermis) and corneal epithelium.
p.14
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are communicating junctions and what proteins do they involve?
Communicating junctions, also known as gap junctions, involve transmembrane channels formed by connexin family proteins.
p.47
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are the characteristics of serous cells?
Cuboidal cells with spherical to elliptical nuclei.
p.19
Basement Membrane Structure
What staining method is used to identify the basement membrane?
PAS+ (Periodic Acid-Schiff positive).
p.23
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the stria vascularis and where is it found?
The stria vascularis is found in the stratified cuboidal epithelium and is responsible for the production and maintenance of the fluid endolymph in the ductus cochlearis of the inner ear.
p.29
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is simple epithelium?
Simple epithelium is built from one layer of cells that are all connected to the basement membrane (BM).
p.42
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What is the secretory component of unicellular glands?
Single cells distributed among other nonsecretory cells.
p.33
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Do all cells in pseudostratified columnar epithelium reach the free surface?
No, all cells rest on the basement membrane but not all reach the free surface.
p.10
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To line all external and internal surfaces of the body.
p.17
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are microvilli?
Fingerlike, non-motile processes that protrude from the cell's apical surface.
p.18
Basement Membrane Structure
What is the basement membrane?
A noncellular, protein-polysaccharide-rich layer to which the epithelial cell basal surface is attached.
p.17
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the cytoskeleton of microvilli composed of?
Actin microfilaments (6 nm).
p.6
Definition and Types of Tissues
What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What does polarity in epithelial cells refer to?
The polarization of organelles within cells.
p.22
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
What are cytokeratins?
Cytokeratins are an important component of intermediate filaments (10 nm) in epithelial tissue.
p.20
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
What are intermediate filaments in epithelial cells made of?
Proteins called cytokeratins.
p.45
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are the three types of secretory portions based on their appearance?
Tubular, alveolar, and mixed (tubuloalveolar).
p.26
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is surface epithelium?
Surface epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue that covers the outer surface of the body and lines internal organs and structures.
p.5
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands.
p.14
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are adherent or anchoring junctions and what is their function?
Adherent or anchoring junctions (adhesion belts and desmosomes) are sites of strong cell adhesion, typically 20-30 nm apart.
p.39
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What staining technique is used to observe transitional epithelium?
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining.
p.29
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can pseudostratified epithelium be found?
Trachea (ciliated) and ducts of salivary glands (non-ciliated).
p.38
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can transitional epithelium be found in the body?
Renal calyces, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
p.31
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is simple epithelium?
Simple epithelium is built from one layer of cells that are all connected to the basement membrane (BM).
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are cilia in epithelial cells?
Cilia are fingerlike extensions that can be motile or non-motile, present in cells specialized for the transport of fluid or mucus over the surface of the epithelium.
p.3
Definition and Types of Tissues
What are tissues?
Tissues are aggregates or groups of cells and extracellular matrix organized to perform one or more specific functions.
p.40
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are glands?
Specialized organs comprised of epithelial cells that produce and secrete macromolecules.
p.32
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can pseudostratified ciliated epithelium be found in the epididymis?
In the efferent ductules.
p.33
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the basal surface in epithelial tissue?
The basal surface is the part of the epithelial cell that rests on the basement membrane.
p.8
Definition and Types of Tissues
What types of tissue are shown in a section through the tongue?
Nerve fibers, muscle, connective tissue, and blood vessels.
p.39
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is a key characteristic of transitional epithelium?
It has several layers of cells with surface cells that bulge into the lumen.
p.17
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the function of microvilli in the intestinal epithelium?
To increase the surface area for absorption.
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What forms specialized cell junctions in epithelial tissue?
Cell-to-cell adhesion molecules and cell membranes.
p.11
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
How does epithelial tissue function as a selective barrier?
It acts as a selective barrier in the CNS, kidneys, lungs, and testis.
p.11
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What role does epithelial tissue play in transportation?
It transports materials along the surface of an epithelium by motile cilia (e.g., in the trachea) and transports molecules and ions across an epithelium to and from the underlying connective tissue.
p.11
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Where does absorption and reabsorption occur in epithelial tissue?
In the columnar epithelium of the intestines and the proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney.
p.50
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
What are myoepithelial cells?
Epithelial cells that acquire the characteristics of smooth muscle cells.
p.24
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Why is regeneration an important characteristic of epithelial tissue?
It allows the epithelium to repair and renew itself, maintaining its protective and functional roles.
p.32
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is pseudostratified ciliated epithelium found in the respiratory system?
In the trachea and bronchial tree.
p.45
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What is the shape of mixed (tubuloalveolar) secretory portions?
A combination of tubular and alveolar shapes.
p.14
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are tight (occluding) junctions and where are they located?
Tight (occluding) junctions are localized apically and display certain proteins such as occludins and claudins.
p.26
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What defines cuboidal cells in surface epithelium?
Cuboidal cells have approximately the same width, depth, and height.
p.29
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
Kidney, small intestine, and gall bladder.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?
In the endothelium, mesothelium, cornea, alveoli, and kidney.
p.33
Basement Membrane Structure
What is the basement membrane (BM) in epithelial tissue?
The basement membrane is a thin, fibrous, extracellular matrix that separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue.
p.34
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
In the cornea and esophagus.
p.17
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the impact of microvilli in renal proximal tubuli?
They aid in reabsorption.
p.31
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?
In the endothelium, mesothelium, cornea, alveoli, and kidney.
p.43
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What defines multicellular glands?
They are composed of more than one cell.
p.19
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the apical surface in relation to epithelial cells?
The surface facing the intestinal lumen.
p.21
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
What is the clinical significance of intermediate filaments?
Intermediate filaments, such as cytokeratins, are used as markers in the diagnosis of certain cancers and other diseases.
p.21
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
How are cytokeratins used in clinical diagnostics?
Cytokeratins are used as biomarkers to identify the origin of metastatic tumors and to diagnose epithelial cell-derived cancers.
p.29
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
Endothelium, mesothelium, cornea, alveoli, and kidney.
p.29
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
Ovary, kidney, and bronchioles (ciliated).
p.2
Introduction to Histology
What does LM stand for in histology?
LM stands for Light Microscopy.
p.9
Definition and Types of Tissues
What is the appearance of epithelium cells that develop from all three germ layers?
They consist of simply structured undifferentiated cells, exhibiting a primitive appearance.
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the apical surface in epithelial cells?
The apical surface in epithelial cells exhibits special structural surface modifications to carry out specific functions.
p.18
Basement Membrane Structure
What components are found in the lamina densa of the basal lamina?
Fibronectin, collagen IV, entactin/nidogen, perlecan, and heparin sulfate-proteoglycans.
p.7
Introduction to Histology
What staining technique is used for the paraffin section of the mucosa that lines the underside of the tongue?
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E).
p.7
Definition and Types of Tissues
What are the three main components observed in the paraffin section of the mucosa that lines the underside of the tongue?
Epithelium, connective tissue, and muscle.
p.22
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
Where is Cytokeratin 7 (CK-7) found?
In glandular epithelium and transitional epithelium.
p.13
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What characteristic do epithelial cells exhibit?
Epithelial cells exhibit functional and morphological polarity.
p.48
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
Where do exocrine glands secrete their products?
Onto a surface directly or through epithelial ducts that are connected to a surface.
p.42
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are unicellular glands?
The simplest in structure, consisting of single cells distributed among other nonsecretory cells.
p.40
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
Can glandular epithelial cells occur as single cells?
Yes, they can occur as single cells in epithelia with other major functions.
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is simple epithelium?
Simple epithelium is built from one layer of cells that are all connected to the basement membrane (BM).
p.5
Definition and Types of Tissues
What is the role of connective tissue?
Connective tissue underlies or supports the other three basic tissues, both structurally and functionally.
p.5
Definition and Types of Tissues
Which tissue type is responsible for movement?
Muscle tissue, which is made up of contractile elements.
p.37
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is stratified epithelium built from?
Several cell layers, with only the cells of the 1st layer connected to the basement membrane (BM) and named as basal cells.
p.47
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
Where can serous cells be found?
Salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreatic exocrine part.
p.1
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
The main functions of epithelial tissue include protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.
p.36
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Nonkeratinized, keratinized, and parakeratinized.
p.17
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
How are microvilli observed under an electron microscope (EM)?
As fingerlike processes protruding from the cell's apical surface.
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are basal surface specializations in epithelial cells?
The basal labyrinths and the basement membrane (BM).
p.47
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
Where can mixed or serous-mucous glands be found?
Oral cavity, salivary glands.
p.35
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is stratified columnar epithelium typically found?
In the conjunctiva and male urethra.
p.13
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the three distinct surface domains of epithelial cells?
The three distinct surface domains are the free surface or apical part, the lateral part, and the basal part.
p.21
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
What are intermediate filaments?
Intermediate filaments are a component of the cytoskeleton that provide structural support to cells.
p.5
Definition and Types of Tissues
What are the four basic types of tissue?
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nervous tissue.
p.4
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
What proportion of the body's proteins can the ECM comprise?
Up to half the proteins in the body.
p.25
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
How is the classification of surface epithelium described?
By describing the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the cell shape.
p.25
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the two main types of surface epithelia based on the number of cell layers?
Simple epithelia and stratified epithelia.
p.5
Definition and Types of Tissues
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Nervous tissue receives, transmits, and integrates information from both outside and inside the body to control bodily activities.
p.41
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
How is glandular epithelium classified based on the number of cells?
Unicellular or multicellular.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is pseudostratified epithelium and where can it be found?
Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be stratified but all cells are connected to the BM. It can be found in the trachea (ciliated) and ducts of salivary glands (non-ciliated).
p.36
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
In the cornea and esophagus.
p.47
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are mixed or serous-mucous glands?
Glands that contain both serous and mucous cells.
p.38
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
How many cell layers can transitional epithelium have in the empty urinary bladder?
As many as 6 or more layers.
p.50
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
In which locations can myoepithelial cells be found?
Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, and the iris of the eye.
p.23
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
How do epithelia receive nutrients?
Nutrients are delivered by diffusion from subepithelial connective tissue blood vessels.
p.49
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
What are the two types of neuroepithelium mentioned?
Taste and olfactory neuroepithelium.
p.49
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
What is the role of the retina in the context of neuroepithelium?
The retina is a type of neuroepithelium involved in the sense of vision.
p.14
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are hemidesmosomes and where are they found?
Hemidesmosomes are found on the basal surface of epithelial cells and are involved in cell adhesion.
p.9
Definition and Types of Tissues
Which type of epithelium develops from the entoderm?
Respiratory and gastrointestinal system epithelium.
p.10
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Close cell apposition, presence at a free surface, and little amount of ECM.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?
In the kidney, small intestine, and gall bladder.
p.38
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the characteristics of basal cells in transitional epithelium?
They are roughly cuboidal.
p.11
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What is the secretion function of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue forms glands and is involved in secretion, as seen in the salivary, gastric glands, and skin (sebaceous, sweat) glands.
p.38
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the characteristics of surface cells (umbrella cells) in transitional epithelium?
They are large and rounded.
p.36
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is stratified columnar epithelium typically found?
In the conjunctiva and male urethra.
p.35
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium typically found?
In the ducts of sweat glands.
p.43
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
How can multicellular glands be subclassified?
According to the arrangement of the secretory cells in the secretory portions (acini) and the presence or absence of branching of the duct elements.
p.40
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What is the primary function of glandular epithelium?
To produce and secrete various macromolecules.
p.49
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
Where can olfactory neuroepithelium be found?
In the nasal cavity, responsible for the sense of smell.
p.21
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
Why are intermediate filaments important in cancer diagnosis?
They help in identifying the tissue of origin of cancer cells, which is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment.
p.42
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
Where are Goblet cells found?
In pseudostratified ciliated (respiratory) epithelium and intestines.
p.26
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What defines columnar cells in surface epithelium?
Columnar cells have a height that appreciably exceeds their width.
p.10
Introduction to Histology
What is the origin of the term 'epithelial'?
It comes from Greek 'epi' meaning 'upon' and 'thele' meaning 'tissue'.
p.1
Definition and Types of Tissues
What is epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities, and forms glands.
p.36
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is stratified epithelium built from?
Several cell layers, with only the cells of the 1st layer connected to the basement membrane (BM) and named as basal cells.
p.34
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?
In the ducts of sweat glands.
p.34
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find stratified columnar epithelium?
In the conjunctiva and male urethra.
p.34
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is transitional epithelium?
A type of stratified epithelium that can stretch and is found in the urinary bladder.
p.44
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are the two types of glands based on duct appearance?
Simple (ducts not branched) and compound (ducts with two or more branches).
p.13
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What determines the properties of each domain in epithelial cells?
The properties of each domain are mostly determined by specific membrane proteins and glycoproteins.
p.49
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
What is neuroepithelium?
Neuroepithelium is a type of epithelium involved in sensory functions.
p.2
Introduction to Histology
What is histology?
Histology is the study of cells, tissues, and organs of the body, focusing on their development, structure (including ultrastructure), and functions under normal conditions.
p.26
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What defines squamous cells in surface epithelium?
Squamous cells are defined by their width being greater than their height.
p.4
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
How does the abundance of ECM in connective tissue compare to the cells it surrounds?
The ECM in connective tissue is frequently more plentiful than the cells it surrounds.
p.10
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the four classifications of epithelial tissue?
1. Surface epithelium, 2. Glandular epithelium, 3. Sense epithelium (neuroepithelium), 4. Myoepithelium.
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
In the ovary, kidney, and bronchioles (ciliated).
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?
In the kidney, small intestine, and gall bladder.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
In the ovary, kidney, and bronchioles (ciliated).
p.37
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Nonkeratinized, keratinized, and parakeratinized.
p.10
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
Which type of epithelial tissue is involved in sensory functions?
Sense epithelium (neuroepithelium).
p.31
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
In the ovary, kidney, and bronchioles (ciliated).
p.1
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
What are cytokeratins and why are they clinically significant?
Cytokeratins are a type of intermediate filament found in epithelial cells, and they are clinically significant because they can be used as markers in the diagnosis of certain cancers.
p.36
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium typically found?
In the ducts of sweat glands.
p.35
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Nonkeratinized, keratinized, and parakeratinized.
p.23
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Do epithelia have a direct blood and lymphatic supply?
No, epithelia lack a direct blood and lymphatic supply and are therefore avascular.
p.4
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
The ECM is the material that underlies or surrounds cells in tissues.
p.14
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
How are the cells in epithelial tissue arranged?
The cells in epithelial tissue are tightly packed together with very little intercellular matrix.
p.2
Introduction to Histology
What does the term 'histology' derive from?
The term 'histology' derives from the Greek words 'histos' meaning tissue and 'logos' meaning study.
p.2
Introduction to Histology
What are the main focuses of histology?
The main focuses of histology are the development, structure (including ultrastructure), and functions of cells, tissues, and organs under normal conditions.
p.46
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
How do endocrine glands evacuate their secretions?
They release their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream.
p.46
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What is the primary difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands use ducts to release secretions to an epithelial surface, while endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
p.33
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What is the function of cilia on the apical surface of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Cilia help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract.
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is pseudostratified epithelium and where can it be found?
Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be stratified but all cells are connected to the BM. It can be found in the trachea (ciliated) and ducts of salivary glands (non-ciliated).
p.34
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What are the types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Nonkeratinized, keratinized, and parakeratinized.
p.37
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
In the cornea and esophagus.
p.31
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?
In the kidney, small intestine, and gall bladder.
p.1
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What is glandular epithelium?
Glandular epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue that forms the glands and is specialized for secretion.
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is a notable characteristic of epithelial tissue regarding its regeneration?
It has a fast turnover (regeneration).
p.35
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
In the cornea and esophagus.
p.45
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What is the shape of tubular secretory portions?
Either short or long sac-like structures, and coiled.
p.46
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are the main types of glands based on their mode of secretion evacuation?
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands.
p.27
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?
In the endothelium, mesothelium, cornea, alveoli, and kidney.
p.28
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is simple epithelium?
Simple epithelium is built from one layer of cells that are all connected to the basement membrane (BM).
p.2
Introduction to Histology
What does TEM stand for in histology?
TEM stands for Transmission Electron Microscopy.
p.34
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is stratified epithelium built from?
Several cell layers, with only the cells of the 1st layer connected to the basement membrane (BM) and named as basal cells.
p.11
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What are the protective functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection from UV, physical force, chemical harm, and antigens, as seen in the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (epidermis) and the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder.
p.12
Basement Membrane Structure
What supports epithelial cells?
The underlying basement membrane (BM).
p.18
Basement Membrane Structure
What are the two main layers of the basement membrane visible under an electron microscope?
Basal lamina and lamina reticularis.
p.41
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are the types of secretory units in glandular epithelium?
Alveolar, tubular, or mixed.
p.41
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are the types of secretion in glandular epithelium?
Merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine.
p.11
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What is the contractile function of myoepithelial cells?
Myoepithelial cells have a contractile function in the secretory portions and along ducts in salivary glands and the mammary gland.
p.31
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where can you find pseudostratified epithelium?
In the trachea (ciliated) and ducts of salivary glands (non-ciliated).
p.12
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?
Avascular, except for the stria vascularis in the inner ear.
p.36
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is another name for transitional epithelium?
Transitional epithelium is also known as urothelium.
p.1
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Epithelial tissue is classified based on the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.37
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium typically found?
In the ducts of sweat glands.
p.37
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Where is stratified columnar epithelium typically found?
In the conjunctiva and male urethra.
p.6
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of?
Proteins and polysaccharides.
p.6
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
What is the function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
To provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.11
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
What is the receptor function of neuroepithelium?
Neuroepithelium receives and transduces external stimuli, as seen in the taste buds of the tongue, olfactory epithelium of the nasal mucosa, and the retina of the eye.
p.1
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
What is myoepithelium?
Myoepithelium is a type of epithelial tissue that contains contractile cells and is found in certain glands, such as sweat and mammary glands.
p.35
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is another name for transitional epithelium?
Transitional epithelium is also known as urothelium.
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the length of cilia in epithelial cells?
Cilia can be up to 10 μm in length.
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What structural components make up cilia?
Cilia consist of microtubules (25 nm, cytoskeleton) that comprise the axoneme, which includes tubulin and dynein.
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the structure of the axoneme in cilia?
The axoneme has a '2 × 9 + 2' microtubule structure.
p.1
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are the two main types of glands formed by glandular epithelium?
The two main types of glands are exocrine glands, which secrete their products into ducts, and endocrine glands, which secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.
p.6
Definition and Types of Tissues
What is the main function of connective tissue?
To support and bind other tissues.
p.1
Basement Membrane Structure
What is the basement membrane?
The basement membrane is a thin, fibrous layer that separates the epithelial tissue from the underlying connective tissue.
p.6
Definition and Types of Tissues
What is the role of nervous tissue?
To transmit nerve impulses.
p.16
Morphological Characteristics of Epithelium
Where can cilia be found in the body?
Cilia can be found in the respiratory epithelium, ductus deferens, sensory cells in the inner ear, and the oviduct.
p.35
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
What is stratified epithelium built from?
Several cell layers, with only the cells of the 1st layer connected to the basement membrane (BM) and named as basal cells.
p.47
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
What are the characteristics of mucous cells?
Cuboidal cells with flat, elongate nuclei.
p.18
Basement Membrane Structure
What components are found in the lamina reticularis?
Collagen I, III (reticular) fibers, anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans.
p.18
Basement Membrane Structure
Which staining method makes the basement membrane visible under a light microscope?
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain.
p.41
Glandular Epithelium and Its Classification
How is glandular epithelium classified based on the place of secretion?
Endocrine, exocrine, or mixed.
p.1
Neuroepithelium and Myoepithelium
What is neuroepithelium?
Neuroepithelium is a type of epithelial tissue that is involved in sensory functions, such as in the taste buds and olfactory epithelium.
p.22
Cytokeratins and Their Clinical Significance
Why are cytokeratins used clinically?
They are used to identify the cell of origin of various human tumors due to their specific expression in particular organs or tissues.
