p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What is the origin of the aortic arch?
It is the continuation of the ascending aorta at the level of the sternal angle.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the origin of the phrenic nerves?
Cervical plexus, specifically from the ventral rami of C3, C4, and C5.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
How many cartilaginous rings does the trachea contain?
15 to 20 cartilaginous rings.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the left vagus nerve descend?
On the left side of the aortic arch.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
What is the termination point of the trachea?
At the lower border of T4 vertebra, dividing into right and left principal bronchi at the carina.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How does the right phrenic nerve enter the abdomen?
Through the orifice of the inferior vena cava (IVC).
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What are the visceral branches of the descending thoracic aorta?
1. Pericardial, 2. Mediastinal, 3. Esophageal, 4. Left bronchial.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What plexus does the right vagus nerve form as it descends on the back of the esophagus?
Posterior esophageal plexus.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
Where does the origin of the primary bronchi occur?
At the bifurcation of the trachea at the carina at the lower border of T4 vertebra.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the left phrenic nerve descend?
On the left side of arterial structures, between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, and along the left side of the aortic arch and left ventricle.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What are the parietal branches of the descending thoracic aorta?
1. Superior phrenic, 2. Posterior intercostal (3rd to 11th) + subcostal.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What does the pericardial branch supply?
The pericardium in front.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Its Branches
Which pulmonary artery is longer?
The left pulmonary artery.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the right vagus nerve descend?
On the right side of the trachea.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
When does the right bronchus divide?
Before entering the hilum.
p.17
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What marks the end of the pharynx?
The beginning of the esophagus.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What branch does the right vagus nerve give?
Right recurrent laryngeal branch.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Its Branches
Is the pulmonary trunk joined to the aorta?
No, it is not directly joined to the aorta but is connected by the ligamentum arteriosum.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the left vagus nerve descend?
On the left side of the aortic arch.
p.17
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What event occurs at the T1 vertebra?
The stellate ganglion is formed by the union of the last cervical and first thoracic sympathetic ganglia.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Its Branches
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
A fibrous remnant that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
Where does the superior vena cava begin?
By the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins at the level of the 1st right costal cartilage.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What are the branches of the ascending aorta?
Right and left coronary arteries.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
What is the trachea?
A fibro-musculo-cartilaginous tube that carries air into and out of the lungs.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Where does the thoracic duct originate?
At the upper end of the cisterna chyli at the level of T12 vertebra.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What branch does the right vagus nerve give?
Right recurrent laryngeal branch.
p.2
Thymus Gland Function and Location
What is the primary function of the thymus gland?
Immune (defense) mechanism.
p.2
Thymus Gland Function and Location
How does the size of the thymus gland change with age?
It increases in size until puberty and then atrophies gradually.
p.2
Thymus Gland Function and Location
Where is the thymus gland located?
In the superior and anterior mediastinum down to the level of the 4th costal cartilage.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What is the thoracic duct?
The largest lymphatic duct in the body.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the esophagus?
A muscular tube that transmits food from the pharynx to the stomach.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What does the cisterna chyli receive lymph from?
All structures below the diaphragm except the upper surface of the liver.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
How does the thoracic duct enter the thorax?
Through the aortic orifice of the diaphragm.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Where does the ascending aorta originate?
From the left ventricle at the left sternal margin opposite the 3rd intercostal space.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
At what level does the superior vena cava enter the right atrium?
At the level of the 3rd right costal cartilage.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the relationship of the thoracic duct to the esophagus in the lower part of the thorax?
The thoracic duct ascends to the right of the esophagus.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
Where does the trachea begin?
At the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebra).
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Where does the descending thoracic aorta course?
It descends in the posterior mediastinum to the left of the median plane.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
Where does the esophagus begin?
At the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebra).
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Where does the descending thoracic aorta terminate?
Opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra by passing through the aortic orifice of the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
How does the esophagus course through the body?
It descends vertically downwards in the neck, thorax (superior then posterior mediastinum), and abdomen.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How does the right vagus nerve enter the thorax?
By crossing the 1st part of the subclavian artery.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
How does the left bronchus align with the trachea?
Oblique (less in line with the trachea).
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What does the right vagus nerve form at the back of the root of the right lung?
Right posterior pulmonary plexus.
p.3
Inferior Vena Cava Pathway
At which vertebra does the inferior vena cava pierce the diaphragm?
Opposite the T8 vertebra.
p.3
Inferior Vena Cava Pathway
What anatomical landmark is opposite where the inferior vena cava enters the right atrium?
The 6th costal cartilage.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What does the thoracic duct drain?
Lymph from all the body except specific areas.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Which areas are NOT drained by the thoracic duct?
1. Right side of head and neck. 2. Right upper limb. 3. Right side of thorax. 4. Superior surface of the liver.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Which duct drains the right side of the head and neck?
The right lymphatic duct.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the extent of the esophagus?
From the lower border of C6 vertebra to T11 vertebra.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
To drain lymph from the majority of the body.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the motor function of the phrenic nerves?
To innervate the diaphragm.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Its Branches
What does the right pulmonary artery divide into at the hilum of the lung?
Two branches: smaller superior to the superior lobe and larger inferior to the middle and inferior lobes.
p.17
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the first constriction of the esophagus?
6 inches from the upper incisors.
p.17
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What significant events occur at the sternal plane (T4/T5 disc)?
Termination of the SVC (on the right) and origin of the pulmonary trunk (on the left).
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
What is the sequence of the bronchial tree?
1ry bronchi → 2ry bronchi → 3ry bronchi → bronchioles → Alveoli.
p.3
Inferior Vena Cava Pathway
Where does the inferior vena cava enter the heart?
The posterior wall of the right atrium.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
At what level does the superior vena cava pierce the pericardium?
At the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
At what level does the ascending aorta terminate?
At the level of the sternal angle by becoming the aortic arch.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
What are the main tributaries of the superior vena cava?
Brachiocephalic veins and azygos vein.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What are the branches of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What are the four normal constrictions of the esophagus important for endoscope passage?
1. At the beginning: 6 inches from the incisors. 2. Opposite the aortic arch: 9 inches from the incisors. 3. Opposite the left principal bronchus: 12 inches from the incisors. 4. At the esophageal orifice of diaphragm: 15 inches from the incisors.
p.14
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the thoracic sympathetic ganglia?
It is the continuation of the cervical sympathetic trunk.
p.14
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the thoracic sympathetic trunk pass to?
To the abdomen behind the medial arcuate ligament.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the right phrenic nerve descend?
On the right side of venous structures including the brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, right atrium, and inferior vena cava.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What vessels accompany the right phrenic nerve?
Pericardiophrenic vessels.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Its Branches
Where does the pulmonary trunk originate?
From the infundibulum of the right ventricle opposite the left 3rd costal cartilage.
p.14
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What happens to the 1st thoracic ganglion?
It is usually fused with the last cervical ganglion to form the stellate ganglion.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What happens at the level of T5 vertebra regarding the thoracic duct?
It crosses behind the esophagus to the left side.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Its Branches
What are the main branches of the pulmonary trunk?
Right and left pulmonary arteries.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What sensory areas does the right phrenic nerve supply?
The pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, and capsule of the liver and gall bladder.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Its Branches
What does the left pulmonary artery divide into at the hilum of the lung?
Two branches: superior to the superior lobe and inferior to the inferior lobe.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the right vagus nerve descend?
On the right side of the trachea.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How does the left vagus nerve enter the thorax?
By passing between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
What are other names for primary bronchi?
Principal or main bronchi.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross behind the esophagus?
At the level of T5 vertebra.
p.14
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What does the thoracic sympathetic trunk continue as?
Lumbar sympathetic trunk.
p.14
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How many thoracic ganglia are usually present?
Usually 11 thoracic ganglia.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
What are the two parts of the trachea's course?
The upper half descends in the neck (cervical part) and the lower half descends in the superior mediastinum (thoracic part).
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Where does the thoracic duct terminate?
At the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
How does the right bronchus align with the trachea?
More in line with the trachea.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What does the left bronchial branch supply?
The left lung to the left.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
When does the left bronchus divide?
After entering the hilum.
p.17
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
What is formed at the level of the 1st costal cartilage?
The Superior vena cava (on the right).
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What branch does the left vagus nerve give?
Left recurrent laryngeal branch.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What branch does the left vagus nerve give?
Left recurrent laryngeal branch.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Where does the aortic arch terminate?
Opposite the T4/T5 disc by becoming the descending thoracic aorta.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
Where does the esophagus cross in relation to the descending aorta?
In front of the aorta from right to left opposite T7 vertebra.
p.14
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the thoracic sympathetic trunk enter the thorax?
In front of the neck of the 1st rib behind the cervical pleura.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What is the origin of the descending thoracic aorta?
It is the continuation of the aortic arch opposite the T4/T5 disc.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Its Branches
Where does the pulmonary trunk terminate?
Opposite the T4/T5 disc inside the concavity of the arch of the aorta.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
Where does the esophagus terminate?
By passing through the esophageal orifice of the diaphragm (opposite T10 vertebra) and entering the stomach opposite T11 vertebra.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What does the esophageal branch supply?
The esophagus to the right.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How does the right vagus nerve enter the thorax?
By crossing the 1st part of the subclavian artery.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What plexus does the right vagus nerve form as it descends on the back of the esophagus?
Posterior esophageal plexus.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What does the right vagus nerve form at the back of the root of the right lung?
Right posterior pulmonary plexus.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What plexus does the left vagus nerve form at the back of the root of the left lung?
Left anterior pulmonary plexus.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What plexus does the left vagus nerve form at the back of the root of the left lung?
Left anterior pulmonary plexus.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How does the left vagus nerve enter the thorax?
By passing between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries.
p.18
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What marks the end of the cisterna chyli?
The beginning of the thoracic duct.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What does the left vagus nerve form as it descends on the front of the esophagus?
Anterior esophageal plexus.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the origin of the vagus nerve?
The 10th cranial nerve, arising from the medulla oblongata.
p.3
Inferior Vena Cava Pathway
At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pierce the diaphragm?
A) T6
B) T7
C) T8
D) T9
E) T10
C) T8
Explanation: The inferior vena cava pierces the vena caval opening of the diaphragm opposite the T8 vertebra, which is an important landmark in its anatomical course.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the origin of the vagus nerve?
The 10th cranial nerve, arising from the medulla oblongata.
p.3
Inferior Vena Cava Pathway
Where does the inferior vena cava begin?
A) In the chest
B) In the abdomen
C) In the neck
D) In the pelvis
E) In the brain
B) In the abdomen
Explanation: The inferior vena cava begins in the abdomen, which is crucial for understanding its anatomical pathway and function in returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.
p.18
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
At which vertebral level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm?
A) T5
B) T10
C) T12
D) T8
E) T7
C) T12
Explanation: The aorta pierces the diaphragm at the T12 vertebral level, marking an important anatomical transition point.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How does the right vagus nerve enter the thorax?
A) By passing between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries
B) By crossing the 1st part of the subclavian artery
C) By descending on the left side of the aortic arch
D) By looping under the arch of the aorta
E) By entering through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm
B) By crossing the 1st part of the subclavian artery
Explanation: The right vagus nerve enters the thorax by crossing the 1st part of the subclavian artery, which is a key anatomical feature of its pathway.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the origin of the vagus nerve?
A) 9th cranial nerve
B) 10th cranial nerve
C) 11th cranial nerve
D) 12th cranial nerve
E) Spinal cord
B) 10th cranial nerve
Explanation: The vagus nerve is the 10th cranial nerve, arising from the medulla oblongata, which is essential for its identification and function.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What does the left vagus nerve form as it descends on the front of the esophagus?
A) Posterior esophageal plexus
B) Anterior esophageal plexus
C) Right posterior pulmonary plexus
D) Deep cardiac plexus
E) Superficial cardiac plexus
B) Anterior esophageal plexus
Explanation: The left vagus nerve descends on the front of the esophagus to form the anterior esophageal plexus, which is important for esophageal innervation.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Where does the ascending aorta originate?
A) From the right ventricle
B) From the left ventricle
C) From the aortic arch
D) From the pulmonary trunk
E) From the inferior vena cava
B) From the left ventricle
Explanation: The ascending aorta originates from the left ventricle, specifically at the left sternal margin opposite the 3rd intercostal space, which is crucial for understanding its anatomical position.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
Where does the superior vena cava pierce the pericardium?
A) At the level of the 1st right costal cartilage
B) At the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage
C) At the level of the 3rd right costal cartilage
D) At the level of the 4th right costal cartilage
E) At the level of the aortic arch
B) At the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage
Explanation: The superior vena cava pierces the pericardium at the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage, which is crucial for its entry into the thoracic cavity.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
In which anatomical region does the thoracic aorta descend?
A) Anterior mediastinum
B) Lateral thoracic cavity
C) Posterior mediastinum
D) Abdominal cavity
E) Superior mediastinum
C) Posterior mediastinum
Explanation: The thoracic aorta descends in the posterior mediastinum, positioned to the left of the median plane, which is crucial for understanding its anatomical course.
p.14
Thoracic Sympathetic Chain (Trunk)
What is formed by the fusion of the 1st thoracic ganglion with the last cervical ganglion?
A) Lumbar ganglion
B) Stellate ganglion
C) Cervical ganglion
D) Medial ganglion
E) Thoracic ganglion
B) Stellate ganglion
Explanation: The 1st thoracic ganglion is usually fused with the last cervical ganglion to form the stellate ganglion, which is an important anatomical feature.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What branch does the right vagus nerve give off?
A) Left recurrent laryngeal branch
B) Right recurrent laryngeal branch
C) Anterior gastric nerve
D) Posterior gastric nerve
E) Deep cardiac plexus
B) Right recurrent laryngeal branch
Explanation: The right vagus nerve gives off the right recurrent laryngeal branch, which loops under the right subclavian artery, highlighting its role in innervating the larynx.
p.14
Thoracic Sympathetic Chain (Trunk)
What is the thoracic sympathetic ganglia a continuation of?
A) Lumbar sympathetic trunk
B) Cervical sympathetic trunk
C) Sacral sympathetic trunk
D) Cranial sympathetic trunk
E) Thoracic aorta
B) Cervical sympathetic trunk
Explanation: The thoracic sympathetic ganglia are described as the continuation of the cervical sympathetic trunk, indicating their anatomical relationship and pathway.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
Which bronchus is wider?
A) Left bronchus
B) Right bronchus
C) Both are the same width
D) Left bronchus is narrower
E) Right bronchus is narrower
B) Right bronchus
Explanation: The right bronchus is wider than the left bronchus, which is a significant anatomical difference that affects airflow.
p.14
Thoracic Sympathetic Chain (Trunk)
How many thoracic ganglia are usually present?
A) 8
B) 10
C) 11
D) 12
E) 14
C) 11
Explanation: Typically, there are 11 thoracic ganglia, which is an important detail regarding the structure of the thoracic sympathetic chain.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
At what level does the ascending aorta terminate?
A) At the level of T4/T5 disc
B) At the level of the diaphragm
C) At the level of the sternal angle
D) At the level of the 1st rib
E) At the level of the 2nd intercostal space
C) At the level of the sternal angle
Explanation: The ascending aorta terminates at the level of the sternal angle, where it becomes the aortic arch, marking an important transition in the aorta's pathway.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the left vagus nerve descend?
A) On the right side of the trachea
B) On the left side of the aortic arch
C) Behind the right lung
D) In front of the diaphragm
E) Between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries
B) On the left side of the aortic arch
Explanation: The left vagus nerve descends on the left side of the aortic arch, which is an important aspect of its anatomical pathway.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries
What are the branches of the pulmonary trunk?
A) Right and left pulmonary veins
B) Right and left pulmonary arteries
C) Right and left bronchial arteries
D) Right and left aortic branches
E) Right and left coronary arteries
B) Right and left pulmonary arteries
Explanation: The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which are responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
Where does the trachea begin?
A) At the lower border of T4 vertebra
B) At the upper border of C6 vertebra
C) At the lower border of cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebra)
D) At the sternal angle
E) At the carina
C) At the lower border of cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebra)
Explanation: The trachea begins as a continuation of the larynx at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, specifically at the C6 vertebra posteriorly.
p.3
Inferior Vena Cava Pathway
What anatomical landmark is opposite where the inferior vena cava enters the right atrium?
A) 4th costal cartilage
B) 5th costal cartilage
C) 6th costal cartilage
D) 7th costal cartilage
E) 8th costal cartilage
C) 6th costal cartilage
Explanation: The inferior vena cava enters the right atrium opposite the 6th costal cartilage, which helps in identifying its position relative to other thoracic structures.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Which of the following is drained by the right lymphatic duct?
A) Left upper limb
B) Right upper limb
C) Left side of thorax
D) Right side of the abdomen
E) Left side of the head and neck
B) Right upper limb
Explanation: The right lymphatic duct is responsible for draining lymph from the right upper limb, right side of the head and neck, and right side of the thorax, distinguishing it from the thoracic duct.
p.14
Thoracic Sympathetic Chain (Trunk)
Where does the thoracic sympathetic trunk enter the thorax?
A) In front of the 2nd rib
B) In front of the neck of the 1st rib
C) Behind the 3rd rib
D) At the diaphragm
E) At the sternum
B) In front of the neck of the 1st rib
Explanation: The thoracic sympathetic trunk enters the thorax specifically in front of the neck of the 1st rib, which is crucial for understanding its anatomical course.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries
Where does the pulmonary trunk originate?
A) From the left ventricle
B) From the left atrium
C) From the infundibulum of the right ventricle
D) From the aorta
E) From the right atrium
C) From the infundibulum of the right ventricle
Explanation: The pulmonary trunk originates from the infundibulum of the right ventricle, which is located opposite the left 3rd costal cartilage, marking its anatomical starting point.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What structures does the cisterna chyli receive lymph from?
A) Only the upper limbs
B) All structures below the diaphragm except the upper surface of the liver
C) Only the head and neck
D) The thoracic cavity
E) The heart and lungs
B) All structures below the diaphragm except the upper surface of the liver
Explanation: The cisterna chyli collects lymph from all structures below the diaphragm, including the lower limbs, pelvis, and abdomen, except for the upper surface of the liver.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the primary motor function of the phrenic nerve?
A) To the intercostal muscles
B) To the diaphragm
C) To the abdominal muscles
D) To the heart
E) To the lungs
B) To the diaphragm
Explanation: The phrenic nerve primarily provides motor innervation to the diaphragm, which is essential for respiration.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What is the origin of the aortic arch?
A) It is a continuation of the descending aorta
B) It is a continuation of the ascending aorta
C) It originates from the right ventricle
D) It originates from the pulmonary trunk
E) It originates from the inferior vena cava
B) It is a continuation of the ascending aorta
Explanation: The aortic arch is the continuation of the ascending aorta at the level of the sternal angle, indicating its role in the systemic circulation.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
Which of the following is NOT a tributary of the superior vena cava?
A) Brachiocephalic veins
B) Azygos vein
C) Pulmonary veins
D) Right brachiocephalic vein
E) Left brachiocephalic vein
C) Pulmonary veins
Explanation: The tributaries of the superior vena cava include the brachiocephalic veins and the azygos vein, but not the pulmonary veins, which drain into the left atrium.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Which areas are NOT drained by the thoracic duct?
A) Left side of the head and neck
B) Right side of head and neck
C) Left upper limb
D) Left side of thorax
E) Superior surface of the liver
B) Right side of head and neck
Explanation: The thoracic duct does not drain the right side of the head and neck; these areas are drained by the right lymphatic duct.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Where does the thoracic duct originate?
A) At the level of T 5 vertebra
B) At the upper end of the cisterna chyli at T 12 vertebra
C) At the base of the neck
D) At the diaphragm
E) At the lower limbs
B) At the upper end of the cisterna chyli at T 12 vertebra
Explanation: The thoracic duct originates from the upper end of the cisterna chyli, which is located at the level of the T 12 vertebra, marking its anatomical starting point.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the trachea?
A) To transport blood
B) To carry air into and out of the lungs
C) To digest food
D) To filter toxins
E) To produce hormones
B) To carry air into and out of the lungs
Explanation: The trachea is defined as a fibro-musculo-cartilaginous tube specifically designed to facilitate the movement of air to and from the lungs.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries
At what anatomical level does the pulmonary trunk terminate?
A) Opposite the T1/T2 disc
B) Opposite the T4/T5 disc
C) Opposite the T6/T7 disc
D) Opposite the T2/T3 disc
E) Opposite the T3/T4 disc
B) Opposite the T4/T5 disc
Explanation: The pulmonary trunk terminates opposite the T4/T5 disc, where it divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries, indicating its position in relation to the thoracic vertebrae.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
What is the length of the trachea?
A) 6 inches (15 cm)
B) 8 inches (20 cm)
C) 4 inches (10 cm)
D) 10 inches (25 cm)
E) 12 inches (30 cm)
C) 4 inches (10 cm)
Explanation: The trachea measures approximately 4 inches (10 cm) in length, which is a key characteristic of its structure.
p.2
Thymus Gland Function and Location
At what stage does the thymus gland reach its maximum size?
A) Infancy
B) Childhood
C) Puberty
D) Adulthood
E) Old age
C) Puberty
Explanation: The thymus gland increases in size until puberty, after which it gradually atrophies, indicating a significant change in its role and size during development.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the origin of the vagus nerve?
A) 9th cranial nerve
B) 10th cranial nerve
C) 11th cranial nerve
D) Medulla spinalis
E) Medulla oblongata
B) 10th cranial nerve
Explanation: The vagus nerve is the 10th cranial nerve and arises from the medulla oblongata, which is crucial for understanding its neurological origin.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries
What connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
A) Pulmonary ligament
B) Aortic arch
C) Ligamentum arteriosum
D) Coronary ligament
E) Aortic valve
C) Ligamentum arteriosum
Explanation: The pulmonary trunk is joined to the aorta by the ligamentum arteriosum, which is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus from fetal development.
p.2
Thymus Gland Function and Location
What system is the thymus gland a part of?
A) Digestive system
B) Nervous system
C) Endocrine system
D) Lymphoid system
E) Respiratory system
D) Lymphoid system
Explanation: The thymus gland is a component of the lymphoid system, which is integral to the immune response and the production of lymphocytes.
p.3
Inferior Vena Cava Pathway
Where does the inferior vena cava enter the heart?
A) Left atrium
B) Right ventricle
C) Right atrium
D) Left ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery
C) Right atrium
Explanation: The inferior vena cava enters the posterior wall of the right atrium, which is essential for understanding its role in the circulatory system.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What is the origin of the phrenic nerve?
A) Lumbar plexus
B) Brachial plexus
C) Cervical plexus
D) Sacral plexus
E) Thoracic plexus
C) Cervical plexus
Explanation: The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical plexus, specifically from the ventral rami of C3, C4, and C5, which is crucial for its function in diaphragm control.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Which of the following is NOT a function of the thoracic duct?
A) Draining lymph from the left side of the head
B) Draining lymph from the left upper limb
C) Draining lymph from the right side of the thorax
D) Draining lymph from the lower body
E) Draining lymph from the abdomen
C) Draining lymph from the right side of the thorax
Explanation: The thoracic duct does not drain lymph from the right side of the thorax; this area is drained by the right lymphatic duct.
p.2
Thymus Gland Function and Location
What is the primary function of the thymus gland?
A) Hormone production
B) Immune (defense) mechanism
C) Blood filtration
D) Nutrient absorption
E) Fat storage
B) Immune (defense) mechanism
Explanation: The thymus gland is primarily involved in the immune system, playing a crucial role in the development and maturation of T-cells, which are essential for the body's defense mechanisms.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What is the termination point of the thoracic duct?
A) Junction of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
B) Junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
C) At the diaphragm
D) In the abdominal cavity
E) At the heart
B) Junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
Explanation: The thoracic duct terminates at the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins, where it drains lymph into the venous system.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What does the left recurrent laryngeal branch loop under?
A) Right subclavian artery
B) Aortic arch
C) Left common carotid artery
D) Esophageal opening of the diaphragm
E) Right lung root
B) Aortic arch
Explanation: The left recurrent laryngeal branch of the left vagus nerve loops under the arch of the aorta, which is a significant feature of its course.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Which sensory areas does the right phrenic nerve provide sensation to?
A) Skin of the neck
B) Pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, and liver capsule
C) Muscles of the arm
D) Skin of the abdomen
E) Heart and lungs
B) Pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, and liver capsule
Explanation: The right phrenic nerve provides sensory innervation to the pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, and the capsule of the liver and gall bladder, highlighting its role in sensory function.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the primary function of the esophagus?
A) To absorb nutrients
B) To transmit food from the pharynx to the stomach
C) To produce digestive enzymes
D) To filter toxins from food
E) To store food temporarily
B) To transmit food from the pharynx to the stomach
Explanation: The esophagus is defined as a muscular tube that specifically transmits food from the pharynx to the stomach, highlighting its essential role in the digestive process.
p.2
Thymus Gland Function and Location
What happens to the thymus gland after puberty?
A) It increases in size
B) It remains the same size
C) It atrophies gradually
D) It becomes more active
E) It transforms into another organ
C) It atrophies gradually
Explanation: After puberty, the thymus gland begins to atrophy gradually, which reflects its changing role in the immune system as the body matures.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What is the primary function of the thoracic duct?
A) To drain blood from the heart
B) To drain lymph from all parts of the body
C) To supply oxygen to the lungs
D) To transport nutrients to the liver
E) To filter toxins from the bloodstream
B) To drain lymph from all parts of the body
Explanation: The thoracic duct is responsible for draining lymph from nearly all parts of the body, making it a crucial component of the lymphatic system.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How does the right vagus nerve enter the thorax?
A) By passing between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries
B) By crossing the 1st part of the subclavian artery
C) By descending on the left side of the aortic arch
D) By looping under the arch of the aorta
E) By entering through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm
B) By crossing the 1st part of the subclavian artery
Explanation: The right vagus nerve enters the thorax by crossing the 1st part of the subclavian artery, which is a key anatomical feature of its pathway.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
At what anatomical location does the superior vena cava begin?
A) At the level of the 1st right costal cartilage
B) At the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage
C) At the level of the 3rd right costal cartilage
D) At the level of the 4th right costal cartilage
E) At the level of the diaphragm
A) At the level of the 1st right costal cartilage
Explanation: The superior vena cava begins by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins at the level of the 1st right costal cartilage, marking its anatomical origin.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Where does the thoracic aorta terminate?
A) At the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra
B) Opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra
C) At the diaphragm
D) At the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra
E) In the abdominal cavity
B) Opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra
Explanation: The thoracic aorta terminates opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra by passing through the aortic orifice of the diaphragm, transitioning into the abdominal aorta.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Which arteries are branches of the ascending aorta?
A) Brachiocephalic and left common carotid
B) Right and left coronary arteries
C) Left subclavian and right common carotid
D) Pulmonary arteries
E) Renal arteries
B) Right and left coronary arteries
Explanation: The branches of the ascending aorta include the right and left coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle itself.
p.2
Thymus Gland Function and Location
Where is the thymus gland located?
A) In the abdominal cavity
B) In the superior and anterior mediastinum
C) In the pelvic region
D) In the brain
E) In the lower back
B) In the superior and anterior mediastinum
Explanation: The thymus gland is situated in the superior and anterior mediastinum, extending down to the level of the 4th costal cartilage, which is important for understanding its anatomical position.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
What is the termination point of the trachea?
A) At the larynx
B) At the carina, dividing into right and left principal bronchi
C) At the diaphragm
D) At the sternal angle
E) At the C6 vertebra
B) At the carina, dividing into right and left principal bronchi
Explanation: The trachea terminates at the lower border of the T4 vertebra, where it divides into the right and left principal bronchi at the carina.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Which arteries branch from the aortic arch?
A) Right and left coronary arteries
B) Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries
C) Pulmonary arteries
D) Renal arteries
E) Femoral arteries
B) Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries
Explanation: The branches of the aortic arch include the brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery, which supply blood to the head, neck, and arms.
p.17
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What occurs at the T1 vertebra level?
A) Formation of the pulmonary trunk
B) End of the larynx → Beginning of the trachea
C) Formation of the stellate ganglion
D) Termination of the superior vena cava
E) Beginning of the aorta
C) Formation of the stellate ganglion
Explanation: At the T1 vertebra level, the stellate ganglion is formed by the union of the last cervical and first thoracic sympathetic ganglia, which is significant for sympathetic nervous system function.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What vertebral levels does the esophagus extend between?
A) C1 to T5
B) C3 to T8
C) C6 to T11
D) C5 to T10
E) C7 to T12
C) C6 to T11
Explanation: The esophagus extends from the lower border of the C6 vertebra to the T11 vertebra, indicating its anatomical position in the body.
p.15
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Where does the left vagus nerve descend?
A) On the right side of the trachea
B) On the left side of the aortic arch
C) Behind the right lung
D) In front of the diaphragm
E) On the back of the esophagus
B) On the left side of the aortic arch
Explanation: The left vagus nerve descends on the left side of the aortic arch, which is a critical aspect of its anatomical pathway.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
Which bronchus is shorter in length?
A) Left bronchus
B) Right bronchus
C) Both are the same length
D) Left bronchus is longer
E) Right bronchus is longer
B) Right bronchus
Explanation: The right bronchus is shorter, measuring approximately 1 inch, compared to the left bronchus, which is about 2 inches long.
p.8
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What is one area that the thoracic duct drains?
A) Right upper limb
B) Right side of thorax
C) Left side of the head
D) Right side of the liver
E) Right side of the abdomen
C) Left side of the head
Explanation: The thoracic duct drains lymph from the left side of the head and neck, among other areas, while the right side is drained by the right lymphatic duct.
p.16
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
What branch does the right vagus nerve give that loops under the right subclavian artery?
A) Left recurrent laryngeal branch
B) Right recurrent laryngeal branch
C) Anterior gastric nerve
D) Posterior gastric nerve
E) Deep cardiac plexus
B) Right recurrent laryngeal branch
Explanation: The right vagus nerve gives off the right recurrent laryngeal branch, which loops under the right subclavian artery, highlighting its unique anatomical course.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
Which structures does the right phrenic nerve descend alongside?
A) Aortic arch and left ventricle
B) Brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava
C) Left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
D) Inferior vena cava and left atrium
E) Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
B) Brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava
Explanation: The right phrenic nerve descends on the right side of venous structures, including the brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, right atrium, and inferior vena cava, indicating its anatomical relations.
p.14
Thoracic Sympathetic Chain (Trunk)
What structure does the thoracic sympathetic trunk pass behind to reach the abdomen?
A) Medial arcuate ligament
B) Lateral arcuate ligament
C) Diaphragm
D) Costal margin
E) Sternum
A) Medial arcuate ligament
Explanation: The thoracic sympathetic trunk passes to the abdomen behind the medial arcuate ligament, which is significant for its anatomical relations.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
What is the origin point of the primary bronchi?
A) At the carina at the lower border of T4 vertebra
B) At the upper border of T5 vertebra
C) At the bifurcation of the trachea
D) At the hilum of the lungs
E) At the diaphragm
A) At the carina at the lower border of T4 vertebra
Explanation: The primary bronchi originate at the bifurcation of the trachea at the carina, specifically at the lower border of the T4 vertebra.
p.13
Vagus Nerve Pathway and Functions
How does the left phrenic nerve differ in its course compared to the right phrenic nerve?
A) It descends on the right side of venous structures
B) It descends on the left side of arterial structures
C) It does not accompany pericardiophrenic vessels
D) It passes through the orifice of the IVC
E) It innervates the right diaphragm
B) It descends on the left side of arterial structures
Explanation: The left phrenic nerve descends on the left side of arterial structures, specifically between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, which distinguishes its course from that of the right phrenic nerve.
p.18
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
Where does the thoracic duct begin?
A) At the level of T10
B) At the end of the cisterna chyli
C) At the level of T8
D) At the level of T12
E) At the level of T6
B) At the end of the cisterna chyli
Explanation: The thoracic duct begins at the end of the cisterna chyli, which is located at the T12 level, indicating its role in lymphatic drainage.
p.17
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
What significant event occurs at the level of the 1st costal cartilage?
A) Termination of the pulmonary trunk
B) Formation of the superior vena cava
C) End of the esophagus
D) Beginning of the trachea
E) Origin of the aorta
B) Formation of the superior vena cava
Explanation: The formation of the superior vena cava occurs at the level of the 1st costal cartilage, which is crucial for understanding the venous drainage of the upper body.
p.18
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the last constriction of the esophagus measured from the upper incisor teeth?
A) 30 inches
B) 50 inches
C) 40 inches
D) 20 inches
E) 10 inches
C) 40 inches
Explanation: The last constriction of the esophagus occurs 40 inches from the upper incisor teeth, which is significant for clinical assessments.
p.18
Thymus Gland Function and Location
At which costal cartilage level is the lower end of the thymus gland located?
A) 2nd costal cartilage
B) 3rd costal cartilage
C) 4th costal cartilage
D) 5th costal cartilage
E) 6th costal cartilage
C) 4th costal cartilage
Explanation: The lower end of the thymus gland is located at the level of the 4th costal cartilage, which is important for understanding its anatomical position.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
What is the thoracic duct primarily known as?
A) The smallest lymphatic duct
B) The largest lymphatic duct
C) The longest blood vessel
D) The main artery of the thorax
E) The primary vein of the abdomen
B) The largest lymphatic duct
Explanation: The thoracic duct is defined as the largest lymphatic duct in the human body, playing a crucial role in the lymphatic system.
p.7
Thoracic Duct Characteristics and Drainage
How long is the thoracic duct in adults?
A) 20 – 30 cm
B) 30 – 40 cm
C) 40 – 50 cm
D) 50 – 60 cm
E) 60 – 70 cm
C) 40 – 50 cm
Explanation: The thoracic duct measures approximately 40 to 50 cm in length in adults, indicating its significant size within the lymphatic system.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What is the origin of the thoracic aorta?
A) It branches from the pulmonary trunk
B) It is a continuation of the aortic arch opposite T4/T5 disc
C) It originates from the left ventricle
D) It arises from the inferior vena cava
E) It begins at the diaphragm
B) It is a continuation of the aortic arch opposite T4/T5 disc
Explanation: The thoracic aorta originates as a continuation of the aortic arch, specifically at the level of the T4/T5 intervertebral disc, marking its anatomical significance.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
How does the orientation of the right bronchus compare to the trachea?
A) More oblique
B) Less in line with the trachea
C) More in line with the trachea
D) Perpendicular to the trachea
E) Curved away from the trachea
C) More in line with the trachea
Explanation: The right bronchus is more in line with the trachea, which facilitates the passage of air directly into the right lung.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
At which vertebra does the right bronchus enter the hilum?
A) Opposite T4
B) Opposite T5
C) Opposite T6
D) Opposite T7
E) Opposite T8
B) Opposite T5
Explanation: The right bronchus enters the hilum opposite the T5 vertebra, which is an important landmark in bronchial anatomy.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
At what level does the superior vena cava receive the azygos vein?
A) At the level of the 1st right costal cartilage
B) At the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage
C) At the level of the 3rd right costal cartilage
D) At the level of the 4th right costal cartilage
E) At the level of the right atrium
B) At the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage
Explanation: The superior vena cava receives the azygos vein at the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage, which is an important anatomical relationship.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Which of the following is NOT a visceral branch of the thoracic aorta?
A) Pericardial
B) Mediastinal
C) Esophageal
D) Superior phrenic
E) Left bronchial
D) Superior phrenic
Explanation: The superior phrenic artery is a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta, while the others listed (pericardial, mediastinal, esophageal, and left bronchial) are visceral branches.
p.9
Trachea Structure and Function
How many cartilaginous rings does the trachea contain?
A) 10-15 rings
B) 15-20 rings
C) 20-25 rings
D) 5-10 rings
E) 25-30 rings
B) 15-20 rings
Explanation: The trachea is supported by 15 to 20 cartilaginous rings, which provide structural integrity and keep the airway open.
p.4
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
At what level does the aortic arch terminate?
A) At the level of the diaphragm
B) At the level of the sternal angle
C) Opposite the T4/T5 disc
D) At the level of the 1st rib
E) At the level of the 2nd intercostal space
C) Opposite the T4/T5 disc
Explanation: The aortic arch terminates opposite the T4/T5 disc, where it becomes the descending thoracic aorta, marking a significant anatomical transition.
p.18
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
At which vertebral level does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?
A) T6
B) T8
C) T10
D) T12
E) T7
C) T10
Explanation: The esophagus pierces the diaphragm at the T10 vertebral level, which is crucial for understanding its anatomical pathway.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the location of the fourth normal constriction of the esophagus?
A) 6 inches from the incisors
B) 9 inches from the incisors
C) 12 inches from the incisors
D) 15 inches from the incisors
E) 18 inches from the incisors
D) 15 inches from the incisors
Explanation: The fourth normal constriction is located at the esophageal orifice of the diaphragm, specifically at 15 inches from the incisors.
p.6
Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries
Which pulmonary artery is longer?
A) Left pulmonary artery
B) Right pulmonary artery
C) Both are equal in length
D) Neither, they are both short
E) It varies by individual
B) Right pulmonary artery
Explanation: The right pulmonary artery is longer than the left pulmonary artery, as it has to travel a greater distance to reach the right lung.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Anatomy
What are the primary bronchi also known as?
A) Secondary bronchi
B) Tertiary bronchi
C) Main bronchi
D) Alveoli
E) Bronchioles
C) Main bronchi
Explanation: The primary bronchi are also referred to as principal or main bronchi, indicating their role as the first division of the bronchial tree.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
Where does the esophagus terminate?
A) At the pharynx
B) At the stomach opposite T11 vertebra
C) At the diaphragm
D) At the lower border of C6 vertebra
E) At the T10 vertebra
B) At the stomach opposite T11 vertebra
Explanation: The esophagus terminates by entering the stomach opposite the T11 vertebra, after passing through the esophageal orifice of the diaphragm.
p.1
Superior Vena Cava Anatomy
At what level does the superior vena cava enter the right atrium?
A) At the level of the 1st right costal cartilage
B) At the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage
C) At the level of the 3rd right costal cartilage
D) At the level of the 4th right costal cartilage
E) At the level of the left atrium
C) At the level of the 3rd right costal cartilage
Explanation: The superior vena cava enters the right atrium at the level of the 3rd right costal cartilage, which is significant for understanding its pathway.
p.5
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
What type of branches does the thoracic aorta have?
A) Only visceral branches
B) Only parietal branches
C) Both visceral and parietal branches
D) No branches
E) Only collateral branches
C) Both visceral and parietal branches
Explanation: The thoracic aorta has both visceral branches, which supply organs, and parietal branches, which supply the chest wall and diaphragm, indicating its extensive vascular supply.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
Where does the esophagus begin?
A) At the stomach
B) At the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebra)
C) At the upper border of the stomach
D) At the pharynx
E) At the diaphragm
B) At the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (C6 vertebra)
Explanation: The esophagus begins as a continuation of the pharynx opposite the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, specifically at the C6 vertebra posteriorly.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the location of the first normal constriction of the esophagus?
A) 3 inches from the incisors
B) 6 inches from the incisors
C) 9 inches from the incisors
D) 12 inches from the incisors
E) 15 inches from the incisors
B) 6 inches from the incisors
Explanation: The first normal constriction of the esophagus occurs at a distance of 6 inches from the incisors, which is crucial for procedures like endoscopy.
p.17
Thoracic Aorta Structure and Branches
Which events occur at the sternal plane (T4/T5 disc)?
A) End of the pharynx → Beginning of the esophagus
B) Termination of the superior vena cava and origin of the pulmonary trunk
C) Formation of the stellate ganglion
D) End of the larynx → Beginning of the trachea
E) Beginning of the aorta
B) Termination of the superior vena cava and origin of the pulmonary trunk
Explanation: At the sternal plane (T4/T5 disc), two significant events occur: the termination of the superior vena cava and the origin of the pulmonary trunk, which are key anatomical landmarks.
p.17
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the first constriction of the esophagus located?
A) At the C6 level
B) At the T1 vertebra
C) 6 inches from the upper incisors
D) At the 1st costal cartilage
E) At the sternal plane
C) 6 inches from the upper incisors
Explanation: The first constriction of the esophagus is located 6 inches from the upper incisors, which is an important detail for understanding esophageal anatomy and potential sites for obstruction.
p.17
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What anatomical transition occurs at the C6 level?
A) End of the trachea → Beginning of the bronchi
B) End of pharynx → Beginning of esophagus
C) End of the larynx → Beginning of the pharynx
D) End of the esophagus → Beginning of the stomach
E) End of the aorta → Beginning of the inferior vena cava
B) End of pharynx → Beginning of esophagus
Explanation: At the C6 level, the end of the pharynx transitions into the beginning of the esophagus, marking an important anatomical landmark in the mediastinum.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
Where is the second normal constriction of the esophagus located?
A) 6 inches from the incisors
B) 9 inches from the incisors
C) 12 inches from the incisors
D) 15 inches from the incisors
E) 18 inches from the incisors
B) 9 inches from the incisors
Explanation: The second normal constriction is located opposite the aortic arch, specifically at 9 inches from the incisors, which is significant during endoscopic procedures.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the distance of the third normal constriction from the incisors?
A) 6 inches
B) 9 inches
C) 12 inches
D) 15 inches
E) 18 inches
C) 12 inches
Explanation: The third normal constriction of the esophagus occurs opposite the left principal bronchus, at a distance of 12 inches from the incisors.
p.11
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
What is the length of the esophagus?
A) 15 inches (38 cm)
B) 8 inches (20 cm)
C) 10 inches (25 cm)
D) 12 inches (30 cm)
E) 6 inches (15 cm)
C) 10 inches (25 cm)
Explanation: The esophagus measures approximately 10 inches (25 cm) in length, which is a key characteristic of this muscular tube.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
How does the esophagus relate to the descending aorta?
A) It runs parallel to the aorta
B) It crosses behind the aorta
C) It crosses in front of the aorta from right to left
D) It is located above the aorta
E) It is not related to the aorta
C) It crosses in front of the aorta from right to left
Explanation: The esophagus crosses in front of the descending aorta from right to left at the level of the T7 vertebra, which is an important anatomical relationship.
p.18
Inferior Vena Cava Pathway
Where does the termination of the inferior vena cava (IVC) occur?
A) In the left atrium
B) In the right atrium
C) In the left ventricle
D) In the right ventricle
E) In the pulmonary artery
B) In the right atrium
Explanation: The termination of the inferior vena cava occurs in the right atrium, which is a key aspect of the venous return system.
p.12
Esophagus Pathway and Constrictions
Where does the thoracic duct ascend in relation to the esophagus?
A) To the left of the esophagus
B) Behind the esophagus
C) In front of the esophagus
D) To the right of the esophagus
E) It does not ascend near the esophagus
D) To the right of the esophagus
Explanation: In the lower part of the thorax, the thoracic duct ascends to the right of the esophagus before crossing behind it at the level of the T5 vertebra.
