B) Two

Explanation: The thumb contains two phalanges, distinguishing it from the other fingers which have three phalanges each.

D) Knee

Explanation: The knee is not part of the upper limb; it is a joint in the lower limb. The upper limb consists of the shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand.

C) Humerus

Explanation: The humerus is identified as the longest bone of the upper limb, playing a crucial role in the structure and function of the arm.

C) Shoulder

Explanation: The shoulder is the region that connects the trunk with the upper limb, serving as a critical junction for movement and stability.

B) The roughened area for muscle insertion

Explanation: The ulnar tuberosity is the anterior, distal, roughened aspect of the coronoid process, serving as the insertion area for the brachialis muscle.

B) To separate the head of the ulna from the wrist joint

Explanation: The distal end of the head of the ulna is separated from the wrist joint by an articular disc, which plays a crucial role in the anatomy of the forearm.

C) With the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Explanation: The proximal end of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, allowing for a wide range of motion in the shoulder.

B) The capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna

Explanation: Proximally, the radius articulates with both the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna, forming part of the elbow joint.

B) Inferior angle

Explanation: The inferior angle of the scapula is easily palpable and marks the level of the seventh rib and the spine of the seventh thoracic vertebra, making it significant in clinical assessments.

C) It widens

Explanation: The radius is characterized by a widening body (shaft) as it extends from the proximal to the distal end, which is important for its structural function and articulation with other bones.

C) Three

Explanation: Each of the medial four digits has three phalanges, which is a standard anatomical feature of the fingers excluding the thumb.

B) A large, old-style key

Explanation: The clavicle is described as having an S-shape that resembles a large, old-style key, which is a distinctive feature of its anatomy.

B) To connect the upper limb to the thorax

Explanation: The clavicle serves the important function of connecting the upper limb to the thorax, allowing for free movement of the limb from the trunk.

B) It articulates with the head of the humerus

Explanation: The glenoid cavity, or fossa, is a shallow articular surface that articulates with the head of the humerus, allowing for shoulder joint movement.

B) A thick, beaklike structure projecting anterolaterally

Explanation: The coracoid process is a prominent feature of the scapula, characterized by its thick, beaklike structure that projects anterolaterally, serving as an important attachment point for muscles and ligaments.

B) The broad, flat lateral extension of the spine of the scapula

Explanation: The acromion is the broad, flat lateral extension of the spine of the scapula, easily palpable at the tip of the shoulder, and it articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.

D) Femur

Explanation: The femur is a bone of the lower limb, while the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges are all part of the upper limb.

B) Proximal extremity, body or shaft, distal extremity

Explanation: The humerus can be divided into three main regions: the proximal extremity, the body or shaft, and the distal extremity, which are essential for understanding its anatomy and function.

D) To extend lateral to the proximal row of carpal bones

Explanation: The styloid process is a distal projection from the radius that extends laterally, providing an important landmark for the proximal row of carpal bones and serving as an attachment point for ligaments.

B) Trochlea of the humerus and head of the radius

Explanation: Proximally, the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus and the head of the radius at the elbow joint, facilitating movement in the forearm.

B) Distal, medial aspect

Explanation: The ulnar notch is described as a shallow depression located on the distal, medial aspect of the radius, which plays a role in the articulation with the ulna.

C) Femur

Explanation: The femur is the thigh bone and is part of the lower limb, while the humerus, radius, ulna, and scapula are all components of the upper limb.

C) Bones located between the carpal bones and the phalanges of the hand

Explanation: The metacarpal bones are specifically defined as the five bones that connect the carpal bones of the wrist to the phalanges of the fingers, playing a crucial role in hand structure.

C) It serves as the attachment area for the conoid ligament

Explanation: The conoid tubercle is a small, roughened elevation on the inferior surface of the clavicle, near the acromial end, and serves as the attachment area for the conoid ligament, which is part of the coracoclavicular ligament.

B) Humerus

Explanation: The humerus is the main bone of the upper arm and is primarily responsible for the movement of the elbow joint, articulating with both the radius and ulna.

B) To connect the arm to the body

Explanation: The clavicle, or collarbone, serves as a strut that connects the arm to the body, providing stability and facilitating movement of the shoulder.

C) Flat bone

Explanation: The scapula is described as a large, flat, triangular bone, which classifies it as a flat bone, playing a crucial role in the shoulder complex.

B) The glenoid cavity

Explanation: The supraglenoid tubercle and infraglenoid tubercle are anatomical features associated with the glenoid cavity, serving as attachment points for muscles.

D) It is where the ulnar nerve is susceptible to injury

Explanation: The medial epicondyle is a large, knoblike projection where the ulnar nerve crosses, making it susceptible to injury, often referred to as the 'funny bone' sensation.

B) Acromion

Explanation: The acromion is a prominent bony projection on the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder and serves as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments.

B) Proximal base, body, and distal head

Explanation: Each phalanx is composed of a proximal base, a body, and a distal head, which are essential for its structure and function.

C) Interosseous border

Explanation: The interosseous border of the radius forms a sharp crest along the medial border of the shaft, which serves as the attachment point for the interosseous membrane, crucial for stability between the radius and ulna.

D) Tibia

Explanation: The tibia is a bone of the lower limb, while the carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges, and humerus are all part of the upper limb.

C) The superior surface is smooth, and the inferior surface is rough

Explanation: The clavicle has a smooth superior surface and a rough inferior surface, which is important for its anatomical function and muscle attachment.

B) Round and smooth

Explanation: The head of the humerus is described as round and smooth, resembling about one third of a sphere, which is crucial for its articulation with the shoulder joint.

C) Lateral to the head

Explanation: The greater tubercle is a large, roughened elevation located on the lateral proximal end of the humerus, positioned laterally to the head.

B) The formation of the trochlear notch

Explanation: The coronoid process is the anterior projection that forms the inferior end of the hooklike proximal end of the ulna and contributes to the formation of the trochlear notch.

B) Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Explanation: The distal row of carpal bones, arranged from lateral to medial, consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.

C) It is a pulley-shaped articular process for the ulna

Explanation: The trochlea is a pulley-shaped articular process at the distal, medial end of the humerus that articulates with the ulna, facilitating elbow movement.

C) The apex of the olecranon process

Explanation: The olecranon fossa is a deep depression on the distal, posterior end of the humerus that holds the apex of the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended.

B) Pectoral region, Scapular region, Axilla

Explanation: The shoulder region is complex and can be divided into three parts: the pectoral region, scapular region, and axilla, which connect the trunk with the upper limb.

B) Superior, medial, lateral

Explanation: The scapula has three distinct borders: superior, medial, and lateral, which are important for anatomical orientation and identification.

B) Horizontally across the root of the neck

Explanation: The clavicle lies horizontally across the root of the neck, which is significant for its role in upper limb mobility.

C) Five

Explanation: There are five metacarpal bones in the human hand, with the first metacarpal corresponding to the thumb, which is essential for hand function.

B) Base, body, and head

Explanation: Each metacarpal bone consists of a proximal base, a body, and a distal head, which are important for their articulation and function in the hand.

E) Thumb

Explanation: The 1st metacarpal is specifically associated with the thumb, highlighting its importance in hand anatomy and function.

B) Identify the specific anatomical regions of the upper limb

Explanation: The first objective specifically emphasizes the identification of the anatomical regions of the upper limb, which is crucial for understanding its structure and function.

C) Triangular

Explanation: The scapula is described as a large, flat, triangular bone, which is significant for its anatomical structure and function in the shoulder.

C) Annular ligament

Explanation: The head of the radius is held in place against the ulna by the encircling annular ligament, which stabilizes the radial head during forearm movements.

B) Lateral side

Explanation: The radius is specifically described as the bone on the lateral side of the forearm (antebrachium), distinguishing its position relative to the ulna.

B) Medial side

Explanation: The ulna is positioned on the medial side of the forearm (antebrachium), distinguishing its anatomical location in relation to the radius.

B) Scapular region

Explanation: The scapular region is part of the upper limb, specifically within the shoulder area, which also includes the pectoral region and axilla.

B) A roughened triangular elevation on the humerus

Explanation: The deltoid tuberosity is specifically described as a roughened triangular elevation on the anterolateral surface of the midshaft of the humerus, serving as the attachment area for the deltoid muscle.

B) A raised, roughened area for muscle attachment

Explanation: The radial tuberosity is the raised, roughened area on the anteromedial, proximal aspect of the radius, serving as the insertion site for the biceps brachii muscle.

B) The head of the ulna and the scaphoid and lunate bones

Explanation: Distally, the radius articulates with the head of the ulna and the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist, which is crucial for wrist movement.

B) Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Explanation: The proximal row of carpal bones, arranged from lateral to medial, consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.

C) The axilla and cubital fossa

Explanation: The fourth objective specifically describes the anatomy of the axilla and cubital fossa, including identifying their contents, which is important for clinical and anatomical knowledge.

C) Elements forming the central axis of the body

Explanation: The axial skeleton is defined as the collection of bones that form the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

B) Between the sternum and the scapula

Explanation: The clavicle is specifically located between the sternum and the scapula, serving as a critical connection point in the upper body anatomy.

B) Clavicle and Scapula

Explanation: The clavicle and scapula are specifically mentioned as forming the shoulder girdle, which is crucial for upper limb mobility.

B) Rounded

Explanation: The sternal extremity of the clavicle is described as rounded and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, forming the sterno-clavicular joint.

B) Round

Explanation: The head of the radius is described as round, which is important for its articulation with the capitulum of the humerus.

B) It is large and hook-shaped

Explanation: The proximal end of the ulna is specifically described as being large and hook-shaped, which is a distinctive feature that aids in its articulation with the humerus.

E) Sterno-clavicular joint

Explanation: The sternal extremity of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the sterno-clavicular joint, which is crucial for shoulder movement.

C) Acromial extremity

Explanation: The acromial extremity of the clavicle is broad and flat, and it articulates with the acromion process of the scapula, forming the acromio-clavicular joint.

B) Flexor retinaculum

Explanation: The flexor retinaculum forms a deep concave groove on the ventral aspect of the wrist, contributing to the formation of the osseofascial carpal tunnel.

B) It floats freely posteriorly

Explanation: The scapula is noted for floating freely on the posterior chest wall, which allows for a greater range of motion in the shoulder joint.

B) Identify the muscles composing the rotator cuff and describe their functional significance

Explanation: The sixth objective is centered on the rotator cuff muscles, highlighting their composition and functional importance, which is crucial for shoulder stability and movement.

B) It consists of the bones forming the upper and lower limb girdles and extremities

Explanation: The appendicular skeleton is specifically defined as the set of bones that make up the upper and lower limb girdles and the extremities, facilitating movement and interaction with the environment.

B) Radius and ulna

Explanation: The distal end of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius and the trochlear notch of the ulna at the elbow joint, facilitating movement in the forearm.

B) To connect the arm to the body

Explanation: The clavicle serves as a critical connection between the arm and the body, forming part of the shoulder girdle along with the scapula.

B) To connect the trunk with the upper limb

Explanation: The shoulder region's primary function is to connect the trunk with the upper limb, allowing for a wide range of motion and functionality in the arm.

B) It is the articular surface for the head of the radius

Explanation: The radial notch is a shallow, smooth notch on the lateral aspect of the coronoid process that serves as the articular surface for the head of the radius, facilitating movement at the elbow joint.

B) The point of the elbow

Explanation: The olecranon is the easily palpable proximal end of the ulna that forms the 'point' of the elbow, and it serves as the insertion site for the triceps brachii muscle.

B) A shallow concavity on the costal surface

Explanation: The subscapular fossa is described as a shallow concavity located on the costal (ventral, anterior) surface of the scapula, which is important for muscle attachment.

B) The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

Explanation: The intertubercular groove is a deep groove on the anterior surface of the humerus that separates the greater and lesser tubercles, and it specifically houses the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.

C) The coronoid process of the ulna

Explanation: The coronoid fossa is a depression on the distal, anterior end of the humerus that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is fully flexed.

E) It serves as a socket for the humerus

Explanation: The glenoid cavity of the scapula serves as a socket for the head of the humerus, forming the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder, which allows for a wide range of motion.

C) The limbs and their attachments

Explanation: The appendicular skeleton primarily includes the bones of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton, which is essential for movement and mobility.

C) Acromio-clavicular joint

Explanation: The acromial extremity of the clavicle is broad and flat, articulating with the acromion process of the scapula to form the acromio-clavicular joint.

C) Radius

Explanation: The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm, while the ulna is on the medial side, making them key components of the upper limb.

B) Eight

Explanation: The wrist is made up of eight small carpal bones, which are essential for wrist function and mobility.

B) In two rows

Explanation: The carpal bones are arranged in two rows (proximal and distal), with four bones in each row, which is crucial for their function and structure.

B) The constricted region surrounding the head

Explanation: The anatomical neck is defined as the slightly constricted region that surrounds the articular surface of the head of the humerus.

C) Identify the bones of the upper limb and their major anatomical features

Explanation: The second objective is dedicated to identifying the bones of the upper limb along with their significant anatomical features, which is essential for anatomical studies.

C) The head of the radius

Explanation: The capitulum is a rounded, half-spherical articular process at the distal, lateral end of the humerus that specifically articulates with the head of the radius.

B) Posterior to the ribcage

Explanation: The scapula is located posterior to the ribcage, allowing it to provide support and movement for the shoulder joint while being protected by the ribs.

B) To connect the upper limb to the trunk

Explanation: The scapula, or shoulder blade, plays a crucial role in connecting the upper limb to the trunk, allowing for a wide range of motion and stability.

C) It is a shallow depression related to the radial nerve

Explanation: The radial groove, or spiral groove, is a shallow depression that spirals around the posterior and lateral aspects of the midshaft of the humerus, having important relations with the radial nerve and the profunda brachii vessels.

C) Running proximally from the medial epicondyle

Explanation: The medial supracondylar ridge is described as a narrow ridge running proximally from the medial epicondyle, forming the lower medial border of the humerus.

C) The lower lateral border of the humerus

Explanation: The lateral supracondylar ridge is a narrow ridge running proximally from the lateral epicondyle, forming the lower lateral border of the humerus.

B) A large, crescent-shaped notch on the ulna

Explanation: The trochlear notch is a large, crescent-shaped notch on the anterior aspect of the proximal end of the ulna, formed by the articular surfaces of the olecranon and coronoid process, and it articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

B) Define the components of the shoulder complex and identify the muscles of the shoulder

Explanation: The fifth objective emphasizes defining the shoulder complex and identifying the muscles associated with it, including their attachments, innervation, and major actions.

B) To connect the arm to the trunk

Explanation: The scapula, or shoulder blade, primarily serves to connect the arm to the trunk of the body, playing a crucial role in shoulder mobility and stability.

A) Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

Explanation: The dorsal surface of the scapula is divided into the supraspinous fossa (the smaller area above the spine) and the infraspinous fossa (the larger area below the spine), highlighting the anatomical structure of the scapula.

A) It serves as a muscle attachment point

Explanation: The spine of the scapula is a prominent ridge that serves as an attachment point for muscles and divides the dorsal surface into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae.

B) On the lateral aspect of the superior border

Explanation: The scapular notch is located on the lateral aspect of the superior border of the scapula, near the base of the coracoid process, and is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament.

B) It is the site of common fractures

Explanation: The surgical neck is a constricted area immediately inferior to the greater and lesser tubercles, and it has important relations with the axillary nerve and circumflex humeral vessels, making it a common site for fractures.

B) It is a site for muscle attachment for extensors

Explanation: The lateral epicondyle is a roughened projection on the distal, lateral side of the humerus that serves as a common attachment point for extensor muscles.

B) It receives the head of the radius during flexion

Explanation: The radial fossa is a shallow depression on the distal, anterior end of the humerus that receives the margin of the head of the radius when the elbow is fully flexed.

C) Shoulder joint

Explanation: The scapula articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint, which is essential for a wide range of arm movements.

C) A small projection from the distal end of the ulna

Explanation: The styloid process is a small projection from the distal end of the ulna, contributing to the overall structure and function of the forearm.

B) Between the second and seventh ribs

Explanation: The scapula lies on the posterior chest wall specifically between the second and seventh ribs, indicating its anatomical position.

B) Identify the muscles of the upper limb, their attachments, actions, and innervation

Explanation: The third objective focuses on the muscles of the upper limb, detailing their attachments, actions, and innervation, which is vital for understanding muscle function.

B) The radius rotates about its long axis

Explanation: During pronation and supination, it is specifically the radius that rotates around its long axis, allowing for the movement of the forearm.

B) They may affect the radial groove and its contents

Explanation: Fractures of the midshaft humerus are common, especially inferior to the deltoid tuberosity, and may affect the radial groove and its contents, which can have implications for nerve and vascular function.

B) Clavicle and humerus

Explanation: The scapula articulates with the acromial extremity of the clavicle and the head of the humerus, forming key connections in the shoulder complex.