Movements of the oval window.
Utricle and saccule.
Concerned with the maintenance of body equilibrium.
They cross to the opposite side or ascend on the same side and relay in many stations.
Increases the tone in extensor muscles of the neck to support the head against gravity.
At the lower level of the pons at the ponto-medullary junction.
Bipolar nerve cells in the spiral ganglia.
Vestibulospinal tract.
Masses of grey matter embedded within the central core of white matter.
The trapezoid body.
It can be due to traumatic injury of the olfactory nerve or destruction of the olfactory epithelium.
It ensures that movement takes place smoothly, in the right direction, and to the right extent.
Reflexes of the eye, neck, and body according to the position and movement of the head.
The vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (bipolar nerve cells).
In the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the tegmentum.
Lateral and ventral vestibulospinal tracts.
White matter.
External ear, middle ear, and internal ear.
They take part in the formation of glomeruli.
1. Fastigial nucleus, 2. Globose nucleus, 3. Emboliform nucleus, 4. Dentate nucleus.
It can lead to sinusitis due to mucus accumulation.
In the internal ear: Macula of the utricle, Macula of the saccule, and Cristae ampullaris of the three semicircular canals.
Through the internal auditory canal.
They pass downwards through the granular layer to enter the white matter and constitute the only efferents of the cerebellar cortex, synapsing predominantly with neurons in cerebellar nuclei.
They synapse with the dendrites of Purkinje cells, Golgi cells, basket cells, and stellate cells.
Olfactory neurons, supporting cells, and basal cells.
The cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Cerebellum, vestibular nuclei, and direct cerebellar fibers.
Regulation of muscle tone and finer control of movements.
In the center of each cerebellar hemisphere.
Extensive connections with the cerebral cortex, predominantly vestibular.
Changes in the shape of the vocal folds producing hoarseness.
The auricle, external auditory meatus, and ear drum.
Vibrations from the auditory apparatus.
The inferior olivary nucleus.
The nasopharynx.
The external vestibule and the internal nasal cavity.
Purkinje cells are large, flask-shaped, multipolar cells arranged in one row among the upper margin of the granular layer.
Olfactory epithelium.
Special synaptic structures occupied by small, dark, closely packed nerve cells, where granule cell endings synapse with the terminals of mossy fibers.
Elevated and dilated areas (the knob) with long, non-motile cilia.
Indirect vestibulocerebellar fibers from the superior vestibular nucleus.
The vestibular nuclei on the right side cause conjugate deviation of the eye to the left.
Coordination of voluntary movements.
As a thin layer covering the central core of white matter, known as the cerebellar cortex.
Inflammation of the larynx due to viral infection.
They carry sensory information related to smell.
The vestibular organ.
Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the lower pons.
Input from a single climbing fiber, which provides a powerful excitatory signal.
The anterior dilated portion lined with skin continuous with the exterior.
Superior, middle, and inferior conchae (or turbinate bones).
They moisten the air and trap foreign particles.
Thick, pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
The tympanic cavity.
They regulate sound conduction and prevent damage to receptors in the inner ear.
The basilar membrane.
They bypass the vestibular nuclei and go straight to the cerebellum.
To increase the tone in extensor muscles of the leg to support the body against gravity.
Archicerebellum, paleocerebellum, and neocerebellum.
Cerebellar peduncles: superior, middle, and inferior.
Stellate and basket cells.
They produce a serous secretion that washes the cilia.
Carries hearing impulses from both ears, mainly from the opposite side.
Mucous glands, pharyngeal tonsil, and openings of Eustachian tubes.
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
Granular cells and Golgi type II cells.
Allergic reactions.
They respond to odoriferous substances by generating a receptor potential.
They travel through the external auditory canal and strike the eardrum, causing it to vibrate.
The vestibule.
Simple squamous epithelium, transitioning to pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium near the auditory tube.
It opens with each swallow and yawn.
One from the scala media and the other from the lining of the scala vestibuli.
Hair-like structures on the hair cells that play a role in sensory transduction.
They relay information in the thalamus and cerebral cortex, allowing the cerebellum to influence the activity of the pyramidal tract.
The tension of the vocal folds and the size of the opening between them.
Granular cells to provide inhibitory feedback.
In the superior olive and in the nuclei of the trapezoid body and lateral lemniscus.
Thinner respiratory epithelium.
Anteriorly with the nasal fossae and inferiorly with the oral cavity.
A plate of elastic cartilage surrounded by perichondrium.
The dendrites pass upwards into the molecular layer, dividing to form a dendritic tree that lies in one plane, transverse to the long axis of the folium.
It contains a complex vasculature of capillaries that warms inspired air.
It is responsible for the sense of smell.
They act as stem cells for olfactory and supporting cells.
Absorption of endolymph and clearing debris from endolymph by phagocytic cells.
Macula.
Intrauterine infection or poor oxygen supply near birth.
They can restore hearing.
The oval and round windows.
It terminates at the round window, dissipating vibrations.
Extensive tight junctions.
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands.
Elongated microvilli known as stereocilia.
It is important for the sense of hearing.
Desquamated epithelial cells, live and dead lymphocytes, and bacteria.
Columnar ciliated epithelium.
To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane for optimal hearing.
An inherited disease where the ossicles fuse together, preventing conduction of sound.
At the oval window.
The auditory area of the brain.
In the posterior cranial fossa.
The globose nucleus.
They have dendrites that extend in all layers of the cortex.
Lateral lemniscus.
Inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body.
It is responsible for maintaining the equilibrium of the body through its vestibular and spinal connections.
Stratified squamous epithelium.
To produce mucus and serous secretions.
False vocal cords (vestibular folds) and true vocal cords.
IgA, secreted from plasma cells.
They are bipolar neurons with rounded nuclei below the nuclei of supporting cells.
Between the tympanic membrane and the bony surface of the internal ear.
Loss of hearing due to damage to sensory elements in the organ of Corti.
Oval window and round window.
Cells of Hensen define the outer border of the organ of Corti and are located between outer phalangeal cells and cells of Claudius.
Perilymph.
They are stimulated by rotational head movements to help maintain balance.
Simple squamous epithelium.
In the spiral ganglion.
Type I hair cells are flask-shaped and supported by inner phalangeal cells, while Type II hair cells are cylindrical and supported by outer phalangeal cells.
It separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media.
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues).
A layer composed of collagen and elastic fibers and fibroblasts.
The spiral lamina.
A series of spaces within the petrous portion of the temporal bone that houses the membranous labyrinth.
To stabilize the gaze by coordinating eye movements with head movements.
To stimulate the vomiting center, which can lead to motion sickness.
The emboliform nucleus.
Close to the middle line in the anterior part of the superior vermis.
It transforms sound waves into mechanical vibrations.
Dendrites of Purkinje cells.
In auditory radiation to the superior temporal gyrus or Heschl's gyrus (area 41) in the cerebral cortex.
To prevent food or fluids from entering the larynx.
Common cold or infections leading to mucus accumulation.
The nasal septum.
Granular cells are small, numerous, spherical neurons that occupy the greater part of the granular layer and send T-shaped axons known as parallel fibers into the molecular layer.
In the mucus membrane covering the superior conchae, in the roof of the nasal cavity.
Columnar shape with broad, cylindrical apexes and narrower bases, having microvilli on their free surfaces.
They conduct vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window across the middle ear.
It is caused by damage to the sensory receptors of the inner ear or the auditory nerve leading to the brain.
Low Na and high K content.
A short, Y-shaped duct.
Endolymph.
Supporting cells and two types of hair cells (outer and inner).
Three to five rows.
As a sound receptor.
Scala vestibuli, scala media (cochlear duct), and scala tympani.
The cochlear nerve.
They enter the thalamus and then continue to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
In the inner wall of the cochlea.
The glycoprotein layer in cristae is thicker.
Cupula.
Endolymph.
About 35 mm in total length.
The organ of Corti.
Triangular in cross-section.
The presence of many folds called folia.
Afferent fibers, projection fibers, association fibers, commissural fibers, and fibers from the cerebellar nuclei.
Three layers.
Only nerve fibers: afferent (climbing and mossy fibers) and efferent (axons of Purkinje cells).
It is important for the learning of movements, such as learning to write.
The nasal cavity.
They are the primary integrative neurons of the cerebellar cortex.
To maintain an open airway, assist in sound production, and prevent food or fluid from entering the trachea.
Respiratory epithelium.
Olfactory epithelium and a lamina propria of connective tissue.
They bend small hairs and stimulate nerve endings.
The auditory (Eustachian) tube.
Malleus, incus, and stapes.
To transmit mechanical vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear.
Inner phalangeal cells support a single row of inner hair cells and completely surround them.
It gradually changes to tall columnar epithelium composed of two cell types.
Elastic fibrocartilage covered by tightly adherent skin.
The surface into the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane.
An opening at the apex of the cochlea that allows communication between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.
Epidermis.
Tight junctions.
The tense part of the tympanic membrane that is firmly attached to surrounding bone.
It transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the perilymph in the inner ear.
Surgery.
Semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea.
Thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoids (both large and small hyaline cartilages).
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Thickening of the mucosa due to prolonged chronic allergy or inflammation.
The olfactory nerve.
Low.
Pillar cells contain microtubules that transfer stiffness and create a canal for endolymph flow, forming the boundaries of the tunnel of Corti, which is important in sound transduction.
Outer phalangeal cells support three to five rows of hair cells.
Scala media, scala vestibuli, and scala tympani.
Simple squamous epithelial lining.
Sensory structures such as the maculae of the utricle and saccule, cristae of the semicircular canals, and the organ of Corti.
To help preserve the very high ionic gradients across the membrane.
Stratified squamous epithelium.
The location of the cell bodies of the bipolar afferent neurons of the organ of Corti.
Actin microfilaments.
Because they are incompletely encapsulated.
A small triangular area of the tympanic membrane that lacks collagen.
The ampulla.
It sends an electrical impulse to the brain via the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Equilibrium.
The neuroreceptor for hearing present in the cochlear duct.
Cells of Claudius form the outer edge of the organ of Corti.
Nausea.
The macula of the saccule lies in its floor, while the macula of the utricle occupies the lateral wall.
The basilar membrane.
An unusual vascularized epithelium located in an outer position of the cochlea.
They modulate balance as vestibular receptors.
Cristae ampullares.
On the surface, not on the base of crypts.
Two are in vertical planes at right angles to one another, and one is in a near-horizontal plane.
A foreign body or wax.
At the round window.
Inner pillar cells have concave ends, while outer pillar cells have expanded ends.
Border cells support the inner border of the organ of Corti.
It extends across the ampulla and helps maintain balance and equilibrium.
It allows vibrations to pass through the perilymph towards the apex of the cochlea.
A kinocilium.
In the cochlear nuclei of the medulla.
They have a hair-like appearance.
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
A thick, gelatinous glycoprotein layer.
Mainly calcium carbonate.
A membrane similar to the tympanic membrane, known as the secondary tympanic membrane.
Pseudostratified respiratory epithelium with numerous goblet cells.
Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth.
Low in potassium (K) and high in sodium (Na), with very low protein content.
There is a single row of inner hair cells that do not rest on outer and inner phalangeal cells.
It is composed of adipose connective tissue covered by skin.
In the tectorial membrane.
It separates the external ear from the middle ear and transmits sound waves to the ossicles.
It permits vibrations that have passed to sensory receptors for sound to be dissipated.
The modiolus.
Perilymph.
Type I hair cells (flask-shaped) and Type II hair cells (cylindrical).
Cerumen or ear wax.
Elastic cartilage in its outer third and temporal bone in the inner part.
Kinocilium.
In the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx.
The vestibular division of the eighth cranial nerve.
A band containing diffuse free lymphocytes and lymphoid nodules.
Crypts.
Purulent spots.
A band of dense connective tissue, known as the capsule.
Three semicircular canals.
Disorders that interfere with the conduction of sound through the outer and middle ear.
Otitis media.
Spaces containing blood vessels, cell bodies, and processes of the acoustic branch of the eighth cranial nerve (spiral ganglion).
<p>Inner and outer hair cells of the organ of Corti in the cochlea.</p>
<p>inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body.</p>
<p>Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclel in lower pons.</p>
<p>fibres cross to opposite side forming trapezoid body then ascend up.</p>
<p>carries hearing impulses from both ears but mainly from opposite side.</p>
