Braces ({ and }).
To output data to the screen.
Octal Integer.
Fixed values that do not change during the execution of a program.
6 digits.
Letters, digits, and underscores, starting with a letter or underscore.
The order can be important; using a variable before defining it will cause an error.
Only one flow line.
Produces the remainder of integer division.
A number that consists of a fractional part, representing quantities that vary continuously.
It displays the initialized integer, float, and character values.
They are special characters used in output functions.
It performs the logical OR of the bits in each position of a number in its binary form.
A method of representing the step-by-step logical procedure for solving a problem.
User-defined names for variables, functions, and arrays.
To construct conditional expressions in the form exp1 ? exp2 : exp3.
To inform the compiler about the type of value stored in a memory location and the amount of memory required.
If exp1 is true, exp2 is evaluated; if false, exp3 is evaluated.
0.65e4, 12e-2, 1.5e+5, 3.18E3, -1.2E-1.
Yes, upper and lower case characters are different.
Logical NOT.
48.
A symbol that tells the computer to perform mathematical or logical manipulations.
By passing through it with simple test data.
They are used for simple reading of data from the keyboard and writing to an I/O device without any format.
Greater than.
2DB7.
It declares a variable whose value must not be modified during program execution.
0.0026, -0.97, 435.29, +487.0.
The essentials of what is done can easily be lost in the technical details of how it is done.
mantissa * 10^exponent.
putchar(character_variable/expr);
They were either too general, too abstract, or too difficult to learn.
It displays the accepted integer, float, and character values in the order of reading.
Alpha, X, fyear_9899, matrix, income.
%c.
It inverts the bits of a given number, turning 1s into 0s and vice versa.
1. Reduces repetition of the left-hand side. 2. Makes statements more concise and easier to read. 3. Increases efficiency.
It is the starting and ending point of program execution.
PRE performs the operation first, followed by any assignment; POST performs the operation after any assignment.
Creation of the Source Program.
String or sequence of characters.
The annotation symbol.
A logical start and finish.
A sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.
Whole numbers with a machine-dependent range of values.
Knowing the character set, which includes alphabets, numbers, and special symbols.
In the form of shapes of boxes and logical flow with arrows.
Both involve learning basic elements (alphabets or character set) and combining them to form more complex structures (words or instructions).
True value.
Alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), and special symbols (!@#~`%^&*(){}-+=_{}[]|\"'/<>:;).
It indicates that a variable's value may be changed by external sources, prompting the compiler to check its value each time.
By starting with a 0.
Secondary data types including arrays, structures, unions, and pointers.
They are extensively used in for and while loops.
Only one flow line.
Using scanf for character, integer, and float values.
It transmits a single character to a standard output device.
It represents a decimal integer.
65.
Each step must be precisely defined with no ambiguity or contradiction.
Start.
character_variable = getche();
C Tokens.
A pictorial representation of an algorithm.
1) Arithmetic Operators 2) Relational Operators 3) Logical Operators 4) Assignment Operator 5) Increment & Decrement Operator 6) Conditional Operator 7) Bitwise Operators 8) Special Operators.
Finding the sum and average of two numbers.
Three classes.
Finding the largest of three numbers.
Signed integers can be positive or negative, while unsigned integers are always positive.
A keyword.
.c
1 byte (8 bits).
Because it would assign a new meaning to the keyword.
First character is k, Second character is l, Third character is ;
They can be used to write complex programs.
Variables that operators act upon, such as 'a' and 'b' in the example.
To write pseudo code to check whether a student is passed or not.
True (1).
character_variable = getchar();
stdio.h and conio.h.
A single character enclosed within a pair of single quote marks.
Immediately after the main function.
It represents a short integer.
32 bits (4 bytes).
Dennis Ritchie.
Either true or false.
To initialize int, char, and float data types.
Yes, uppercase and lowercase letters are treated differently.
Integer: 78, Float: 3.0, Character: 'y'.
0 bytes.
Spaces, commas, and non-digit characters.
scanf("<format code>", list of address of variables separated by commas);
1939 in decimal.
data_type variable_name;
Declaration and Execution Parts.
32.
putch(character_variable/expr);
Yes, both are permitted, but lowercase is commonly used.
8 bits (1 byte).
%d.
'5' is a character constant, while 5 is a numeric constant.
++ adds 1 to the operand, while -- subtracts 1.
Zeros are placed in the n high-order bits of the variable.
The result is 01100000 (decimal 96).
A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
Effective analysis: problems can be analyzed in a more effective way.
To test the relationship between two variables or between a variable and a constant.
Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Strings, Special Symbols, Operators.
It prints any alphanumeric character taken by the standard input device.
Any symbol that denotes alphabets, digits, or special symbols used to represent information.
It adds 1 to the operand first, then assigns the result to the variable on the left.
Only one flow line.
By calculating the product of the radius with itself and the PI value.
y = 5 and m = 6.
Only the first 8 characters are treated as significant.
It will result in an error, as the variable must be defined before it can be used.
As 11 in decimal.
When all combined relational expressions are true.
A quantity that may vary during program execution.
By calling printf multiple times with different messages.
To identify the memory location where the variable value is stored.
An executable file named 'a.out' is created.
BCPL and B.
For manipulation of data at the bit level.
./helloworld
Variables that are used in more than one function, declared in the global declaration section.
Both y and m will be 6 after the statement executes.
%lu.
90%.
A sequence of digits representing fixed values.
They make the maintenance of a program easier.
8 bytes (64 bits) with 14 digits of precision.
Base Eight.
To extend precision further, using 80 bits.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
32 keywords.
One (1).
To form the vocabulary of C, including constants, variables, and keywords.
It truncates any fractional part.
It reads a single character without waiting for the enter key and echoes the character on the screen.
They are coding characters used to represent data types for formatted output.
Numeric, integer, real, character, single character, string, and logical.
gcc helloworld.c -o helloworld
Relatively good machine efficiency and support for various data types.
x will be assigned the value of b (15).
97.
Each step must be effective, easily converted into program statements, and performed in a finite amount of time.
They may not be applied to float or double.
Each algorithm must take zero, one, or more quantities as input data and produce one or more output values.
%e, %f, %g.
Press Alt+F5.
1) Terminal block 2) Input/Output 3) Process block 4) Decision block 5) Flow lines.
It prints a single character to the standard output.
Between 1969 and 1973.
Flowcharts serve as good program documentation.
Predefined words whose meanings are known to the C compiler.
Flowcharts can become complex and clumsy when the program logic is complicated.
It reads a single character from the keyboard after the confirmation key is pressed.
Two or three flow lines, one for each possible answer.
To accept and display values of int, char, and float data types.
Primary data types, derived data types, and user-defined data types.
.exe
To assign the result of an expression to a variable.
To illustrate the sequence of operations to solve a problem.
Operators of the form v op= exp, where v is a variable, exp is an expression, and op is a C arithmetic operator.
It consists of comment lines giving the name of the programmer, the name of the program, and other details.
At the beginning of the block.
−128 to +127.
All the symbolic constants.
It performs a logical AND on the bits in each position of a number in its binary form.
The result is 00000011 (decimal 3).
Ctrl+F9.
The capabilities of an assembly language with features of high-level language.
Up to 8 characters, with some translators allowing up to 32.
In English-like language with words.
Start.
A number made up of only 0s and 1s.
PI.
Using printf("Hello World");
Manipulation of bits and direct memory addressing using pointers.
.obj
An expression containing a logical operator that yields a value of one or zero.
To clear the screen before displaying output.
Fitness, Definite, Effectiveness, Generality, Input/Output.
Yes, for example: int a = 10;
Semicolon (;).
They make logic clear, facilitate communication, and guide coding during system analysis and program development.
x += y + 1; is equivalent to x = x + (y + 1);
clrscr().
It is used to provide the address of the variable where the input will be stored.
The sum of length and breadth.
Comments can be added using /* comment */ syntax, but cannot be nested.
Alt+F9.
The intersection of flow lines.
Six types.
Binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal.
Character data type.
Equal to.
123, -321, 0, 654321, +78.
No, it cannot be used on float and double datatypes.
It reverses the truth value of its operand (e.g., NOT F -> T).
To form functions or complete programs.
−128 to +127.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
Different geometric shapes used in flowcharts.
Letters and digits, starting with a letter, and can include underscores.
0 to 255.
The result is 00110001.
Decimal values 10 to 15.
./a.out
The result is 11000000.
33.
printf() and scanf().
Use connector symbols to reduce the number of flow lines.
float.
The flowchart should be clear, neat, and easy to follow.
1011 in binary (2).
To print formatted output to the screen.
False value.
It accepts input from the user and stores it in variables.
How a certain process is followed or a problem is solved.
Keywords, reserved words, and identifiers.
It takes a string as an argument and writes it to the screen.
Detailed instructions about how the tasks are done.
Diameter = 2 * radius.
New Line.
The result is 00111101.
−2^(n-1) to 2^(n-1) − 1.
It causes the decimal point to 'float'.
An algorithm must terminate in a finite number of steps.
'Hello World'.
A variable can hold different values during execution, while a constant is restricted to one value.
It provides instructions to the compiler to link functions from the system library, e.g., '#include<stdio.h>'.
By calculating the product of length and breadth.
They shift the bits in an integer variable by a specified number of positions to the left or right.
The result is 0000.
Long integer.
It reads a single character from the standard input.
System software, application software, device drivers, internet protocols, translators, print spoolers, and utilities.
From left to right or top to bottom.
+ (Addition), - (Subtraction), * (Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulo Division).
A middle level programming language.
It reads a string of characters from the standard input.
Commands like if, else, goto.
The flowchart may require re-drawing completely.
getch() reads a single character without waiting for the enter key and does not display the character on the screen.
Logical AND.
To draw a flowchart to compute the final price of an item after figuring in sales tax.
The flow of data through an information processing system and the sequence of operations.
Base Sixteen.
It adds the two bits discarding the carry, resulting in zero only when both bits are the same.
By prefixing with 0X or 0x.
Logical OR.
character_variable = getch();
It represents a decimal, hexadecimal, or octal integer.
An expression that combines two or more relational expressions.
Formatted and Unformatted.
Read the numbers a, b.
Comma operator, sizeof operator, pointer operators (& and *), and member selection operators (. and ->).
The algorithm must be complete and work successfully for all problems of a particular type.
36.
End of program.
Unsigned decimal integer.
White spaces are not allowed.
Every C program must have one 'main' function section, which contains a declaration part and an executable part.
printf("<message>"); or printf("<control string>", argument list);
Unsigned hexadecimal integer.
