The mammillary body is a special part of the hypothalamus and is part of the limbic system, which is involved in emotions and behavior.
The patient could experience loss of sensory sensation, including pain and mechanosensation, on the left side of the body.
The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated lateral to the thalamus.
The internal capsule consists of fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with the thalamus, the brainstem, and the spinal cord, including the pyramidal tract.
The injury affects the dorsal motor and sensory areas in the cortex controlling the lower extremities, leading to sensory disturbances and paresis in the right sacral and lumbar region.
The lateral funiculus of the spinal cord.
Occlusion of the foramen Magendie, lateral recesses (foramina of Luschka), or aqueduct.
The oculomotor nuclei control most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid.
The putamen and the caudate nucleus.
CSF is produced by the vascular choroid plexuses in the ventricles, about 0.5 liters per day. It flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen, then through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle. Additional fluid is added by the choroid plexuses in the third and fourth ventricles. CSF leaves the ventricular system via the foramen of Magendie and the foramina of Luschka, entering the subarachnoid space. It spreads over the brain and spinal cord, driven by pressure changes, and is drained through arachnoid villi and granulations.
Loss of or reduced vision in the left visual field, potentially leading to blindness due to the size of the occlusion.
The facial nerve (N. facialis).
The reticular formation is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.
An increase in production of the fluid or a decrease in its rate of absorption.
The cerebellum and the fourth ventricle.
The aqueduct, also known as the cerebral aqueduct, is located in the midbrain and connects the third and fourth ventricles, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to flow between them.
All sensory information needs to go through the thalamus before reaching the postcentral gyrus in the cerebral cortex.
CSF minimizes the accumulation of harmful substances in nervous tissue and serves as a signal pathway.
The ventricular system was dramatically enlarged, indicating increased intracranial pressure, and there was a bigger bleeding in the cerebellum.
Tactile and other somatosensory stimuli.
A fissure is a lot deeper than a sulcus.
The middle cerebral artery.
The medial cerebral artery in the left side.
Somatosensory stimuli from below the neck pass along the sensory pathways of the spinal cord, whereas somatosensory stimuli from the head and neck travel through the cranial nerves, specifically the trigeminal system.
Decreased motor and sensory function in the right side of the body due to the affected left side.
Characteristic surface landmarks and other structures, along with looking at a stack of normal pictures.
The middle cerebellar peduncle is also named brachium pontis.
Within the dorsal root ganglion.
Damage to the motor fibres controlling the leg in the internal capsule or spinal cord will result in paresis of the leg.
The oculomotor nerve controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid.
The CT scan shows blood in the subarachnoid space, indicated by lighter areas in the normally dark subarachnoid space.
The substantia nigra is involved in the control of movement.
Movement
Sensory fibers from the lower extremities (OE)
The anterior median fissure and the central canal
The pons (left side) is affected.
The longitudinal fissure.
In the pons.
A focal lesion in the CNS is rarely limited to a specific structure and often involves adjacent structures. The relationships between these structures produce a characteristic set of symptoms that help in identifying the damaged area.
Possible deficits could include motor and sensory impairments, language difficulties, and spatial neglect.
Because the medial anterior part of the frontal lobe is not affected.
The internal capsule is located in the cerebrum, internally dividing the striatum into the caudate nucleus and the putamen.
The corpus callosum enables signals to travel from one hemisphere to the other, ensuring cooperation between the right and left hemispheres.
Pain and temperature.
The medial lemniscus.
Blue outline color.
The dorsal part of the pons.
The brain and spinal cord.
The most common cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is trauma, although it can also be spontaneous, typically due to aneurysms.
You should view the images as though you are standing at the patient's feet looking up, with the frontal direction pointing upward.
There was bleeding in the cerebellum that was not detected on the first day.
The right occipital lobe shows swelling, and the right lateral ventricle appears smaller.
The thalamus in the right hemisphere.
Bundles formed by large cell groups called the pontine nuclei.
The CT scan shows an affected darker area dorsally in the medial part of the left cerebral cortex, including parts of both the frontal and parietal lobes.
The anterior cerebral artery supplies the affected area, but the occlusion is likely in a branch of this artery.
A tumor can affect the reabsorption of CSF.
Three successive neurons.
A horizontal section of the spinal cord, a horizontal section of the medulla oblongata, a horizontal section of the pons, a horizontal section of the mesencephalon, a horizontal section of the cerebrum cutting through the thalamus, and a frontal section of the cerebrum cutting through the thalamus.
Double vision in the eyes.
Because the facial motor nuclei are located there and have no cross over.
The spinal lemniscus.
The two descending pathways are the corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) and the corticobulbar tract.
The sylvian, suprasellar, quadrigeminal, and interpeduncular cisterns should be checked for blood.
The tracts
Sensory fibers from the upper extremities (UE)
A sensory pathway that carries peripheral sensations to the brain.
The occlusion is likely in the right posterior cerebral artery originating from the basilar artery.
Emotion processes.
Branches from the posterior cerebral artery, specifically the thalamoperforating arteries.
Ischemic infarcts (nerve cell death due to lack of oxygen).
The medial aspect of the hemisphere, including the representation of the legs in the motor and somatosensory cortex.
Bilateral palsy of the legs with reduced sensation and effects on the medial aspects of the frontal lobe, potentially affecting emotions, causing depression, and decreasing motivation.
The dorsal column system and the spinothalamic tract.
The corticospinal tract.
Facial motor nucleus, possibly the motor trigeminal nucleus (n. mandibularis fibers), and the abducens nucleus.
The middle cerebellar peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum.
The substantia gelatinosa and the nucleus proprius.
Motor function.
The superior colliculus controls reflex movements of the eyes and the head.
There are 12 cranial nerves.
The brainstem controls basic life functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
The types of intracranial hemorrhage include epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral hemorrhages.
Movement, entering the sections
Sensory signals pass through the peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, and finally reach the cerebral cortex.
The insula.
The latero-posterior part of the frontal lobe, the latero-anterior part of the parietal lobe, and the insula.
The middle cerebellar peduncle where several cranial nerves leave the pons.
Into three sections: Superior, Inferior, and Deep.
The crus cerebri is the caudal continuation of the internal capsule.
Identify the regions and structures of the CNS affected by the arterial occlusion and describe the extent of the lesion.
Decussation refers to the crossing over of nerve fibers, meaning that an occlusion in the left side of the brain affects the right side of the body.
In the pyramid, the corticospinal tract in the basis of the pons.
The dorsal column.
The medial lemniscus is involved in somatosensory processing, particularly mechanoreception.
The red nucleus is involved in motor coordination.
The inferior colliculus acts as a relay station in the pathways that bring auditory signals to awareness.
An extradural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura and the skull, commonly caused by trauma to the middle meningeal artery.
An intracerebral hemorrhage is a bleed within the parenchyma of the cerebrum.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain and spinal cord and removes waste products.
Leaving the sections
The caudate nucleus is located in the cerebrum, situated in close relationship to the lateral ventricle. The head of the nucleus makes up the lateral wall of the anterior horn, and the corpus and cauda extend posteriorly and ventrally following the ventricular wall into the temporal horn.
The internal capsule divides the striatum into the caudate nucleus and putamen.
To help identify the exact plane of the picture and locate the affected area.
The primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus).
Through the white matter of the dorsal column of the spinal cord to the medulla.
Localized vascular damage of the central nervous system can affect ascending or descending fibre tracts at different places in the CNS and still give rise to similar symptoms.
The rubrospinal tract originates in the magnocellular red nucleus in the mesencephalon (midbrain), crosses to the other side of the midbrain, and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum. It plays a role in motor coordination.
Understanding these pathways and their decussations is essential because it helps in diagnosing the location of damage based on symptoms.
The primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus), the insular cortex, and the cingulate cortex.
The anterior horn and the posterior horn
Motor pathways control voluntary muscle movements.
Cerebral blood supply provides oxygen and nutrients to the brain and removes waste products.
Common neurological symptoms include headaches, dizziness, seizures, and changes in vision or speech.
Meningitis causes inflammation of the meninges, which can affect CSF flow.
Most of the medial aspect of the hemisphere, ending around the parieto-occipital sulcus.
There could be deficits in cognition and changes in personality.
The corticospinal tract descends from the cortex through the deep white matter of the cerebrum, passes between the caudate nucleus and putamen as the internal capsule, through the mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and forms the pyramids in the medulla. At the pyramidal decussation, most fibers cross to the opposite side and separate into two parts controlling different musculature domains.
The spinothalamic tract is responsible for transmitting pain and temperature sensations.
The corticospinal tract in the crus cerebri is responsible for movement.
Damage to the internal capsule on the left side will give paresis in the right leg, whereas damage to the left spinal cord will give paresis in the left leg.
Vestibular nuclei and sensory trigeminal nuclei.
Grey matter processes information in the brain and spinal cord.
A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura and the arachnoid mater, typically caused by trauma resulting in damage to the bridging veins.
The likely cause is a ruptured aneurysm filling the subarachnoid space with blood.
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the brain's ventricles, creating harmful pressure on brain tissues. It occurs due to conditions that lead to the accumulation of CSF.
The corpus callosum is situated between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum, above the diencephalon and the basal ganglia.
From sensory receptors throughout the body.
The grey matter including cranial nerve nuclei, the white matter, the most important surface landmarks, nerve fibres entering or leaving the sections, areas involved in muscular control (red outline), and areas involved in sensory perception (blue outline).
Red outline color.
Pain and temperature sensations.
In the ventral part of the pons.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for carrying motor signals from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord to control the musculature through motor neurons.
Mechanoreceptors
The new sensory pathway
A hemorrhage, such as bleeding in the left cerebellum, can block CSF flow and lead to dilation of the ventricular system.
The posterior funiculus and spinothalamic tract.
The internal capsule is a bundle of fibers that passes between the caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal nuclei. It is significant as it is part of the pathway through which the corticospinal tract descends from the cortex.
The pyramidal decussation occurs at the medullary-spinal border, where most fibers in the corticospinal tract cross over to the opposite side of the brain. This crossing is important for the control of motor functions on the opposite side of the body.
The cross over happens in the corpus callosum.
Various thalamic nuclei.
Gray matter and cranial nerve nuclei
White matter transmits signals between different parts of the CNS.
Sensory pathways transmit sensory information from the body to the brain.
The old sensory pathway
