p.10
Liver Development and Anatomy
How does the size of the liver change during gestation?
A) It remains constant
B) It decreases in size
C) It increases and then decreases
D) It doubles in size
E) It becomes larger than the heart
C) It increases and then decreases
Explanation: The liver grows significantly during the early stages of gestation, filling the abdominal cavity, but then regresses in size as the hemopoietic function is taken over by the spleen and bone marrow.
p.5
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
Where does the dorsal pancreatic bud arise from?
A) Ventral wall of the foregut
B) Dorsal wall of the foregut
C) Lateral mesentery
D) Hepatic bud
E) Second part of the duodenum
B) Dorsal wall of the foregut
Explanation: The dorsal pancreatic bud arises from the dorsal wall of the foregut, a short distance above the ventral bud, indicating its specific anatomical origin.
p.6
Histogenesis of Pancreas
At what week of intrauterine life do β cells of the islets of Langerhans start secreting insulin?
A) 5th week
B) 10th week
C) 15th week
D) 20th week
E) 25th week
B) 10th week
Explanation: The β cells of the islets of Langerhans begin to secrete insulin by the tenth week of intrauterine life, marking a critical stage in pancreatic development.
p.8
Anomalies of the Spleen
What is an accessory spleen?
A) A spleen that is larger than normal
B) A supernumerary spleen found at various sites
C) A spleen that has no function
D) A spleen that is located in the thoracic cavity
E) A spleen that is fused with the liver
B) A supernumerary spleen found at various sites
Explanation: Accessory spleens, or spleniculi, are additional nodules of splenic tissue that can be found in various locations and may have clinical significance, especially after splenectomy.
p.9
Clinical Correlations and Embryological Basis
Why does intrahepatic biliary atresia have a poor prognosis compared to extrahepatic biliary atresia?
A) It is more common
B) It is easier to treat
C) It affects the liver directly
D) It is less severe
E) It has no symptoms
C) It affects the liver directly
Explanation: Intrahepatic biliary atresia has a poor prognosis because it directly impacts the liver's ability to function, leading to severe complications, unlike extrahepatic biliary atresia which may be more manageable.
p.5
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
What part of the pancreas is formed by the dorsal pancreatic bud?
A) Lower part of the head and uncinate process
B) Upper part of the head, neck, body, and tail
C) Entire pancreas
D) Only the tail
E) Only the neck
B) Upper part of the head, neck, body, and tail
Explanation: The dorsal pancreatic bud forms the upper part of the head, neck, body, and tail of the pancreas, distinguishing its contribution to the overall structure.
p.4
Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts Development
What is Hartmann’s pouch?
A) A type of gallstone
B) A pouch formed by the gallbladder's neck projecting downward
C) A section of the liver
D) A type of bile duct
E) A congenital anomaly of the spleen
B) A pouch formed by the gallbladder's neck projecting downward
Explanation: Hartmann’s pouch is specifically described as a pouch formed when the posterior medial wall of the neck of the gallbladder projects downward, which may be adherent to the cystic duct or CBD.
p.1
Major Digestive Glands Overview
Which glands are primarily associated with the digestive tract?
A) Thyroid and adrenal glands
B) Salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
C) Pituitary and pineal glands
D) Sweat and sebaceous glands
E) Lymph nodes and spleen
B) Salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
Explanation: The major glands associated with the digestive tract include the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas, which develop from the endodermal lining of the gut, except for the parotid gland.
p.1
Clinical Correlations and Embryological Basis
At what week of intrauterine life does hemopoiesis begin in the liver?
A) 4th week
B) 6th week
C) 12th week
D) 20th week
E) At birth
B) 6th week
Explanation: Hemopoiesis begins in the liver at about the sixth week of intrauterine life and continues until birth, after which it is taken over by the spleen and bone marrow.
p.2
Liver Development and Anatomy
What is the primary structure from which the liver develops?
A) Duodenum
B) Umbilical vein
C) Hepatic bud
D) Vitelline vein
E) Septum transversum
C) Hepatic bud
Explanation: The liver develops from the hepatic bud, which arises from the foregut at its junction with the midgut, marking the initial stage of liver formation.
p.3
Liver Development and Anatomy
Which embryonic structure gives rise to liver parenchyma and bile canaliculi?
A) Vitelline veins
B) Umbilical veins
C) Hepatic bud
D) Septum transversum
E) Bile ductule
C) Hepatic bud
Explanation: The hepatic bud is identified as the source of liver parenchyma and bile canaliculi, highlighting its critical role in liver development.
p.7
Anomalies of the Pancreas
Where can accessory (ectopic) pancreatic tissue be found?
A) Only in the gallbladder
B) Wall of the duodenum, Meckel’s diverticulum, gallbladder, lower end of esophagus, and wall of stomach
C) Only in the stomach
D) Only in the esophagus
E) Only in the duodenum
B) Wall of the duodenum, Meckel’s diverticulum, gallbladder, lower end of esophagus, and wall of stomach
Explanation: Accessory pancreatic tissue can form in various locations, including the wall of the duodenum, Meckel’s diverticulum, gallbladder, lower end of the esophagus, and wall of the stomach.
p.4
Anomalies of Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts
What condition is characterized by the absence of the bile duct?
A) Choledochal cyst
B) Atresia of bile duct
C) Septate gallbladder
D) Floating gallbladder
E) Hartmann’s pouch
B) Atresia of bile duct
Explanation: Atresia of the bile duct is a condition where the bile duct is absent, leading to clinical manifestations such as persistent progressive jaundice in newborns.
p.9
Anomalies of the Pancreas
What is an annular pancreas?
A) A pancreas with multiple lobes
B) Pancreatic tissue forming a collar around the second part of the duodenum
C) A pancreas that is completely absent
D) A pancreas with cysts
E) A pancreas that is larger than normal
B) Pancreatic tissue forming a collar around the second part of the duodenum
Explanation: An annular pancreas is characterized by pancreatic tissue encircling the second part of the duodenum, which can lead to obstruction.
p.2
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
What is intrahepatic biliary atresia?
A) A benign condition
B) A correctable anomaly
C) A very serious anomaly
D) A common liver disease
E) A type of liver cancer
C) A very serious anomaly
Explanation: Intrahepatic biliary atresia is a serious anomaly that cannot be surgically corrected, leaving parents with limited options regarding the child's treatment.
p.5
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
What does the accessory pancreatic duct arise from?
A) Distal part of the ventral pancreatic bud
B) Proximal one-fourth of the duct of the dorsal pancreatic bud
C) Dorsal mesentery of the duodenum
D) Hepatic bud
E) Main pancreatic duct
B) Proximal one-fourth of the duct of the dorsal pancreatic bud
Explanation: The accessory pancreatic duct is formed by the proximal one-fourth of the duct of the dorsal pancreatic bud, highlighting its specific developmental origin.
p.7
Anomalies of the Pancreas
What is the result of inversion of pancreatic ducts?
A) The main pancreatic duct opens on the major duodenal papilla
B) The main pancreatic duct opens on the minor duodenal papilla
C) Formation of annular pancreas
D) Development of accessory pancreatic tissue
E) Normal duct formation
B) The main pancreatic duct opens on the minor duodenal papilla
Explanation: In inversion of pancreatic ducts, the main pancreatic duct, formed by the duct of the dorsal pancreatic bud, opens on the minor duodenal papilla, while the duct of the ventral pancreatic bud poorly develops.
p.4
Anomalies of Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts
What is a choledochal cyst?
A) A type of gallstone
B) A cyst that develops due to weakness in the bile duct wall
C) A duplicated gallbladder
D) A condition where the gallbladder is absent
E) A type of accessory bile duct
B) A cyst that develops due to weakness in the bile duct wall
Explanation: A choledochal cyst is a rare condition that develops due to an area of weakness in the wall of the bile duct, which can lead to complications such as obstructive jaundice.
p.9
Anomalies of the Liver
What is the most common source of an aberrant right hepatic artery?
A) Celiac trunk
B) Inferior mesenteric artery
C) Superior mesenteric artery
D) Left gastric artery
E) Renal artery
C) Superior mesenteric artery
Explanation: The superior mesenteric artery is identified as the most common source of an aberrant right hepatic artery, which can have clinical implications.
p.3
Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts Development
What is the initial condition of the extrahepatic biliary apparatus during development?
A) Fully developed
B) Occluded with epithelial cells
C) Completely absent
D) Recanalized
E) Non-functional
B) Occluded with epithelial cells
Explanation: The text mentions that the extrahepatic biliary apparatus is initially occluded with epithelial cells before it undergoes recanalization.
p.8
Spleen Development and Histogenesis
What is the origin of the spleen?
A) Ectodermal
B) Endodermal
C) Mesodermal
D) Neural crest
E) Epithelial
C) Mesodermal
Explanation: The spleen is mesodermal in origin, indicating that it develops from mesodermal tissue during embryonic development.
p.8
Spleen Development and Histogenesis
What indicates the lobulated origin of the spleen in adults?
A) Presence of splenic notches
B) Size of the spleen
C) Color of the spleen
D) Shape of the spleen
E) Weight of the spleen
A) Presence of splenic notches
Explanation: The presence of splenic notches on the anterior border of the adult spleen indicates its lobulated origin, reflecting its developmental history.
p.9
Spleen Development and Histogenesis
What embryological basis explains the presence of notches on the superior/anterior border of the spleen?
A) Fusion of lobules of splenic tissue
B) Development from the liver
C) Presence of accessory spleens
D) Congenital malformations
E) Vascular supply variations
A) Fusion of lobules of splenic tissue
Explanation: The notches on the superior/anterior border of the spleen are a reflection of its lobular origin, resulting from the fusion of small lobules of splenic tissue during development.
p.3
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
What is the rarity of congenital anomalies of the liver?
A) Very common
B) Common
C) Rare
D) Rarest
E) Uncommon
D) Rarest
Explanation: The text states that congenital anomalies of the liver are the rarest, indicating their low incidence compared to other anomalies.
p.7
Anomalies of the Pancreas
What occurs when the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds fail to fuse?
A) Formation of annular pancreas
B) Divided pancreas
C) Accessory pancreatic tissue
D) Inversion of pancreatic ducts
E) Normal pancreatic development
B) Divided pancreas
Explanation: A divided pancreas occurs when the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds do not fuse, resulting in two separate parts of the pancreas derived from the two buds.
p.4
Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts Development
What is an intrahepatic gallbladder?
A) A gallbladder located outside the liver
B) A gallbladder embedded within the liver substance
C) A gallbladder that is completely absent
D) A gallbladder that is duplicated
E) A gallbladder that is floating in the peritoneum
B) A gallbladder embedded within the liver substance
Explanation: An intrahepatic gallbladder is a condition where the gallbladder is embedded within the liver, representing a significant anatomical anomaly.
p.1
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
What is Riedel’s lobe?
A) A type of bile duct
B) A tongue-like extension from the right lobe of the liver
C) A cystic structure in the liver
D) A part of the gallbladder
E) A section of the spleen
B) A tongue-like extension from the right lobe of the liver
Explanation: Riedel’s lobe is a tongue-like extension from the right lobe of the liver, representing a congenital anomaly of the liver.
p.5
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
From which embryonic layer do the pancreatic buds develop?
A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm
D) Neuroectoderm
E) Epiblast
C) Endoderm
Explanation: The pancreas develops from two endodermal pancreatic buds that arise from the junction of the foregut and midgut, indicating its origin from the endoderm layer.
p.3
Anomalies of the Gallbladder
What happens if the pars cystica fails to develop?
A) Normal gallbladder formation
B) Agenesis of gallbladder
C) Formation of a sessile gallbladder
D) Development of multiple gallbladders
E) Formation of a phrygian cap
B) Agenesis of gallbladder
Explanation: If the pars cystica from the hepatic bud fails to develop, it results in the absence of the gallbladder, known as agenesis.
p.7
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
What is the role of the dorsal pancreatic bud in pancreas development?
A) It forms the entire pancreas
B) It contributes to the formation of the main pancreatic duct
C) It is not involved in pancreas development
D) It only forms accessory pancreatic tissue
E) It forms the annular pancreas
B) It contributes to the formation of the main pancreatic duct
Explanation: The dorsal pancreatic bud plays a crucial role in pancreas development, particularly in forming the main pancreatic duct, which drains most of the pancreatic tissue.
p.9
Anomalies of the Pancreas
Where is the most common site of accessory pancreatic tissue found?
A) Mucosa of the small intestine
B) Mucosa of the stomach and Meckel’s diverticulum
C) Pancreatic duct
D) Duodenum
E) Liver
B) Mucosa of the stomach and Meckel’s diverticulum
Explanation: The most common site for accessory pancreatic tissue is the mucosa of the stomach and Meckel’s diverticulum, indicating its frequent occurrence in these areas.
p.10
Liver Development and Anatomy
What is the primary function of the fetal liver during early development?
A) Digestive enzyme production
B) Hematopoiesis
C) Bile production
D) Storage of nutrients
E) Hormone secretion
B) Hematopoiesis
Explanation: During early development, the fetal liver serves a crucial role in hematopoiesis, producing blood cells before this function is taken over by the spleen and bone marrow.
p.6
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
What is the initial structure formed by the ventral pancreatic bud?
A) A single mass
B) A bilobed structure
C) A tubular structure
D) A spherical structure
E) A flat structure
B) A bilobed structure
Explanation: The ventral pancreatic bud initially forms a bilobed structure that subsequently fuses to create a single mass, which is crucial for the development of the pancreas.
p.4
Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts Development
What does a septate gallbladder refer to?
A) A gallbladder with no cystic duct
B) A gallbladder that is completely duplicated
C) A gallbladder partially or completely subdivided by a septum
D) A gallbladder embedded in the liver
E) A gallbladder that floats in the peritoneum
C) A gallbladder partially or completely subdivided by a septum
Explanation: A septate gallbladder is characterized by being partially or completely subdivided by a septum, which is a notable anatomical variation.
p.1
Liver Development and Anatomy
What is the primary source of the liver's parenchyma?
A) Ectodermal lining of the oral cavity
B) Mesoderm of the embryonic disc
C) Endodermal hepatic bud of the foregut
D) Dorsal mesogastrium
E) Vitelline veins
C) Endodermal hepatic bud of the foregut
Explanation: The parenchyma of the liver is derived from the endodermal hepatic bud of the foregut, which is crucial for liver development.
p.9
Anomalies of the Spleen
What are spleniculi?
A) Accessory spleens
B) Enlarged spleens
C) Malformed spleens
D) Spleens with cysts
E) Spleens with tumors
A) Accessory spleens
Explanation: Spleniculi refer to accessory spleens, which are additional small spleen-like tissues that can occur in the body.
p.2
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
What characterizes Caroli’s disease?
A) Absence of liver tissue
B) Congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tree
C) Formation of gallstones
D) Liver transplant necessity
E) Polycystic liver disease
B) Congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tree
Explanation: Caroli’s disease is characterized by the congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tree, which can lead to complications such as sepsis and carcinoma.
p.10
Liver Development and Anatomy
What percentage of body weight does the liver represent in the early part of development?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%
E) 25%
B) 10%
Explanation: In the early part of development, the liver constitutes about 10% of the body weight, which decreases to about 5% later in development.
p.6
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
What is the main pancreatic duct also known as?
A) Duct of Santorini
B) Duct of Wirsung
C) Duct of Langerhans
D) Duct of bile
E) Duct of duodenum
B) Duct of Wirsung
Explanation: The main pancreatic duct, which opens into the duodenum, is commonly referred to as the duct of Wirsung, highlighting its significance in pancreatic function.
p.8
Spleen Development and Histogenesis
Where does the spleen develop in relation to the stomach?
A) In the ventral mesogastrium
B) In the dorsal mesogastrium
C) In the peritoneal cavity
D) In the thoracic cavity
E) In the pelvic cavity
B) In the dorsal mesogastrium
Explanation: The spleen develops in the dorsal mesogastrium, which is closely related to the stomach, playing a significant role in its anatomical positioning.
p.8
Anomalies of the Spleen
What is a lobulated spleen?
A) A spleen with no lobules
B) A spleen formed due to fusion of small lobules of splenic tissue
C) A spleen that is larger than normal
D) A spleen that has undergone atrophy
E) A spleen that is located in the pelvic cavity
B) A spleen formed due to fusion of small lobules of splenic tissue
Explanation: A lobulated spleen is a condition where the persistence of fetal spleen occurs due to the fusion of several small lobules of splenic tissue, indicating a developmental anomaly.
p.2
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
What is a potential consequence of the failure of union of extrahepatic bile ducts?
A) Formation of gallstones
B) Cysts within the liver
C) Liver cancer
D) Liver transplant necessity
E) Absence of liver tissue
B) Cysts within the liver
Explanation: The failure of union of some extrahepatic bile ducts can lead to the formation of cysts within the liver, which is a significant developmental anomaly.
p.10
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
What is the prognosis for intrahepatic biliary atresia?
A) Excellent
B) Good
C) Fair
D) Poor
E) Uncertain
D) Poor
Explanation: Intrahepatic biliary atresia is surgically untreatable and has a very poor prognosis, unlike extrahepatic biliary atresia, which is surgically correctable.
p.3
Anomalies of the Gallbladder
What is a phrygian cap?
A) A type of gallbladder anomaly
B) A normal anatomical structure
C) A condition of the liver
D) A type of bile duct
E) A developmental stage of the liver
A) A type of gallbladder anomaly
Explanation: A phrygian cap is described as an anomaly where the fundus of the gallbladder folds on itself, forming a cap-like structure.
p.7
Anomalies of the Pancreas
What is a characteristic feature of the annular pancreas?
A) It has no connection to the duodenum
B) It forms a collar of pancreatic tissue around the second part of the duodenum
C) It is formed only from the dorsal pancreatic bud
D) It is a normal anatomical structure
E) It is formed from ectopic pancreatic tissue
B) It forms a collar of pancreatic tissue around the second part of the duodenum
Explanation: The annular pancreas is characterized by a collar of pancreatic tissue that encircles the second part of the duodenum, which can lead to duodenal obstruction.
p.1
Salivary Glands Structure and Function
Which of the following is NOT a major salivary gland?
A) Parotid
B) Submandibular
C) Sublingual
D) Hepatic
E) None of the above
D) Hepatic
Explanation: The major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, while the hepatic gland refers to the liver, which is not a salivary gland.
p.5
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
Which pancreatic duct is formed by the distal three-fourths of the duct of the dorsal bud and the proximal one-fourth of the duct of the ventral bud?
A) Accessory pancreatic duct
B) Main pancreatic duct
C) Bile duct
D) Duct of Santorini
E) Duct of Wirsung
B) Main pancreatic duct
Explanation: The main pancreatic duct is formed by the distal three-fourths of the duct of the dorsal bud and the proximal one-fourth of the duct of the ventral bud, which is crucial for pancreatic function.
p.6
Anomalies of the Pancreas
What anomaly occurs when the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts fail to fuse?
A) Annular pancreas
B) Pancreatic cyst
C) Pancreatic cancer
D) Pancreatitis
E) Pancreatic atrophy
A) Annular pancreas
Explanation: When the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts do not fuse, it can lead to an annular pancreas, where pancreatic tissue surrounds the duodenum, potentially causing obstruction.
p.8
Spleen Development and Histogenesis
What is the gastrosplenic ligament?
A) A ligament connecting the spleen to the diaphragm
B) A ligament extending between the hilum of the spleen and the greater curvature of the stomach
C) A ligament connecting the spleen to the liver
D) A ligament extending between the spleen and the right kidney
E) A ligament connecting the spleen to the pancreas
B) A ligament extending between the hilum of the spleen and the greater curvature of the stomach
Explanation: The gastrosplenic ligament is specifically defined as the part of the dorsal mesogastrium that extends between the hilum of the spleen and the greater curvature of the stomach.
p.9
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
What is the most fatal congenital anomaly of the liver?
A) Hepatic cysts
B) Hepatic hemangioma
C) Intrahepatic biliary atresia
D) Extrahepatic biliary atresia
E) Hepatic fibrosis
C) Intrahepatic biliary atresia
Explanation: Intrahepatic biliary atresia is noted as the most fatal congenital anomaly of the liver, often leading to severe complications.
p.10
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
What is the folded fundus of the gallbladder named after?
A) A type of fish
B) A cap worn by people of Phrygia
C) A flower
D) An ancient Egyptian artifact
E) A Roman soldier's helmet
B) A cap worn by people of Phrygia
Explanation: The folded fundus of the gallbladder resembles a cap worn by people of Phrygia, which is why this anomaly is named as such.
p.2
Congenital Anomalies of the Liver
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a congenital anomaly of the liver?
A) Rudimentary liver
B) Absence of quadrate lobe
C) Accessory liver tissue in the falciform ligament
D) Liver cancer
E) Polycystic disease of the liver
D) Liver cancer
Explanation: While polycystic disease of the liver is mentioned, liver cancer is not listed as a congenital anomaly in the provided text.
p.6
Pancreas Development and Duct Formation
Which part of the pancreas is formed by the dorsal pancreatic bud?
A) Lower part of the head
B) Uncinate process
C) Upper part of head, neck, body, and tail
D) Entire pancreas
E) Ventral part of the pancreas
C) Upper part of head, neck, body, and tail
Explanation: The dorsal pancreatic bud contributes to the upper part of the head, neck, body, and tail of the pancreas, while the ventral pancreatic bud forms the lower part of the head and uncinate process.
p.3
Anomalies of the Gallbladder
What occurs when the entire growth of cells of the hepatic bud forms the gallbladder?
A) Normal cystic duct formation
B) Absence of the cystic duct
C) Development of a phrygian cap
D) Formation of multiple cystic ducts
E) Normal bile duct development
B) Absence of the cystic duct
Explanation: If the entire growth of cells of the hepatic bud forms the gallbladder, it results in the absence of the cystic duct, leading to a condition known as a sessile gallbladder.
p.1
Liver Development and Anatomy
What is the function of the hepatic cords in the liver?
A) They store bile
B) They form the gallbladder
C) They are involved in blood formation
D) They form interlacing structures that develop into lobules
E) They connect to the spleen
D) They form interlacing structures that develop into lobules
Explanation: The hepatic cords form interlacing structures that later become radially arranged in hepatic lobules, playing a vital role in liver architecture.
p.9
Liver Development and Anatomy
What is Riedel’s lobe?
A) A lobe of the spleen
B) A tongue-like downward extension of the right lobe of the liver
C) An accessory lobe of the pancreas
D) A cyst in the liver
E) A tumor in the liver
B) A tongue-like downward extension of the right lobe of the liver
Explanation: Riedel’s lobe is characterized as a tongue-like extension of the right lobe of the liver, which can sometimes be mistaken for an abnormal mass.
