The idea that substances and processes associated with living organisms do not behave according to the known laws of physics.
Friedrich Wöhler in 1828, by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate.
He disproved that complex bioconversion of chemical substances requires living matter by demonstrating that glucose can be converted to alcohol using dead yeast.
The lock and key analogy.
He disproved the fallacy that complex bioconversion of chemical substances requires living matter.
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.
They proposed the structure of DNA.
The central dogma of biology.
Elements, simple organic compounds (monomers), macromolecules (polymers), supramolecular structures, organelles, cells, tissues, organisms.
It impacts medicine, agriculture, industrial applications, and environmental applications.
Cells grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, and respond to their environment.
Cellulose is absent; the cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan or murein.
Triacylglycerol, steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones), fat-soluble vitamins.
A branch of biochemistry that deals with microbes.
50-95% of a cell's content by weight is water.
C, H, N, O, P, S.
It serves as a flexible matrix and barrier to permeability.
Lohmann.
Proteins.
Vitamins serve as accessory growth factors and have specific functions.
A buffer solution resists pH changes when small quantities of acid or base are added.
It is named “hydrobromic acid.”
H2S, which is composed of hydrogen and sulfur, has three atoms.
Carbohydrates.
Cells
Binary acids and ternary acids (oxyacids).
Nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm with organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.
Nucleophilic substitution, elimination, addition, isomerization, oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis.
Ions like Na+, K+, and Ca+.
Phospholipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins, interior protein network, and cell surface markers.
The nucleolus is a site for the synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome.
Acids taste sour, turn litmus red, react with active metals to form hydrogen gas, and react with bases to form salts and water.
A system of measuring the concentration of solutions often used in titrations.
The Golgi apparatus processes proteins to a mature form and sorts them for secretion or membrane localization.
Lysosomes are responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell and help degrade materials ingested by the cell.
Vacuoles contain water and storage materials in plants.
Peroxisomes produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound produced during metabolism.
Sulfate ion (SO4^2-).
The cytoskeleton provides the cell with its shape and aids in movement through arrays of protein filaments.
2, because 100 can be written as 10^2.
Two elements, one of which is hydrogen.
Three elements, one of which is hydrogen and another oxygen.
It is named “hydrosulfuric acid.”
Structure and function of biological macromolecules, metabolism (anabolic and catabolic processes), molecular genetics (regulation of protein synthesis).
In the 1940s.
Clinical diseases and pathological conditions of the human body, supporting diagnosis, therapy, and research in the medical field.
Biochemical processes and components in animals.
The addition of an acid and base in measured quantities.
Hydrocarbons.
Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, trapping light energy for the synthesis of sugars, and contain DNA.
The process in which dissolved substances separate into free mobile ions.
The molarity of the solution.
Sulfuric acid.
Monosaccharides.
The acidity of a solution.
-4, because 0.0001 can be written as 10^-4.
Lipids.
Enzymes are biomolecules that act as biocatalysts, catalyzing specific biochemical reactions in metabolic pathways and are considered functional units of metabolism.
It comes from the Latin word 'cella', meaning 'small room'.
A weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt.
Saturated (single bonds) and unsaturated (double bonds).
German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903.
A branch of biochemistry dealing with the biochemical constituents of the human body and their interactions to maintain health, growth, reproduction, and related diseases.
Approximately 10,000 kinds.
The cell wall of plant cells contains cellulose, while the cell wall of most fungi is composed of chitin.
The point where the moles of added acid and base are equal.
An acidic solution results (pH < 7.00).
The TCA Cycle.
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, while a base releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
An acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor.
Monocarboxylic acids containing an even number of carbon atoms.
Biomolecules are molecules that are the building blocks of cells.
The study of industrial products involving microorganisms.
A neutral solution results (pH = 7.00).
Amino acids.
Banting and Macleod.
By peptide bonds.
Transport proteins, structural proteins, enzymes, antibodies, cell receptors.
No, they are related but not the same.
In plants through photosynthesis.
LiOH (Lithium hydroxide), NaOH (Sodium hydroxide), KOH (Potassium hydroxide), RbOH (Rubidium hydroxide), CsOH (Cesium hydroxide), Ca(OH)2 (Calcium hydroxide), Sr(OH)2 (Strontium hydroxide), Ba(OH)2 (Barium hydroxide)
The acid name ends in 'ous'.
By dividing equilibrium product concentrations by reactant concentrations.
Minerals, both major and minor, are important for building and functioning of the human body.
With “hydro” and end in “ic.”
The study of biochemical reactions and processes occurring in living cells of organisms.
Biochemical processes and components in plants.
Through synthesis of bio-molecules, transport across membranes, cell movement, and waste removal.
Their functional groups.
A basic solution results (pH > 7.00).
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is covered with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism, and detoxifying chemicals.
An acid is an electron pair acceptor, and a base is an electron pair donor.
Carbohydrates.
By the number of replaceable OH- ions contained in the base.
Glycogen in animals and humans, starch in plants.
Sulfurous acid.
The acid is stronger, as more products are formed.
Robert Hooke
They use the equilibrium concepts described by Le Chatelier’s principle.
No, they are composed of two elements, not necessarily just two atoms.
Storage of energy in the form of fat, membrane structures, insulation (thermal blanket), synthesis of hormones.
Anabolism is energy-requiring biosynthetic pathways, while catabolism is the degradation of fuel molecules and the production of energy for cellular function.
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their hereditary material is found inside the nucleus.
To communicate with other cells and control the movement of material inside or outside the cell.
Enzyme extraction.
Integral membrane proteins.
20.
The role of ATPs.
It is equal to the moles of hydrogen ions available per liter of solution.
Landsteiner.
A mole of H+ ions or OH- ions.
By the number of replaceable H+ ions contained in the acid.
Recombinant DNA technology.
Genes.
Nitrous acid.
Hormones are endocrine substances that act as chemical messengers, bringing coordination and regulating enzyme activities of metabolism.
He observed small box-like chambers in cork which he called 'cells'.
Bacteria, amoebae, and yeasts.
Prokaryotic cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
The total sum of chemical reactions happening in a living organism, involving highly coordinated and purposeful activity.
Enzymes.
By the oxidation of biomolecules, transferring electrons from one molecule to another and capturing the released energy.
Berzelius.
The plasma membrane functions as a barrier and contains transport and signaling systems.
The relative strengths of each.
The discovery of the double-stranded DNA structure.
Hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.
Genetic code in mRNA.
The cytoplasm is the liquid portion enclosed by the plasma membrane, called cytosol, and it houses the membranous organelles.
Store energy, provide energy, supply carbon for synthesis, form structural components, intercellular communications.
Acid strength.
Acquisition and utilization of energy, synthesis of molecules needed for cell structure and function, removal of waste products.
Eukaryotic cells have large ribosomes that are present in the endoplasmic reticulum and free in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells are complex and larger in size, with an average diameter of 10-100 nm.
Fermentation process.
Mitochondria are responsible for energy production through metabolism and contain their own DNA.
Amino group and carboxyl group.
The cell wall provides rigidity to plant cells.
Polymerase chain reaction.
A power of 10. If a number is written as 10^x, then its log is x.
-2.46 as determined by the calculator.
Bases taste bitter, turn litmus blue, feel slippery, and react with acids to form salts and water.
The R group (side chains).
Their ability to dissociate in solution.
Oxidative phosphorylation.
~100%
The acid name ends in 'ic'.
As the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
By using a calculator.
It is equal to the moles of hydroxide ions available per liter of solution.
Hydrochloric acid (stomach acid), acetic acid (vinegar), and carbonic acid (soda water).
Sodium hydroxide (Draino), ammonia water (cleaning agent), aluminum hydroxide (Rolaids), and magnesium hydroxide (Tums).
HClO4 (Perchloric acid), HI (Hydroiodic acid), HBr (Hydrobromic acid), HCl (Hydrochloric acid), HNO3 (Nitric acid), H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid)
Nitric acid.
The acid is weaker, as fewer products are formed.
