p.9
Role of Surfactant in Breathing
What are the two components of surfactant's structure?
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
p.25
Neuromuscular System Adjustments
What do all newborns experience in the first 6 hours of life?
Periods of irregular adjustment.
p.16
Gastrointestinal System Development
What role do bacteria play in digestion within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?
They assist in breaking down food.
p.6
Respiratory System Adaptations
What significant change occurs in the lungs during the first breath?
Transition from fluid-filled to air-filled.
p.4
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
What happens to the fetal circulatory structures when the umbilical cord is clamped and severed?
They are immediately closed.
p.11
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the dosage schedule for dexamethasone?
Four doses of 6 mg IM, 12 hours apart.
p.22
Urinary System Function in Newborns
Why might a single voiding be easily missed?
Because it can be easily missed in a thick diaper.
p.24
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
How do newborns receive passive antibodies?
From the mother through the placenta.
p.32
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the primary function of the umbilical vein?
To transport oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.
p.15
Gastrointestinal System Development
Is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sterile at birth?
Yes, it is usually sterile at birth.
p.15
Gastrointestinal System Development
When can bacteria typically be cultured from the intestinal tract of most babies?
Within 5 hours after birth.
p.31
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
What is the Foramen Ovale?
The opening between the right and left atrium in the interatrial septum.
p.7
Respiratory System Adaptations
What initiates the first breath of a newborn?
A combination of cold receptors, lowered PO2, and increased PCO2.
p.24
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
What is a challenge for the immune system of newborns up to two months of age?
Difficulty forming antibodies against invading antigens.
p.8
Role of Surfactant in Breathing
How does surfactant affect alveoli inflation?
It allows the alveoli to inflate more easily than if the lung walls were dry.
p.27
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the significance of normal circulation in newborns?
It is crucial for delivering oxygen and nutrients necessary for growth and development.
p.41
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the ductus arteriosus and what happens to it after birth?
It closes after birth, redirecting blood flow.
p.3
Cardiovascular System Changes at Birth
What is a key change in the cardiovascular system at birth?
The closure of fetal shunts, such as the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.
p.4
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
Which fetal circulatory structures are affected by the clamping of the umbilical cord?
The umbilical vein, arteries, and ductus venosus.
p.23
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
How do maternal antibodies help newborns?
They provide passive immunity against infections.
p.31
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
When does the Foramen Ovale usually close?
Minutes to 6 months to a year after the baby's birth.
p.11
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
When should antenatal corticosteroids be administered before delivery?
24 to 48 hours before delivery.
p.19
Gastrointestinal System Development
What does tarry stool after two days indicate in a newborn?
The newborn swallowed maternal blood.
p.40
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What factors contribute to the closure of the Foramen Ovale?
Increased left atrial pressure due to increased venous return from the lungs and decreased right atrial pressure.
p.2
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
What does the transition from life in utero to life outside the womb involve?
Multiple changes in physiology.
p.3
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
Why is it important to examine the cardiovascular system closely in neonates?
To identify any potential cardiac problems that may arise after birth.
p.30
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus during fetal life?
It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass pulmonary circulation and enter the descending aorta.
p.28
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the left arm?
The left side of the heart.
p.18
Gastrointestinal System Development
How many light yellow stools do breastfed babies pass by the 4th day?
Three or four stools a day.
p.27
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
How does blood circulate in the body?
Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then distributed to the rest of the body.
p.19
Gastrointestinal System Development
What does clay-colored stool suggest in newborns?
Obstruction of bile ducts, preventing bile pigments from entering the intestinal tract.
p.7
Respiratory System Adaptations
What role do cold receptors play in a newborn's first breath?
They help initiate the first breath.
p.8
Role of Surfactant in Breathing
What occurs to the remaining fluid in the lungs after the first breath?
Additional fluid is quickly absorbed by lung blood vessels and lymphatics.
p.41
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the foramen ovale and what occurs to it at birth?
It closes, preventing blood from flowing between the atria.
p.40
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What encourages right to left shunting of blood around unventilated lungs?
Increased pulmonary artery resistance and decreased systemic circulation resistance (placenta).
p.10
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
What is the primary role of the first cells to encounter incoming pathogens in the lung?
To help orchestrate the initiation and resolution of the immune response.
p.5
Peripheral Circulation and Acrocyanosis
How long does peripheral circulation remain sluggish in newborns?
For at least the first 24 hours.
p.31
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
What is the function of the Foramen Ovale in fetal circulation?
It is essential for proper fetal circulation.
p.11
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the dosage schedule for betamethasone?
Two doses of 12 mg IM, 24 hours apart.
p.24
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
Why are most immunizations not given to babies younger than two months?
Due to their difficulty in forming antibodies.
p.9
Role of Surfactant in Breathing
What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?
Lowers surface tension, preventing alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and making breathing easier.
p.34
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What happens to blood flow and pressure through the shunt after birth?
There is decreased blood flow and pressure through the shunt.
p.40
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What keeps the Foramen Ovale open in the fetal state?
Low left atrial pressure and high right atrial pressure.
p.29
Cardiovascular System Changes at Birth
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
It leads from the heart to the lungs.
p.30
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the ductus arteriosus?
A fetal shunt between the pulmonary artery and aorta.
p.12
Respiratory System Adaptations
What specific cardiac condition should be monitored in newborns who had difficulty establishing respiration?
Patent ductus arteriosus.
p.15
Gastrointestinal System Development
What are some sources of bacteria for newborns?
1. Mouth 2. Airborne sources 3. Vaginal Secretions 4. Breast
p.28
Cardiovascular System Changes at Birth
What major artery supplies blood to the left arm?
The left subclavian artery.
p.34
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
When does the shunt typically close in full-term neonates?
During the first week of life.
p.27
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What role does the heart play in normal circulation?
The heart pumps blood throughout the body, maintaining circulation.
p.8
Role of Surfactant in Breathing
What happens to the fluid in the lungs during vaginal birth?
About 1/3 of this fluid is forced out by the pressure of vaginal birth.
p.20
Urinary System Function in Newborns
What is the focus of studying the urinary system post-delivery?
To understand how renal function works after birth.
p.2
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
Do changes occur in major body systems after birth?
Yes, changes occur in all major body systems.
p.23
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
What is the primary source of immunologic protection for newborns at birth?
Maternal antibodies transferred through the placenta.
p.18
Gastrointestinal System Development
What is transitional stool?
Stool that may resemble diarrhea to the untrained eye.
p.17
Gastrointestinal System Development
What are the characteristics of meconium?
A sticky, tar-like, blackish-green, odorless material.
p.7
Respiratory System Adaptations
What happens to PO2 levels before the first breath?
Falls from 80 mmHg to as low as 15 mmHg.
p.28
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
What is a common condition affecting the left arm?
Left arm pain can indicate heart issues.
p.18
Gastrointestinal System Development
Why are breastfed babies' stools sweet smelling?
Because breast milk is high in lactic acid, which reduces putrefactive organisms in the stool.
p.16
Gastrointestinal System Development
What are probiotics?
Beneficial bacteria that support gut health.
p.25
Neuromuscular System Adjustments
When do newborns' body systems typically stabilize?
By the end of the first 6 hours of life.
p.28
Neuromuscular System Adjustments
What is the primary function of the left arm?
To assist in various physical activities and tasks.
p.27
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What are the main components of normal circulation?
The heart, blood vessels, and blood.
p.19
Gastrointestinal System Development
What does bright green stool indicate in infants under phototherapy for jaundice?
Increased excretion of bilirubin.
p.41
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
What happens to the cardiovascular system when the umbilical cord is clamped?
It initiates changes in blood flow and pressure.
p.23
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
What is the significance of the newborn's own immune system at birth?
It is immature but begins to develop and respond to pathogens.
p.41
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
How does blood flow change after the first breath?
Blood flow increases to the left side of the heart.
p.24
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
Which diseases do the passive antibodies in newborns protect against?
Poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, chickenpox, rubella, and tetanus.
p.22
Urinary System Function in Newborns
What might the first voiding of a newborn look like?
It may be pink or dusty due to uric acid crystals.
p.2
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
What happens to vital signs after birth?
Changes occur in vital signs.
p.6
Respiratory System Adaptations
What is required for the first breath to occur?
The most tremendous amount of pressure.
p.30
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
When does the ductus arteriosus close?
Shortly after birth, once the baby breathes on its own.
p.34
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the function of the shunt in fetal circulation?
It allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver.
p.17
Gastrointestinal System Development
What does meconium consist of?
Mucus, vernix, lanugo, hormones, and carbohydrates accumulated during intrauterine life.
p.7
Respiratory System Adaptations
What is the maximum PCO2 level that can be reached before the first breath?
Rises as high as 70 mmHg.
p.41
Respiratory System Adaptations
What occurs during the first breath of a newborn?
It leads to increased blood flow to the pulmonary artery.
p.9
Role of Surfactant in Breathing
What is surfactant composed of?
A complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins.
p.22
Urinary System Function in Newborns
Why might there be protein in a newborn's urine during the first few days?
Because the kidney glomeruli are not yet fully mature.
p.13
Gastrointestinal System Development
What happens to the gastrointestinal tract during the immediate postnatal period?
It undergoes profound growth, morphological changes, and functional maturation.
p.12
Respiratory System Adaptations
Why should newborns with ineffective respirations at birth be examined closely?
To check for cardiac murmurs or indications of patent cardiac structures.
p.17
Gastrointestinal System Development
What is meconium?
The first stool of a newborn.
p.27
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is normal circulation?
The process by which blood flows through the heart and blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to the body.
p.19
Gastrointestinal System Development
What is the typical stool pattern for formula-fed infants?
2 or 3 bright yellow stools per day with a more noticeable odor.
p.40
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the primary change in blood shunting after birth?
Shunting is reversed from the fetal state, moving from left to right.
p.41
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
What happens to the remaining fetal circulatory structures after birth?
They undergo closure as the newborn adapts to extrauterine life.
p.3
Cardiovascular System Changes at Birth
How does the cardiovascular system in fetal life differ from neonatal life?
In fetal life, the cardiovascular system relies on placental circulation, while in neonatal life, it transitions to independent circulation through the lungs and systemic circulation.
p.17
Gastrointestinal System Development
When is meconium usually passed?
Within 24 hours after birth.
p.14
Gastrointestinal System Development
What is the digesting ability of a newborn's gastrointestinal system?
Limited digesting ability for starch and fat.
p.23
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
What role does breast milk play in a newborn's immune protection?
It contains antibodies and other immune factors that help protect against infections.
p.34
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
How long may it take for the shunt to close in pre-term neonates?
It may take much longer than in full-term neonates.
p.24
Immune System and Antibody Transfer
What type of antibodies does a newborn have at birth?
Passive antibodies (IgG).
p.40
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What contributes to the closure of the Ductus Arteriosus?
Increase in PO2 (90 to 95 mm Hg) and decrease or alterations in prostaglandin.
p.40
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What keeps the Ductus Arteriosus open in the fetal state?
Low fetal systemic PO2 (about 25 mm Hg) and prostaglandin produced by the placenta.
p.33
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the primary function of the umbilical artery?
To transport deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
p.12
Respiratory System Adaptations
What is the relationship between ineffective respirations and heart disease in newborns?
Ineffective respirations can indicate potential heart disease.
p.4
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
What occurs within 3 to 7 days after the umbilical cord is clamped?
Fibrosis occurs in the fetal circulatory structures.
p.8
Role of Surfactant in Breathing
What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
It eases the surface tension on alveolar walls, making the first breathing easier.
p.31
Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Life
Why is the Foramen Ovale referred to as a 'door'?
Because it acts as an opening between the right and left atrium.
p.19
Gastrointestinal System Development
What can mucus in stool or watery and loose stools indicate?
Milk allergy or lactose intolerance.
p.34
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What is the timeframe for structural closure of the shunt in term babies?
Occurs within 3 to 7 days.
p.40
Neonatal Cardiovascular Function and Shunting
What causes the decrease in pulmonary artery resistance after birth?
Vasodilation caused by the expansion of the lungs.
