Gluconeogenesis.
Series of chemical reactions in a cell that lead to the conversion of substrates into products.
Lipids are broken down into fatty acids, which can be converted into acetyl-CoA for energy.
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase or NADH Dehydrogenase.
Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
They provide a dense form of energy that can be mobilized when needed.
The process by which pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria for further metabolism.
The mitochondria.
It may result in cell death or dysfunction due to energy deficiency.
Ubiquinone and Cytochrome c.
Succinate and Ubiquinone.
A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
Energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling molecules.
It oxidizes NADH and transfers electrons to ubiquinone.
The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
To catalyze the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone.
They form biological membranes.
4 ATP.
It is crucial for the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.
No, fatty acids cannot be converted to carbohydrates in plants; they are primarily used for energy storage.
To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using a proton gradient.
Ubiquinone.
To facilitate proton translocation across the membrane.
It acts as a mobile electron carrier between Complexes I/II and Complex III.
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the organism.
The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
It generates electron carriers for the electron transport chain.
Through Lipid Metabolism.
3 ATP.
Approximately 30-32 ATP molecules.
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
Fats are typically solid, while oils are liquid.
Succinate:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase or Succinate Dehydrogenase.
Plants can lower ATP yield by utilizing alternative metabolic pathways or by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation.
They are interconnected, with products of one pathway often serving as substrates for another.
In the inner mitochondrial membrane and in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
F0 (membrane sector) and F1 (catalytic sector).
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
In the cytoplasm.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
~6 H+.
Acetyl-CoA.
Compounds that are formed during the biosynthesis of larger molecules.
To act as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADH.
Acetyl-CoA.
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Unsaturated fatty acid.
Storage of energy.
Oxidoreduction reactions.
To facilitate the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.
Generating NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.
To generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy from electrons.
The process by which ATP is produced as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.
The oxidative phase and the non-oxidative phase.
Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy, while anabolic pathways build complex molecules using energy.
Glycolysis, which breaks down glucose to produce energy.
By providing reducing power (NADPH) and ribose sugars for biosynthesis.
FAD and protons (2H+).
Oxidative Phosphorylation.
It acts as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADH.
Lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the organism.
Factors such as inefficient metabolic pathways, lack of substrates, or mitochondrial dysfunction.
~ 3 ATP.
The main components include electron carriers such as NADH, FADH2, and various protein complexes.
To catalyze the oxidation of succinate to fumarate.
Energy storage and structural components of cell membranes.
Fatty acids and glycerol.
To generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for anabolic reactions.
It transfers electrons from Complex III to Complex IV.
It transfers electrons to oxygen, reducing it to water.
~10 H+.
The synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
Saturated fatty acid.
Triglycerides.
~ 2 ATP.
ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation, where electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase.
Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the pathways.
A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier step to prevent overproduction.
Oxygen, which combines with electrons and protons to form water.
It acts as a mobile electron carrier between Complexes I/II and Complex III.
NADPH and ribulose-5-phosphate.
It is a precursor for nucleotide synthesis.
2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
It transfers electrons to oxygen, reducing it to water.
~2.5 ATP.
~1.5 ATP.
25 ATP.
2 ATP molecules.
In pathways such as fatty acid synthesis and amino acid synthesis.
It is converted into lactate or ethanol, depending on the organism.
A decrease in the amount of ATP produced during metabolic processes.
They serve as a major form of energy storage.
30 ATP.
To convert nutrients into energy and building blocks for cellular processes.
ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes.
It serves as a key substrate for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid synthesis.
The flow of protons across the membrane.
They act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
4 H+.
Acetyl-CoA.
Aconitase.
To act as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADH.
They serve as precursors for the synthesis of complex biomolecules.
Twice.
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
Twice.
Cytochrome c oxidase.
It can lead to reduced energy availability for cellular processes, impacting overall cell health.
It acts as Ubiquinone:Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase.
38 ATP.
Through oxidative phosphorylation using the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.
In the inner mitochondrial membrane.
They transport electrons through the electron transport chain, facilitating ATP production.
To extract energy from nutrients and convert it into usable forms for the cell.
Ubiquinone.
In the mitochondria.
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2.
In the mitochondria.
In the cytoplasm.
Aconitase.
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
To produce energy in the form of ATP and to generate intermediates for other metabolic pathways.
32 ATP.
It combines with acetyl-CoA to form citrate and is regenerated at the end of the cycle.
Series of chemical reactions in a cell that lead to the conversion of substrates into products.
An oxidoreductase.
Phospholipids and cholesterol.
To transfer electrons and pump protons to generate a proton gradient.
Catabolic pathways (break down molecules) and anabolic pathways (build up molecules).
It is converted into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide.
Insulin promotes the storage of lipids and inhibits their breakdown.
It oxidizes NADH and transfers electrons to ubiquinone.
To generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
To catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
It transfers electrons from Complex III to Complex IV.
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2.
In the mitochondria.
To generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Carbon dioxide and water.
The first step of respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
It transfers electrons from Ubiquinone to Cytochrome C.
Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in metabolic pathways.
Lipids can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis when carbohydrates are scarce.
NADH and FADH2.
Glycolysis.
NADH and FADH2.
FADH2.
Twice.
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
It catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water.
The process by which ATP is formed as electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain.
To generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2 ATP molecules.
2 ATP molecules.
The first step of respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
In the mitochondria.
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2.
It is converted into acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle.
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
NADH donates electrons to Complex I, while FADH2 donates electrons to Complex II.
A metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
In the cytoplasm.
2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH.
It generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for biosynthesis.
It acts as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADH.
In the mitochondria.
It oxidizes NADH and transfers electrons to Ubiquinone.
Complex II.
It is converted into lactate or ethanol, depending on the organism.
2 ATP molecules.
Acetyl-CoA.
Cytochrome c.
To transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, creating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.
They facilitate the conversion of simple molecules into complex structures necessary for cell function.
A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.
It transfers electrons to oxygen, reducing it to water.
A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.
It acts as an electron carrier between Complexes I/II and Complex III.
Oxygen, reduced by cytochrome c oxidase.
It carries electrons from Complex III to Complex IV.
ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes.
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
