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Consequences of Chronic Inflammation
What are the main consequences of chronic inflammation?
1. Chemotaxis, 2. Local proliferation, 3. Immobilization.
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Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
What is the function of CD8+ T Lymphocytes?
They are cytotoxic T cells responsible for inducing apoptosis in infected or malfunctioning cells.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What are 'naked' granulomas?
Granulomas associated with sarcoidosis, characterized by the absence of central necrosis.
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Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
Where do macrophages originate from?
Mainly from the bone marrow and the liver during fetal development.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What causes non-caseating granulomas?
Mainly caused by Leprosy.
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Macrophage Activation Pathways
What are the two main pathways for macrophage activation?
Classical Activation and Alternative Activation.
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Granulomatous Inflammation
What is granulomatous inflammation?
A type of proliferative chronic inflammation involving macrophages, epithelioid cells, giant multinucleated cells, and T lymphocytes.
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Differences Between Chronic and Acute Inflammation
What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
Presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, potential involvement of eosinophils, and longer duration.
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Causes of Chronic Inflammation
How can chronic inflammation promote tumorigenesis?
It can potentially lead to metastasis.
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Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
What mediators do Mast Cells release during inflammation?
Prostaglandins and histamine.
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Granulomatous Inflammation
What characterizes foreign body granulomas?
They are caused by foreign bodies in the center of the lesion, surrounded by giant multinucleated cells and epithelial cells.
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Consequences of Chronic Inflammation
What are the anti-inflammatory effects mentioned in the text?
Removal of debris and promotion of fibrosis.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What is an infectious granuloma?
A granuloma that occurs with infections provoked by mycobacteria, exhibiting a central necrotic focus with calcification.
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Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
What cytokine do Th1 cells primarily produce?
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ).
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Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
What triggers the recruitment of Eosinophils?
Eotaxins and IgE antibodies.
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Systemic Effects of Chronic Inflammation
What are the effects of systemic inflammation on the central nervous system?
Symptoms such as somnolence, fever, and anorexia.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What is a lymphoid granuloma?
A granuloma that occurs with infections provoked by Treponema Pallidum and Mycobacteria, lacking calcification.
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Macrophage Activation Pathways
What triggers classical activation of macrophages?
Contact with bacterial and fungal infections, induced by reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.
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Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
What do B Lymphocytes produce to protect the body?
Various immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG).
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Systemic Effects of Chronic Inflammation
How do cytokines affect leukocyte mobilization?
They stimulate the production of more inflammatory mediators, increasing the number of leukocytes in circulation.
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Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
What are some specific types of resident macrophages?
Kupffer cells in the liver, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and microglia in the central nervous system.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What is an immune granuloma?
An immune response associated with a microbiological agent or autoimmune disease.
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Evolution of Chronic Inflammation
What is scarring or fibrosis in the context of chronic inflammation?
Scar tissue forms by macrophages and granulocytes, often impairing the original tissue's function.
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Systemic Effects of Chronic Inflammation
What systemic effects can result from inflammatory cytokines entering the bloodstream?
Increased inflammation, leukocyte mobilization, vascular effects, bone marrow stimulation, CNS effects, and liver response.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What is the role of epithelial cells in fenced granulomas?
They form a 'fence' or barrier to isolate the area of necrosis.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What characterizes caseating granulomas?
They have a central necrotic focus with calcification.
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Evolution of Chronic Inflammation
What does propagation of chronic inflammation refer to?
Chronic inflammation can spread to other areas of the body, causing similar inflammatory processes.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What are fenced granulomas associated with?
Conditions like arthritis and Crohn's disease.
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Evolution of Chronic Inflammation
What are the three possible fates of chronic inflammation?
Complete resolution, scarring or fibrosis, and propagation.
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Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
What role do CD4+ T Lymphocytes play in the immune response?
They are helper lymphocytes that produce cytokines and coordinate immune responses.
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Evolution of Chronic Inflammation
What happens during complete resolution of chronic inflammation?
The inflammatory process is resolved, and the tissue returns to its normal state.
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Causes of Chronic Inflammation
What are some causes of chronic inflammation?
Persistent infections, hypersensitivity diseases, autoimmune diseases, and prolonged exposure to toxic agents.
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Overview of Chronic Inflammation
What is a key feature of chronic inflammation in terms of cellular infiltration?
Infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells, predominantly lymphocytes producing cytokines.
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Types of Immune Granulomas
What is sarcoidosis characterized by?
Non-calcified granulomas lacking central necrosis and a lymphocyte ring.
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Causes of Chronic Inflammation
What are some causes of chronic inflammation?
Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, prolonged exposure to toxins, and unresolved acute inflammation.
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Macrophage Activation Pathways
What role do cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 play in macrophage activation?
They help resolve inflammation and promote healing.
