p.3
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What is the role of PBP in bacterial cells?
It is a protein responsible for peptidoglycan cross-linking.
p.7
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What is one of the key functions of pili?
Enabling conjugation (sex pili).
p.7
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What are fimbriae primarily used for?
Adhesion to surfaces or forming pellicles.
p.9
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is the first step in cell division by septation?
DNA at origin unzips, and replication forks form.
p.4
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the phospholipid bilayer in bacterial membranes?
Membrane fluidity and permeability barrier.
p.9
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What happens after the terminator site is replicated?
FtsZ subunit assembly circles around the septum.
p.9
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
What is the size range of archaeal cells?
Usually 0.5 to 5 μm in diameter.
p.10
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is the structure of the S-layer in the cytoskeleton?
A protein or glycoprotein subunit that fits together like tiles.
p.2
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What are the main components of the gram-positive cell wall?
Peptidoglycan with a pentaglycine interbridge, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid.
p.11
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
How do archaella differ from bacterial and eukaryotic flagella?
Archaella are simpler, use ATP for movement, and provide locomotion in liquid environments.
p.8
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What is chemotaxis?
Movement of bacteria in response to chemical gradients.
p.8
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What happens when repellents are present?
They cause clockwise rotation, leading to tumbling and reorientation.
p.7
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
How do pili differ from fimbriae in terms of structure?
Pili are longer and fewer in number compared to fimbriae.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What structures make up an endospore?
Exosporium, spore coat, core wall, cortex, and DNA.
p.9
Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea
Why are archaea considered a separate domain of life?
Divergence in rRNA genes distant from bacteria and eukarya.
p.4
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the functions of membrane proteins in bacterial plasma membranes?
Transport, structural support, sensing, secretion, energy generation, and osmosis.
p.11
Bacterial Cell Morphologies and Arrangements
What are hami?
Archaea cell appendages with grappling hooks that assist in surface attachment and biofilm formation.
p.2
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
How does the gram-negative cell wall differ from the gram-positive cell wall?
Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides, while gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer without an outer membrane.
p.2
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What is the role of lipopolysaccharides in gram-negative bacteria?
They consist of O-polysaccharide and lipid A, contributing to the structural integrity of the outer membrane and immune response.
p.10
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What type of bonds does pseudomurein use?
β-1,3 glycosidic bonds instead of β-1,4.
p.11
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
What is a significant difference in translation genes among bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?
Translation genes are different in bacteria, similar in archaea and eukaryotes.
p.5
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What is the primary structure of the bacterial cell wall?
A single interlinked molecule, generally peptidoglycan.
p.5
Nucleoid and Ribosome Functions
What is the primary function of ribosomes in bacterial cells?
Site of mRNA translation and protein synthesis.
p.7
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What is the primary function of flagella?
Movement, acting as a reversible engine that turns.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What is the function of inclusions in bacteria?
They serve as cell energy reserves, carbon reservoirs, and help reduce osmotic stress.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What is the role of SASP in endospores?
SASP provides DNA protection and serves as a carbon and energy source.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What happens to the mother cell after spore release?
The mother cell lyses and dies.
p.8
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What are the different mechanisms used by bacteria for locomotion?
Flagella, gliding, and chemotaxis.
p.10
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What is pseudomurein?
A component of the cell wall, consisting of N-acetylglucosamine (NAM) and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid.
p.8
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
How do attractants affect bacterial movement?
They cause counter-clockwise rotation of flagella, propelling the cell forward.
p.10
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What is a unique feature of the amino acids in pseudomurein?
All amino acids are L-stereoisomers.
p.8
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is the purpose of asymmetry in bacterial cell division?
To generate two different daughter cells, such as one stationary and one mobile.
p.10
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is the role of ESCRT in archaea?
Mediates cell trafficking and septation.
p.5
Nucleoid and Ribosome Functions
What is the nucleoid in bacterial cells?
A region that extends throughout the cytoplasm, not enclosed by a membrane, essential for controlling cell activity and reproduction.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What are inclusions made of?
Small crystallized bubbles enclosed by a thin membrane.
p.4
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the structure of phosphatidyl ethanolamine?
1 ethanolamine head, 1 phosphoryl neck, 1 glycerol body with ester links to 2 fatty acids.
p.4
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How do unsaturated phospholipids enhance membrane fluidity?
Kinked tails allow survival at lower temperatures.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What is the significance of dipicolinic acid and calcium in endospore formation?
They are added to the cortex for dehydration protection.
p.11
Metabolic traits of Archaea
What is methanogenesis?
A metabolic pathway unique to archaea that produces methane.
p.8
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
How does the flagellum function in bacteria?
It turns counter-clockwise to move forward and clockwise to stop.
p.8
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What is gliding in bacteria?
A locomotion mechanism in low water content environments, involving specialized secretory systems.
p.11
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
What is a key difference in cell structure between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure, while eukaryotes have a complex cell structure.
p.10
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is a key characteristic of the cytoplasmic membrane in archaea?
It can have lipid monolayers instead of lipid bilayers.
p.8
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What is the flagellum-to-stalk transition in Caulobacter crescentus?
A process where the bacterium transitions from a mobile to a stationary form.
p.5
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is the function of the MreB protein in bacteria?
Regulates peptidoglycan synthesis and dictates peptidoglycan elongation.
p.3
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What type of antibiotics are vancomycins?
They inhibit cell wall formation.
p.7
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
In addition to conjugation, what other role do pili play?
They adhere to host tissue and support twitching mobility.
p.9
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What do replisomes synthesize during cell division?
Daughter chromosomes bidirectionally.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What are the advantages of sporulation for bacteria?
It allows survival in harsh conditions where vegetative cells would die.
p.9
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
How does the FtsZ subunit direct septal growth?
In a 'treadmilling' pattern, stepwise around the cell.
p.2
Glycocalyx Structure and Function
What are the functions of the glycocalyx?
It resists phagocytosis, adheres to environments, provides protection against drying, traps nutrients, and aids in biofilm formation.
p.11
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is the function of the reverse gyrase enzyme in archaea?
It adds superturns to overwind the DNA helix, helping to maintain DNA stability at high temperatures.
p.10
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What types of symmetry can the S-layer exhibit?
Hexagonal, Tetragonal, and Trimeric.
p.2
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What unique components are found in the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium?
Glycolipid, mycolic acid, and arabinogalactan.
p.11
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
What transcription factors are present in eukaryotes but absent in archaea?
Histones and certain transcription factors like TATA-binding protein.
p.10
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is the function of TubZ?
It is implicated in cell division.
p.5
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What does the FtsZ protein do in bacterial cells?
Forms a Z-ring that determines diameter and cell septation, implicated in cell division.
p.7
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
How does the strength of flagella depend on its operation?
It depends on the proton motive force.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What is the primary function of endospores?
To protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state during unfavorable environmental conditions.
p.6
Endospore Formation and Advantages
What is the mechanism of sporulation?
It involves septum formation, DNA replication, forespore and mother cell separation, and the formation of protective layers.
p.4
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role do hopanoids play in bacterial membranes?
Limit fatty acid chain motion and stiffen the cell membrane for survival at higher temperatures.
p.4
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the significance of cyclopropane rings in bacterial membranes?
They limit fatty acid chain motion and stiffen the cell membrane for survival at higher temperatures.
p.11
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
How do the genome structures of bacteria and archaea compare to eukaryotes?
Both bacteria and archaea lack a nucleus and have a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and numerous chromosomes.
p.2
Glycocalyx Structure and Function
What distinguishes the slime layer from the capsule?
The slime layer is unorganized and more loosely attached compared to the capsule.
p.8
Nucleoid and Ribosome Functions
How do bacteria coordinate cell division?
Cell division is coordinated with cell wall expansion and DNA replication.
p.5
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What are the components of peptidoglycan?
Alternating modified glucose (NAM, NAG) and amino acids (L-Ala, D-Ala, D-Gln, and either L-Lys or DAP).
p.5
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
How does the bacterial cytoskeleton compare to the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?
Bacterial cytoskeleton proteins like MreB and FtsZ are homologous to actin and tubulin in eukaryotes, but they have distinct roles in maintaining cell morphology and division.
p.4
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the main components of phosphatidylglycerol?
1 glyceride head group, 1 glycerol body with ester links to 2 fatty acids.
p.4
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the function of cardiolipin in bacterial membranes?
Provides osmotic stress protection and binds certain environmental stress proteins.
p.9
Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea
What are some general characteristics of archaea?
Extremophiles, unique plasma membrane, cannot produce spores.
p.2
Glycocalyx Structure and Function
What is the glycocalyx and what are its two forms?
The glycocalyx is a structure composed of a capsule (tightly bound polysaccharide) and a slime layer (loosely attached polypeptides).
p.11
Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea
What unique membrane structure do archaeal cells possess?
Ether membranes that enable survival in extreme conditions.
p.8
Bacterial Locomotion Mechanisms
What is the role of flagella in bacterial locomotion?
Enables locomotion in liquid environments and operates as a reversible engine.
p.10
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is one function of the S-layer?
Resist osmotic pressure in extreme environments.
p.2
Glycocalyx Structure and Function
What is the structure of the capsule in gram-positive bacteria?
An extensive, tightly bound accumulation of gelatinous polysaccharide adhering to the cell wall.
p.8
Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea
What structures are unique to bacteria?
Peptidoglycan (cell wall) and endospores.
p.10
Bacterial Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What type of linkage is found in the cytoplasmic membrane of archaea?
Ether linkage replaces ester linkage.
p.5
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
What role does peptidoglycan play in bacterial cells?
It provides osmotic stress protection and maintains turgor pressure.
p.2
Cell Wall Biochemistry of Bacteria
How can the cell wall be targeted chemically to affect bacterial growth?
Antibiotics can target peptidoglycan synthesis, disrupting cell wall integrity and leading to cell lysis.
p.5
Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Its Role
What is the role of the ParM protein?
Positions plasmid pairs and chromosomes at opposite ends of rod-shaped bacteria for even distribution during division.
