p.15
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What medals did Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo win at the Madrid Exposition in 1884?
Luna won gold for 'Spoliarium' and Hidalgo won silver for 'Virgenes christianas expuestas al populacho'.
p.10
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What replaced the shamanistic rituals during the Spanish colonization?
Pomp and pageantry of religious processions.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What was the purpose of the town center complex during the Spanish colonial period?
It was designated for organizing and gaining control of the native populace, consisting of the municipio and the church.
p.16
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What is the current status of the 'Virgenes' collection?
It is on long-term loan to the National Art Gallery in Singapore.
p.14
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What is letras y figuras?
A painting style combining names of individuals and vignettes of everyday life.
p.10
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What is the zarzuela?
An operetta featuring singing, dancing, and prose dialogue.
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
How do gardens in mosque compounds relate to Islamic beliefs?
They evoke the concept of paradise.
p.14
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What does the painting Primeras Letras depict?
A woman teaching a child how to read.
p.15
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What did Jose Rizal say about genius during his toast to the artists?
'Genius knows no country.'
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What is the central belief of Islam that influences art?
The doctrine of Tawhid, or unity of God.
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What does the concept of Tawhid emphasize in relation to nature?
The impermanence of nature and the incomprehensible greatness of the divine Being.
p.1
Evolution of Contemporary Art
How is the art of the past described in relation to contemporary art?
It continues to evolve and is considered 'contemporary' as it is still being produced.
p.1
Pre-conquest and Indigenous Art
What does 'pre-colonial' refer to?
The general way of life before colonization.
p.2
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What do the Tagbanwa believe happens every thirteenth moon?
Three goddesses descend from heaven to bless the planting of rice.
p.16
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What is depicted in Luna's painting of a gladiator?
A lifeless body being pulled across the coliseum.
p.13
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What development facilitated the reproduction of color plates and mass printing?
The development of lithography.
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What architectural feature of mosques is oriented towards Mecca?
The mihrab or niche and the Qibla wall.
p.1
Pre-conquest and Indigenous Art
What term is used to refer to art before colonization?
'Pre-conquest' or 'indigenous' art.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
Name two examples of baroque churches that have survived to this day.
San Agustin Church in Manila and Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte.
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What is the tepo mat and who makes it?
A colorful double-layered mat made of pandan leaves by the Sama of Tawi-Tawi.
p.10
Evolution of Contemporary Art
Who were the most distinguished playwrights of the sarsuwela?
Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan.
p.5
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What was the believed purpose of tattoos among the Visayans?
To protect individuals from evil spirits and as a badge of maturity and bravery.
p.16
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What do Luna's and Hidalgo's artworks symbolize in the context of Philippine history?
They serve as reminders of the Philippines' oppression under Spanish rule.
p.16
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What does Hidalgo's emphasis on a captive woman represent?
The oppression of the Philippines under Spanish rule.
p.16
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What is the significance of Luna's painting 'España y Filipinas'?
It illustrates the relationship between Spain and the Philippines, with Mother Spain leading Filipinas towards enlightenment.
p.10
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What is the sinakulo?
A Passion play performed during Lent.
p.13
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What term describes the native elites who emerged as new art patrons?
Ilustrado, meaning 'enlightened ones.'
p.10
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What themes are typically found in a moro-moro or komedya?
Love stories between Christian heroes and Islamic heroines.
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What is the pis siyabit?
A headpiece woven by the Tausug of Sulu.
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
How do folk and indigenous practices influence Islamic art in the Philippines?
They inspire curvilinear and flowing forms, despite Islam's rejection of direct copying of natural images.
p.10
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
Who wrote the first sinakulo and when?
Gaspar Aquino de Belen in 1704.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What architectural style was predominantly used for churches during this period?
The baroque style, characterized by grandeur, drama, and elaborate details.
p.5
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What were the Visayans known for in terms of body art?
They were shown fully covered in tattoos, leading to the name 'Islas de los Pintados.'
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What materials are used in traditional Philippine weaving?
Fibers from plants like cotton, abaca, and pineapple leaves; pigments from clay, roots, and leaves.
p.2
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What is the purpose of the Kashawing ritual in Lake Lanao?
To ensure abundance during rice planting and harvesting.
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What types of looms are used in traditional weaving?
Backstrap loom and pedal loom.
p.15
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What aspect of the painting should be considered in relation to socio-cultural conditions?
The space occupied by the woman in the painting.
p.15
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
How are the paintings described in terms of their scale and effect?
Large in scale and grandiose in effect.
p.16
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
Where can 'The Spoliarium' be viewed?
At the National Art Gallery.
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What is the significance of textile weaving in Philippine culture?
It imparts knowledge about belief systems, reverence for spirits and nature, and sociopolitical structures.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
How did local interventions influence church designs?
They adjusted European designs to suit native sensibilities and local environmental conditions.
p.5
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
Which Philippine ethnolinguistic groups practiced tattooing?
Kalinga, Kankanay, Ibaloy, and Ifugao.
p.1
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What types of creative forms did indigenous art include?
Pottery, weaving, carving, metalwork, and jewelry.
p.5
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What type of jewelry is the Tboli known for?
Brass chains, bells, and colorful beads.
p.5
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What is the 'lost wax' or 'cire perdue' process?
A metal casting technique that involves using molds filled with liquefied metal.
p.5
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What are the characteristics of the kendi and gadur?
The kendi is a round vessel with no handle, while the gadur has a tapered top and flared base.
p.10
Evolution of Contemporary Art
What were the earliest forms of theater in pre-colonial Philippines?
Shamanistic rituals, dances, and chants.
p.13
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What significant work did Fr. Manuel Blanco produce in 1878?
Flora de Filipinas, an extensive compilation of Philippine plants.
p.14
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What did Damian Domingo establish in 1821?
The first art school in the Philippines, the Academia de Dibujo.
p.2
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What are the earliest forms of theater in Philippine culture?
Rituals that involve music and dance.
p.2
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What is the mayvanuvanua?
A ritual in Batanes that is part of the cultural heritage.
p.14
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
Which painting exemplifies the use of chiaroscuro in the late 19th century?
The Water Carrier by Lorenzo Guerrero.
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What is the purpose of fountains in mosque architecture?
For ablution or cleansing before entering the sacred space.
p.10
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
How is the sinakulo performed in Pampanga and Tarlac?
With a full staging of the crucifixion, including devotees being nailed to a cross.
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What is a malong?
A textile with exquisite tapestry panels called langkit, woven by the Maranao of Lanao del Sur.
p.7
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
How did the Spanish colonizers influence the art in the Central part of the islands?
Art conformed to the demands of the church and the colonial state.
p.15
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What does the success of Luna and Hidalgo's works signify?
Filipino artistic excellence at par with European standards.
p.13
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
Who are two known engravers that produced religious images?
Laureano Atlas and Felipe Sevilla.
p.13
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What was the impact of the opening of Manila to international trade in 1834?
It gained economic benefits for the native elites and allowed them to study in Europe.
p.14
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What was a significant feature of the art taught at the Academia de Dibujo?
The use of chiaroscuro to heighten the composition's sense of drama.
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What does the bulbous dome of a mosque symbolize?
The order of the universe and levels of cosmic existence.
p.7
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What is the significance of the upward orientation in Islamic forms observed in the torogan?
It reflects a regard for heaven and a desire to veer from the 'material earth.'
p.15
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What was the significance of the paintings according to Rizal?
They served as propagandists pleading for reforms in the Philippines.
p.14
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What decree led to the popularity of letras y figuras?
A decree implemented in 1884 requiring Filipino natives to acquire Spanish names.
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
How do Islamic artists express divine unity in their work?
Through abstract forms and patterns that encourage mental concentration.
p.2
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What is the canao or kanyaw?
A ritual in the Cordillera Autonomous Region officiated by a shaman, involving animal sacrifice and divination.
p.14
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What themes were popular among academic painters?
Mythological themes, historical scenes, landscapes, still life, and genre.
p.1
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What activities marked significant moments in a community's life?
Planting, harvesting, rites of passage, funerary ceremonies, and weddings.
p.5
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
How did Islam influence art in the Southern Philippines?
Islam was entrenched in the region before Spanish colonization, influencing cultural practices and art.
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What are bubo in the Ilocos region?
Fish traps made from woven bamboo strips.
p.2
Pre-conquest and Indigenous Art
What is Paete, Laguna known for?
Its carving tradition, particularly of santos and other wooden sculptures.
p.1
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
How did ancient Filipinos integrate art into their lives?
Art was woven into everyday life and rituals, not seen as separate categories.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What is the significance of the retablo in colonial churches?
It integrates architecture and sculpture, featuring the town's patron saint and often embellished with decorative elements.
p.7
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What is a panolong?
An elaborately carved protrusion akin to a wing attached to the torogan.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What is trompe l'oeil and where can it be seen in colonial churches?
It refers to paintings that create an illusion of three-dimensionality, seen in ceilings and walls of churches like Taal Basilica.
p.7
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What is the burraq?
A horse with the head of a woman, believed to carry the Prophet in his ascension to heaven.
p.1
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What marked the early beginnings of theater in pre-colonial societies?
Imitating the movements of animals during hunts.
p.11
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What theatrical forms developed during the Christmas celebration in the Philippines?
Panunuluyan, pastores, and tatlong hari.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What does Jose Dans's mural 'Heaven, Earth, and Hell' depict?
A terrifying depiction of hell, warning against a sinful life.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
Why might the earlier fresco of San Cristobal have been covered?
It may have been disapproved by the friars for its more native depiction.
p.9
Development of Musical Forms during Colonization
Who established a singing school at the Manila Cathedral?
Archbishop Juan Rodriguez Angel.
p.9
Impact of Western Art Techniques on Filipino Artists
What role did Spanish colonization play in the dissemination of literature?
It introduced printing technology for catechism and prayer books in Spanish.
p.2
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What does the Pangalay dance imitate?
The movement of seabirds.
p.1
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
How did early rituals evolve into various art forms?
Through activities like hunting, which led to music, dance, theater, and storytelling.
p.1
Development of Musical Forms during Colonization
What was the role of storytelling in pre-colonial Filipino culture?
It marked the beginnings of literature and was part of communal gatherings.
p.2
Pre-conquest and Indigenous Art
What is the bulul?
A carved figure regarded as a granary god in the Cordilleras.
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What are ovaloid baskets used for in Itbayat, Batanes?
As a head sling to carry harvests.
p.4
Traditional Weaving and Textile Arts
What does the Boxer Codex illustrate about early Filipinos?
It features representations of various ethnolinguistic groups and their ornamentation.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What is 'Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas' known for?
It is the first scientific map of the Philippines, produced in collaboration with local artists.
p.6
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What is the significance of the luhul or canopy in Islamic art?
It may feature motifs from the Tree of Life, reflecting nature in a stylized manner.
p.2
Development of Musical Forms during Colonization
What types of musical instruments were present in pre-colonial Philippine culture?
Pipes, flutes, zithers, drums, kudyapi, kulintang, gansa, bamboo percussion instruments, and agong.
p.7
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What types of art were introduced during the Spanish colonial period?
Religious art, lowland Christian art, or folk art.
p.2
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What does the tinikling dance represent?
The movements of the crane, balancing on stilt-like legs.
p.7
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What was the plaza complex?
A structured town layout used for forcibly resettling natives during colonization.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What significant discovery was made about the painting of San Cristobal in Paete Church?
The more restrained version concealed an earlier fresco of the same subject.
p.9
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What is the pasyon or pabasa?
A biblical narration of Christ's passion chanted in an improvised melody.
p.13
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What does Simon Flores's painting 'Portrait of the Quiason Family' document?
The family's affluence and the details of their lifestyle.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What was the primary function of painting during the early Spanish colonization?
To provide a visual interpretation of biblical texts central to Catholic devotion.
p.9
Development of Musical Forms during Colonization
Which western musical instruments were introduced by the Spaniards to the Philippines?
Pipe organ, violin, guitar, and piano.
p.9
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What themes did the kundiman evolve to express during the revolutionary sentiments of the 19th century?
Resignation and fatalism, often symbolizing unrequited love for the Philippines.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What role did Chinese artisans play in the colonial art scene?
They were engaged in making icons, building churches, and creating furniture, incorporating Chinese features and techniques.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What technique was used in the printmaking of 'Doctrina Christiana'?
Xylography or woodcut printing.
p.3
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What are some traditional pottery forms still in use today?
Palayok for cooking, banga, and tapayan for fermenting food or keeping liquids.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What is the via crucis in colonial churches?
A series of 14 paintings or relief sculptures depicting Christ's crucifixion and resurrection.
p.5
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
Who was Sayyid Abbubakar and what was his significance?
He established the Sultanate of Sulu and introduced Islamic education and practices.
p.11
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What religious social gatherings occurred during the Spanish colonial period?
Flores de Mayo, pabasa, and sinakulo.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What was the significance of the 'Doctrina Christiana' printed in 1593?
It was the first printed book in the Philippines, compiling religious teachings.
p.3
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What are the curvilinear decorations used in woodcarving in the Southern Philippines called?
Okir (or ukkil in Tausug/Samal/Badjao).
p.12
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What does the Basi Revolt series of paintings by Esteban Villanueva illustrate?
The defeat of Ilocanos who rebelled against the Spanish government's monopoly on basi.
p.9
Art as a Reflection of Socio-political Context
What is the significance of the song 'Bayan Ko'?
It became popular during the EDSA People Power revolution of 1986.
p.3
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
Where can elaborate okir designs be found in traditional architecture?
In the panolong or protruding beams of the sultan's house called the torogan.
p.8
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What materials were commonly used for creating santos?
Ivory and wood, often based on classical and baroque models.
p.7
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What was the role of religious orders during Spanish colonization?
They were dispatched to convert the natives to Catholicism.
p.11
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
How did the Roman Catholic Church integrate pre-colonial rituals?
By appropriating them into fiestas that honor patron saints instead of anitos.
p.3
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What does the journey of the boatman in the Manunggul Jar symbolize?
A metaphor of travel to the afterlife.
p.2
Pre-conquest and Indigenous Art
What is the hagabi?
A wooden bench that marks the socioeconomic status of its owner, produced by the Ifugaos.
p.11
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What was the role of the galleon trade between Mexico and the Philippines?
It served as a means of governance for far-off Spain and brought Mexican influences in Philippine folk music and dance.
p.5
Islamic Influence on Philippine Art
What role did Islam play in resisting Spanish colonization?
It became a driving force for natives to resist centuries of colonization.
p.11
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What is the komedya and when was it introduced?
A popular form of theater that tells epic stories of lives and vengeance, introduced in the 16th century.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What unique feature did Suarez and de la Cruz Bagay include in their map?
They signed their names, acknowledging their roles as artists.
p.3
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What is the Manunggul Jar and its significance?
A secondary burial vessel from the late Neolithic period, used for placing buried and exhumed bones.
p.11
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
Which folk dances in the Philippines show Mexican influences?
Cariñosa, pandanggo, polka, dansa, and rigodon.
p.11
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What is the significance of the colorful rice wafers called 'kiping' in Lucban, Quezon?
They are used to decorate homes during fiestas as a gesture of thanksgiving to San Isidro Labrador.
p.12
Spanish Colonial Art and Architecture
What was the purpose of the scientific maps commissioned by the Spanish crown?
To gain more information about the colony and engage in knowledge production.
p.11
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
Which American music genres became popular in the Philippines?
Jazz, American bandstand, country music, rock, heavy metal, punk, and rap.
p.3
Integration of Folk and Religious Traditions
What mythical figures inspire the designs of okir?
The sarimanok, naga (serpent), and pako rabong (fern).
p.3
Cultural Significance of Rituals in Art
What type of burial jars were produced during the Metal Age?
Anthropomorphic burial jars with lids shaped like heads.
