What is the primary purpose of Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)?

A) To replace damaged heart valves

B) To improve blood flow (revascularization)

C) To measure chamber pressures

D) To implant a pacemaker

E) To perform a heart transplant

What is the primary purpose of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)?

A) To measure arterial pressure

B) To prevent sudden cardiac death (v-tach)

C) To improve blood flow

D) To assist in heart valve replacement

E) To provide temporary pacing

Which type of exercise is most supported by evidence for inpatient cardiac rehabilitation?

A) Swimming

B) Weightlifting

C) Biking and walking

D) Yoga

E) Running

What is a consequence of increased fluid volume in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients?

A) Improved oxygen perfusion

B) Decreased heart rate

C) Hepatic venous congestion

D) Increased exercise tolerance

E) Enhanced ventricular filling

What is the role of the Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump?

A) To increase blood pressure

B) To assist left ventricular function

C) To measure blood oxygen levels

D) To administer medications

E) To perform CPR

Which of the following is a common sign of heart failure?

A) Weight Loss

B) Sinus Bradycardia

C) Weight Gain

D) Increased Exercise Tolerance

E) Elevated Hemoglobin

What is the primary purpose of a catheter placed in the right atrium?

A) To administer oxygen

B) To measure right atrial pressure (RAP)

C) To perform surgery

D) To monitor blood glucose levels

E) To provide nutrition directly to the stomach

What is a common finding in patients with left-sided heart failure?

A) Jugular venous distension

B) Peripheral edema

C) Pulmonary edema

D) Elevated blood pressure

E) Increased heart rate

Which of the following is a recommended action in Shoemaker’s Heart Failure CPG?

A) Avoid exercise

B) Educate

C) Limit fluid intake

D) Increase sodium intake

E) Discontinue medications

What is a common indication for using a Swan-Ganz catheter?

A) To measure blood glucose levels

B) To detect heart failure and sepsis

C) To administer medications directly to the brain

D) To perform a biopsy

E) To monitor respiratory rates

What is the target intensity for the initial phase of inpatient cardiac rehabilitation?

A) 20-30% HRmax

B) 40-60% HRmax

C) 60-80% HRmax

D) 80-90% HRmax

E) 30-50% HRmax

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect cardiac output in CHF?

A) It enhances beta-adrenergic stimulation

B) It has no effect on cardiac output

C) It leads to insensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation

D) It decreases heart rate

E) It improves cardiac contractility

What is the normal hemoglobin range for men?

A) 10-12 g/100 mL

B) 12-16 g/100 mL

C) 13-18 g/100 mL

D) 15-20 g/100 mL

E) 8-10 g/100 mL

What is a consequence of increased fluid volume in the liver due to heart failure?

A) Improved oxygen perfusion

B) Hepatic venous congestion

C) Decreased liver size

D) Enhanced insulin secretion

E) Increased bile production

What does an S3 heart sound indicate in heart failure patients?

A) Normal ventricular compliance

B) Non-compliant left ventricle

C) Increased stroke volume

D) Decreased heart rate

E) Improved cardiac function

Which of the following describes diastolic heart failure (HFpEF)?

A) Inability of the ventricle to accept blood

B) Impaired contraction of ventricles

C) Increased stroke volume

D) Decreased end-systolic volume

E) Normal ventricular filling

What is a key characteristic of Traditional CABG?

A) It does not require a sternotomy

B) It uses a heart-lung machine

C) It is performed with the heart still beating

D) It is less invasive than MID-CABG

E) It can only be done with one occluded artery

What are the normal values for right atrial pressure (RAP)?

A) 10-15 mmHg

B) 0-5 mmHg

C) 5-10 mmHg

D) 15-20 mmHg

E) 20-30 mmHg

What is a common symptom of left heart failure?

A) Peripheral edema

B) Dyspnea

C) Increased appetite

D) Elevated blood pressure

E) Nausea

What does cardiac catheterization involve?

A) Non-invasive imaging of the heart

B) Insertion of a catheter into the cardiovascular system

C) Monitoring heart rhythm for 24 hours

D) Measuring oxygen saturation

E) Performing an echocardiogram

What nutritional aspect may be affected in patients with CHF?

A) Increased appetite

B) Enhanced nutrient absorption

C) Anorexia and malnutrition

D) Improved protein synthesis

E) Increased erythropoietin production

What is a potential consequence of elevated PaCO2 in heart failure patients?

A) Increased oxygen saturation

B) Respiratory alkalosis

C) Respiratory acidosis

D) Decreased heart rate

E) Improved exercise tolerance

What does cardiac tamponade result in?

A) Increased stroke volume

B) Elevated intracardiac pressures

C) Enhanced ventricular diastolic filling

D) Decreased pulmonary artery pressures

E) Improved cardiac output

What is a red flag for out-of-bed activities regarding hemoglobin levels?

A) Hb <10 g/100 mL

B) Hb <12 g/100 mL

C) Hb <8 g/100 mL

D) Hb <15 g/100 mL

E) Hb <5 g/100 mL

What does an enlarged, stretched-out heart indicate?

A) Healthy heart function

B) Right heart failure

C) Increased exercise capacity

D) Normal cardiac output

E) Decreased blood pressure

What effect does chronic heart failure have on skeletal muscle?

A) Increased muscle strength

B) Myopathy

C) Enhanced muscle fiber diameter

D) Improved endurance

E) Decreased muscle atrophy

What characterizes systolic heart failure (HFrEF)?

A) Impaired ventricular filling

B) Impaired contraction of ventricles during systole

C) Increased ejection fraction

D) Normal stroke volume

E) Decreased end-systolic volume

What does pulsus alternans indicate?

A) Normal pulse rhythm

B) Mechanical alteration of pulse strength

C) Increased heart rate

D) Decreased blood pressure

E) Elevated liver enzymes

What is the function of a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)?

A) To replace the heart entirely

B) To provide support to a failing ventricle

C) To measure arterial blood pressure

D) To act as the SA node

E) To perform coronary angioplasty

What is the recommended frequency for initial inpatient cardiac rehabilitation?

A) 3-4 days/week

B) 5-7 days/week

C) 1-2 days/week

D) 4-5 days/week

E) 7-10 days/week

What is the purpose of Holter Monitoring?

A) To measure blood pressure

B) To provide continuous ECG monitoring

C) To perform echocardiograms

D) To assess lung function

E) To evaluate liver enzymes

Which symptom is characterized by shortness of breath during sleep due to fluid overload in the lungs?

A) Orthopnea

B) Dyspnea

C) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

D) Pitting edema

E) Rales

What is the primary factor in improving cardiovascular function during rehabilitation?

A) Duration of exercise

B) Type of exercise

C) Frequency of exercise

D) Intensity of exercise

E) Location of exercise

What is a significant advantage of MID-CABG compared to Traditional CABG?

A) It requires a longer hospital stay

B) It is more invasive

C) It does not utilize the heart-lung machine

D) It has a higher risk of complications

E) It requires a larger incision

In the NYHA classification, which class represents cardiac disease without limitations in physical activity?

A) Class I

B) Class II

C) Class III

D) Class IV

E) Class V

What is a common sign of right heart failure?

A) Increased respiration

B) Peripheral cyanosis

C) Decreased jugular venous pressure

D) Decreased peripheral edema

E) Increased exercise tolerance

What hematological change is commonly observed in patients with CHF?

A) Thrombocytosis

B) Anemia

C) Leukopenia

D) Increased platelet count

E) Decreased hemoglobin levels

Which of the following is a sign of right-sided heart failure?

A) Pulmonary crackles

B) Pitting edema

C) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

D) Orthopnea

E) Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A long thin flexible tube used for fluids, nutrients, or medications is called a ___.

catheter

A common symptom of heart failure is ___ gain.

Weight

Hepatomegaly and liver cirrhosis can occur due to increased fluid volume leading to ___ venous congestion.

hepatic

Elevated liver enzymes can be a sign of ___ failure.

heart

The catheter is commonly placed in the ___ atrium.

right

Systolic heart failure is characterized by impaired contraction of ventricles during ___.

systole

Persons with CHF may demonstrate decreased production of ___ due to impaired kidney function.

erythropoietin

In heart failure, proteinuria and elevated urine specific gravity indicate ___ issues.

renal

In MID-CABG, the heart is ___ stopped and does not utilize the heart-lung machine.

not

Central Venous Lines include the Swan Ganz and ___ artery catheter.

pulmonary

Normal hematocrit values for women range from ___ to ___ percent.

37, 48

Patients with heart failure often experience decreased ___ tolerance.

exercise

In NYHA Class I, cardiac disease is present without limitations in ___ activity.

physical

The intensity for the initial phase (1-2 weeks) of inpatient cardiac rehabilitation is ___ to ___ % HRmax.

40, 60

The intra-aortic balloon pump assists ___ ventricular function.

left

Increased fluid volume can lead to hepatic venous ___, preventing adequate perfusion of O2.

congestion

Elevated ___ levels can indicate respiratory issues in heart failure patients.

PaCO2

In NYHA Class IV, symptoms of heart failure are evident at ___.

rest

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is used to improve ___ by revascularization.

blood flow

In the subacute phase (2-6 weeks), the intensity should be ___ to ___ % HRmax.

60, 80

Normal hemoglobin levels for men are ___ g/100 mL.

13-18

___ tachycardia is a characteristic finding in heart failure.

Sinus

In heart failure, there is typically a decrease in ___ and O2 Stats.

PaO2

Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary ___ due to fluid accumulation.

edema

The most evidence-based types/modes of exercise for cardiac rehabilitation include ___ and ___.

Biking, walking

In CHF, the RGC complex starts to fail due to insensitivity to ___ stimulation.

beta-adrenergic

A reduced left ventricular ___ is a key indicator of heart failure.

EF

Cardiac catheterization involves the insertion of a catheter into the ___ system.

CV

The outcomes of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty include decreased ___ and ___ in CAD patients.

angina, SOB

An implantable cardioverter defibrillator prevents sudden cardiac ___.

death

In right heart failure, fluid accumulates in the ___ circulation.

systemic

Pulmonary embolism results in dysfunction due to elevated ___ A. pressures.

Pulmonary

Rales or crackles in heart failure are due to ___ in the lungs.

fluid

Continuous 24 hr. electrocardiographic monitoring is known as ___ monitoring.

Holter

The initial frequency recommendation for inpatient cardiac rehabilitation is ___ to ___ days per week.

5, 7

The Swan-Ganz catheter is used for pulmonary artery catheterization to detect ___.

heart failure

The condition CHF is a chronic, progressive condition affecting the heart's ability to ___ blood.

pump

Dyspnea in heart failure is due to poor gas transport and ___ breathing.

difficulty

In CHF, isometric maximal muscle strength is reduced by ___%.

50

Echocardiograms are used to evaluate the function of the ___.

heart

Ventricular Assistive Devices, such as LVAD or RVAD, provide support to a failing ___.

ventricle

Diastolic heart failure is also known as ___ (HFpEF).

HFPEF

Cardiac Tamponade results in elevated ___ pressures and limited ventricular diastolic filling.

intracardiac

Nutritional deficiencies in CHF may lead to ___ and malnutrition.

anorexia

One indication for catheter use is to measure ___ atrial pressure (RAP).

right

Left heart failure primarily affects the ___ and can lead to pulmonary edema.

lungs

Skeletal muscle functions in CHF may lead to a decrease in the average diameter of type ___ and ___ muscle fibers.

1, 2

Right-sided heart failure presents with raised ___ and peripheral edema.

JVB

For patients with HTN or DM2, the frequency recommendation is ___ days per week.

7

Normal right atrial pressure is between ___ mmHg.

0-5

Increased fluid volume leads to hepatic venous congestion, preventing adequate perfusion of ___ in CHF patients.

O2

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea occurs because the lungs are overburdened with fluid and the ___ position increases fluid return.

supine

Common insertion points for the catheter are ___ veins.

large

An enlarged, stretched-out heart is a characteristic of ___ heart failure.

Right

The sympathetic neural function of the heart is profoundly affected in ___.

CHF

Orthopnea is characterized by dyspnea in the ___ position.

recumbent

The action statement 'Advocate' is part of Shoemaker’s Heart Failure CPG action statements numbered ___.

1

Traditional CABG requires a median sternotomy and the use of a ___ machine.

heart-lung

The starting duration for exercise in cardiac rehabilitation should be ___ to ___ minutes.

10, 15

Peripheral cyanosis is a sign of ___ heart failure.

Right

Potential for reduced blood flow to the pancreas in CHF impairs ___ secretion.

insulin

CABG uses a vessel from another part of the body to bypass an occluded area of ___ or ___.

ischemia, infarct

Arterial lines are used to measure arterial ___ and draw blood.

pressure

A hemoglobin level of less than ___ g/100 mL is a red flag for out of bed activities.

8

Pulsus alternans refers to a mechanical alteration of the ___ or ___ pulse.

femoral, radial

Heart Sound 3 (S3) indicates a non-compliant ___ ventricle.

left

Cheyne-Stokes respiration is characterized by sporadic and irregular ___ and depth.

rate