p.10
Respiration Types and Processes
What is the main product of aerobic respiration involving pyruvate?
Three molecules of carbon dioxide and water.
p.4
Photosynthesis Process
What is the first step in the process of photosynthesis?
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
p.7
Nutrition in Organisms
What is the role of saliva in the digestive process?
It moistens food and contains enzymes that begin digestion.
p.6
Nutrition in Organisms
How do organisms take up nitrogen for nutrition?
Inorganic nitrates or nitrites, or as organic compounds prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen.
p.14
Transport Systems in Humans
What is the size of the human heart?
About the size of a fist.
p.1
Characteristics of Living Beings
Why is visible movement not a sufficient characteristic to define life?
Because some living organisms may not show visible movement but are still alive.
p.1
Characteristics of Living Beings
What type of movement is necessary for life at a molecular level?
Invisible molecular movement.
p.13
Transport Systems in Humans
How is oxygen transported in human beings?
Oxygen is carried by red blood cells, specifically by haemoglobin.
p.4
Photosynthesis Process
What color change occurs in the leaf during the starch test?
The areas containing starch turn blue-black after iodine treatment.
p.7
Nutrition in Organisms
What happens to food in the stomach?
It is mixed thoroughly with digestive juices.
p.5
Photosynthesis Process
What are stomata?
Tiny pores present on the surface of leaves for gas exchange.
How do unicellular organisms remove metabolic wastes?
By simple diffusion from the body surface into surrounding water.
p.11
Respiration Types and Processes
How do aquatic animals obtain oxygen?
They use the oxygen dissolved in water.
p.4
Photosynthesis Process
What happens to water molecules during photosynthesis?
They are split into hydrogen and oxygen.
p.10
Respiration Types and Processes
What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?
It is converted into lactic acid.
p.7
Nutrition in Organisms
What substances do gastric glands release in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus.
p.13
Respiration Types and Processes
What advantage do terrestrial organisms have over aquatic organisms in obtaining oxygen?
Terrestrial organisms can access oxygen directly from the air, which is more abundant than in water.
What substances are selectively re-absorbed during urine formation?
Glucose, amino acids, salts, and a major amount of water.
p.9
Respiration Types and Processes
What happens to lime water when air is blown through it?
It turns milky, indicating the presence of carbon dioxide.
How do plants excrete waste substances into their environment?
By releasing some waste substances into the soil around them.
p.2
Nutrition in Organisms
What is the source of energy needed for life processes?
Energy comes from outside the body in the form of food.
p.5
Photosynthesis Process
What is the role of guard cells in stomatal function?
Guard cells swell to open the stomatal pore and shrink to close it.
p.10
Respiration Types and Processes
What processes can ATP drive in the cell?
Muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and conduction of nervous impulses.
p.3
Life Processes Overview
What processes are essential for maintaining life?
Processes include nutrition, respiration, excretion, and reproduction.
p.11
Respiration Types and Processes
Why do aquatic organisms breathe faster than terrestrial organisms?
Because the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is lower than in the air.
p.14
Transport Systems in Humans
How do the hearts of birds and mammals differ from those of amphibians and reptiles?
Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts, while amphibians and many reptiles have three-chambered hearts.
How does an artificial kidney function?
It removes waste products from the blood through dialysis without re-absorption.
p.3
Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic Nutrition
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that use simple food materials from inorganic sources, like carbon dioxide and water, to produce their own food.
p.17
Transport Systems in Plants
What substances are transported by the phloem?
Products of photosynthesis, amino acids, and other substances.
p.17
Transport Systems in Plants
How does translocation occur in the phloem?
With the help of sieve tubes and adjacent companion cells, in both upward and downward directions.
p.9
Nutrition in Organisms
What is the function of the acid in our stomach?
To aid in digestion and kill harmful bacteria.
p.9
Nutrition in Organisms
How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
It has a large surface area with villi to increase absorption.
How do plants excrete oxygen?
Oxygen is a waste product generated during photosynthesis.
p.1
Characteristics of Living Beings
How can we differentiate between living and non-living things?
By observing characteristics such as breathing and growth.
p.16
Transport Systems in Humans
How does lymph drain back into the blood?
Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries, which join to form larger lymph vessels that open into larger veins.
p.14
Transport Systems in Humans
What is the function of the different chambers in the heart?
To prevent oxygen-rich blood from mixing with carbon dioxide-rich blood.
p.6
Nutrition in Organisms
What is a parasitic nutritive strategy?
Deriving nutrition from plants or animals without killing them.
Where are some waste products stored in plants?
In cellular vacuoles, resins, and gums, especially in old xylem.
p.6
Nutrition in Organisms
How do single-celled organisms take in food?
Through the entire surface of their body.
p.2
Life Processes Overview
What are life processes?
Processes that perform maintenance jobs necessary to prevent damage and breakdown in organisms.
p.10
Respiration Types and Processes
How do aerobic organisms ensure sufficient intake of oxygen?
By exchanging gases through stomata and ensuring cells are in contact with air.
p.3
Nutrition in Organisms
What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?
They are used for growth, development, and synthesizing proteins and other necessary substances.
p.17
Transport Systems in Plants
How does transpiration assist in water movement?
It creates a suction that pulls water from the xylem cells of roots.
p.14
Transport Systems in Humans
What is the function of valves in the heart?
To prevent blood from flowing backwards.
p.1
Life Processes Overview
Do maintenance functions in living organisms stop when they are inactive?
No, they continue even when the organism is not doing anything particular.
p.2
Nutrition in Organisms
How do single-celled organisms acquire food and oxygen?
They do not need specific organs as their entire surface is in contact with the environment.
p.2
Transport Systems in Humans
What is the need for a transportation system in multi-cellular organisms?
To carry food and oxygen from the uptake site to all parts of the body.
p.5
Nutrition in Organisms
Why is nitrogen important for plants?
It is essential for the synthesis of proteins and other compounds.
What is excretion?
The process of removing waste by-products from the body.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
What do arteries do?
Carry blood away from the heart to various organs.
p.7
Nutrition in Organisms
What is the purpose of adding saliva to starch solution in the experiment?
To observe the action of saliva on starch.
p.10
Respiration Types and Processes
What causes muscle cramps during sudden activity?
The build-up of lactic acid in muscles.
p.13
Transport Systems in Humans
What would happen if diffusion were the only method for oxygen transport in the body?
It would take 3 years for a molecule of oxygen to reach the toes from the lungs.
p.4
Photosynthesis Process
What experiment can demonstrate the presence of starch in leaves?
The starch test using iodine after exposing the leaf to sunlight.
p.16
Transport Systems in Humans
What does lymph carry from the intestine?
Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat.
p.4
Photosynthesis Process
How do desert plants adapt their photosynthesis process?
They take up carbon dioxide at night and use it during the day.
p.16
Transport Systems in Plants
What are the main raw materials that plants absorb from the soil?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and other minerals.
p.18
Transport Systems in Plants
What happens to sugar stored in root or stem tissue in spring?
It is transported to the buds that need energy to grow.
p.10
Respiration Types and Processes
What is ATP often compared to in terms of energy usage?
A battery that provides energy for various cellular activities.
p.3
Characteristics of Living Beings
What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Criteria include growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and metabolism.
p.17
Transport Systems in Plants
What is transpiration?
The loss of water in the form of vapor from the aerial parts of the plant.
p.14
Transport Systems in Humans
What is the role of the left ventricle?
To pump oxygen-rich blood to the body.
p.13
Transport Systems in Humans
What components are necessary for an effective transport system in humans?
A pumping organ (heart), a network of tubes (blood vessels), and a repair system for the network.
What happens during kidney failure?
An artificial kidney can be used to remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood.
p.2
Respiration Types and Processes
What is respiration?
The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body to break down food sources for cellular needs.
Where are the kidneys located in humans?
In the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone.
p.11
Respiration Types and Processes
How do fish take in oxygen?
They take in water through their mouths and force it past the gills.
p.2
Transport Systems in Humans
What challenge do multi-cellular organisms face regarding food and oxygen uptake?
Not all cells are in direct contact with the environment, requiring specialized tissues for uptake.
p.5
Nutrition in Organisms
What raw materials do autotrophs need for building their body?
Water, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and magnesium.
p.5
Nutrition in Organisms
How do terrestrial plants obtain water for photosynthesis?
Through their roots from the soil.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
What is diastolic pressure?
The pressure in the artery during ventricular relaxation.
p.10
Respiration Types and Processes
What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without it.
p.16
Transport Systems in Humans
What is lymph and how is it formed?
Lymph is a tissue fluid formed when plasma, proteins, and blood cells escape into intercellular spaces through capillary pores.
How do plants utilize dead cells for waste management?
Many plant tissues consist of dead cells that can store waste products.
p.18
Transport Systems in Plants
What effect does sucrose transport have on osmotic pressure in phloem tissue?
It increases the osmotic pressure, causing water to move into the tissue.
p.14
Transport Systems in Humans
What happens to oxygen-rich blood after it returns from the lungs?
It is pumped to the rest of the body.
p.1
Characteristics of Living Beings
What is the controversy surrounding viruses in terms of life?
Viruses do not show molecular movement until they infect a cell, raising questions about their status as living beings.
p.6
Nutrition in Organisms
How does Amoeba obtain its food?
Using temporary finger-like extensions that form a food-vacuole.
p.1
Life Processes Overview
Why must living organisms maintain their structures?
To prevent the breakdown of order, which would lead to death.
p.16
Transport Systems in Plants
What does xylem transport?
Water and minerals obtained from the soil.
p.12
Respiration Types and Processes
What is the role of respiratory pigments in large animals?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues deficient in oxygen.
p.2
Nutrition in Organisms
Why are carbon-based molecules important for life on Earth?
Most food sources are carbon-based, which are essential for energy and growth.
What are the main components of the human excretory system?
A pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.
p.17
Transport Systems in Plants
What is the role of root pressure in water transport?
It is more important at night when transpiration is low.
p.13
Transport Systems in Humans
What substances are transported by blood?
Blood transports food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes, and salts.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
Complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
p.9
Respiration Types and Processes
What are the products of fermentation?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
What is systolic pressure?
The pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular contraction.
p.9
Nutrition in Organisms
What role do digestive enzymes play?
They help in breaking down food into absorbable nutrients.
p.3
Nutrition in Organisms
How is energy stored in the human body?
Energy derived from food is stored in the form of glycogen.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
Why do arteries have thick, elastic walls?
Because blood emerges from the heart under high pressure.
p.7
Nutrition in Organisms
What does a color change after adding iodine indicate?
The presence or absence of starch in the test tubes.
p.16
Transport Systems in Humans
What role do platelet cells play in the blood?
They help to clot the blood at points of injury to plug leaks.
p.7
Life Processes Overview
What is the function of peristaltic movements in the digestive tract?
To push food forward through the digestive tube.
p.6
Nutrition in Organisms
What is an example of an organism that breaks down food outside its body?
Fungi like bread moulds, yeast, and mushrooms.
p.18
Transport Systems in Plants
How does the pressure in phloem affect material movement?
It moves materials to tissues with less pressure.
p.17
Transport Systems in Plants
What creates a column of water in the root xylem?
The steady movement of water into the root from the soil.
What determines the amount of water re-absorbed in the kidneys?
The excess water in the body and the amount of dissolved waste to be excreted.
p.13
Transport Systems in Humans
What role does plasma play in the blood?
Plasma transports food, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
p.6
Nutrition in Organisms
What role do cilia play in Paramecium's nutrition?
They help move food to a specific spot for ingestion.
p.16
Transport Systems in Plants
What does phloem transport?
Products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
p.5
Photosynthesis Process
What happens to stomata when a plant does not need carbon dioxide?
The plant closes the stomata to prevent water loss.
p.9
Respiration Types and Processes
What is anaerobic respiration?
The breakdown of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen, such as during fermentation.
What is the purpose of urine production in humans?
To filter out waste products from the blood.
p.11
Respiration Types and Processes
What structures do terrestrial organisms use to absorb oxygen?
Different organs that increase surface area for contact with oxygen-rich atmosphere.
p.11
Respiration Types and Processes
What protects the delicate surfaces where gas exchange occurs in animals?
These surfaces are usually placed within the body and have passages for air.
p.3
Photosynthesis Process
How do autotrophic organisms fulfill their carbon and energy requirements?
Through the process of photosynthesis.
p.11
Respiration Types and Processes
How does air enter the human respiratory system?
Air is taken in through the nostrils.
p.3
Photosynthesis Process
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which autotrophs convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates using sunlight and chlorophyll.
p.3
Nutrition in Organisms
What do plants do with carbohydrates that are not used immediately?
They store them in the form of starch for later use.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
What do veins do?
Collect blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart.
p.6
Heterotrophic vs Heterotrophic Nutrition
What is heterotrophic nutrition?
A form of nutrition where organisms depend on other organisms for food.
p.6
Nutrition in Organisms
How does the type of food source affect an organism's nutrition?
It influences how food is accessed and the nutritive apparatus used.
p.1
Characteristics of Living Beings
What is a common evidence for being alive in animals?
Visible movement, such as running or breathing.
What happens to waste products stored in leaves?
They are released when the leaves fall off.
p.7
Nutrition in Organisms
What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion?
It creates an acidic medium that facilitates the action of pepsin.
How does mucus protect the stomach?
It protects the inner lining from the action of acid.
p.3
Respiration Types and Processes
Why is diffusion insufficient for oxygen requirements in multi-cellular organisms?
Because diffusion alone cannot transport enough oxygen to meet the metabolic needs of larger, complex organisms like humans.
p.11
Respiration Types and Processes
How do terrestrial animals breathe?
They breathe oxygen from the atmosphere.
p.13
Transport Systems in Humans
What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?
The heart acts as a pumping organ to push blood around the body.
What is the role of the urinary bladder?
To store urine until the urge to urinate occurs.
p.6
Nutrition in Organisms
What is the structure of the human alimentary canal?
A long tube extending from the mouth to the anus with specialized regions.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
Why do herbivores have a longer small intestine?
To allow for the digestion of cellulose from grass.
p.16
Transport Systems in Plants
How do roots contribute to water transport in plants?
Roots actively take up ions, creating a concentration difference that facilitates water uptake.
p.5
Photosynthesis Process
What is the purpose of potassium hydroxide in the experiment?
To absorb carbon dioxide from the environment.
p.17
Transport Systems in Plants
What is translocation in plants?
The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
What secretions does the small intestine receive for digestion?
Secretions from the liver and pancreas.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
Why must the acidic food from the stomach be made alkaline?
For pancreatic enzymes to act effectively.
p.2
Transport Systems in Humans
What is the role of specialized tissues in multi-cellular organisms?
They are responsible for the uptake of food and oxygen.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
What role does bile juice play in digestion?
It neutralizes acidity and emulsifies fats.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
What is the function of bile salts?
To break down large fat globules into smaller ones.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
What happens to unabsorbed food in the digestive system?
It is sent to the large intestine for water absorption.
p.4
Photosynthesis Process
What is the significance of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?
They contain chlorophyll, which is essential for absorbing light energy.
p.12
Respiration Types and Processes
What is the primary function of the alveoli?
To provide a surface for gas exchange.
p.10
Respiration Types and Processes
What molecule is synthesized during cellular respiration to store energy?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
p.12
Respiration Types and Processes
What happens to the chest cavity when we breathe in?
It becomes larger as ribs are lifted and the diaphragm is flattened.
p.11
Photosynthesis Process
What happens during the day regarding CO2 and oxygen in plants?
CO2 generated during respiration is used for photosynthesis, and oxygen is released.
p.9
Respiration Types and Processes
What does the milky color of lime water indicate?
The amount of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out.
p.9
Respiration Types and Processes
What is the first step in the breakdown of glucose during respiration?
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
p.1
Life Processes Overview
What are the maintenance processes in living organisms?
Processes that keep repairing and maintaining their structures.
p.3
Nutrition in Organisms
How do living things obtain their food?
Living things obtain food through autotrophic or heterotrophic means.
p.5
Photosynthesis Process
What can be concluded if one plant shows more starch than the other in the experiment?
Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis, as it affects starch production.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
What enzymes are contained in pancreatic juice?
Trypsin for proteins and lipase for emulsified fats.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
What are villi and their function in the small intestine?
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
What causes hypertension?
Constriction of arterioles, leading to increased resistance to blood flow.
p.14
Transport Systems in Humans
What is double circulation?
The process where blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle in vertebrates.
p.3
Nutrition in Organisms
What is the role of enzymes in heterotrophic organisms?
Enzymes break down complex substances into simpler ones for use in growth and maintenance.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
What are capillaries?
The smallest blood vessels with walls that are one-cell thick.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
What happens if the blood vessel system develops a leak?
It can lead to blood loss and reduced pressure, affecting efficiency.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
How can dental plaque affect tooth health?
It prevents saliva from neutralizing acids on the tooth surface.
p.8
Nutrition in Organisms
What causes dental caries?
Bacteria acting on sugars produce acids that soften enamel.
p.15
Transport Systems in Humans
What occurs at the capillaries?
Exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells.
