p.1
Functions of the Kidneys
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
To remove waste products and excess substances from the blood.
p.4
Functions of the Kidneys
How do the kidneys regulate plasma volume and blood pressure?
By controlling the rate at which water is excreted in the urine.
p.1
Functions of the Kidneys
How do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.
p.5
Functions of the Kidneys
What types of wastes do the kidneys excrete?
Metabolic wastes (e.g., creatinine, urea, uric acid) and foreign substances (e.g., drugs).
p.1
Components of the Urinary System
What organs are primarily involved in the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
p.8
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
To collect urine from the nephrons before it moves to the ureter.
p.1
Components of the Urinary System
What is the role of the bladder in the urinary system?
To store urine until it is excreted.
p.19
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What occurs in the loop of Henle regarding osmolarity?
The descending limb is permeable to water, leading to increased osmolarity, while the ascending limb is impermeable to water, leading to decreased osmolarity.
p.12
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What are the components of the Loop of Henle?
Thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb.
p.41
Micturition and Urination Control
What is micturition?
The elimination of urine stored in the bladder.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the process of glomerular filtration?
Bulk flow of protein-free plasma from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule.
p.25
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular Filtration Rate.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the function of the proximal tubule?
Reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients.
p.20
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the filtration fraction?
The percentage of total plasma volume that filters into the tubule.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the significance of the loop of Henle?
It plays a crucial role in concentrating urine.
p.5
Functions of the Kidneys
What is one of the primary functions of the urinary system?
Regulation of plasma hydrogen ion concentration (pH).
p.4
Functions of the Kidneys
What effect does plasma volume have on blood pressure?
Plasma volume exerts a direct effect on blood pressure.
p.10
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the pathway of blood flow in the kidney starting from the renal artery?
Renal artery → smaller arteries → arterioles in the cortex → portal system → renal capillaries → interlobular vein → renal vein.
p.10
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the function of the portal system in the kidney?
It includes afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta.
p.11
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What are peritubular capillaries?
Capillaries that surround the tubule.
p.23
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What are the three pressures that influence glomerular filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure of blood, colloid osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure of fluid in Bowman’s capsule.
p.31
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What happens to the concentration of other solutes as fluid volume in the lumen decreases?
Concentrations of other solutes increase.
p.21
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is Bowman’s capsule?
A structure in the renal corpuscle where filtration occurs.
p.33
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What substances are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
Glucose, amino acids, ions, and organic molecules.
p.39
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the primary function of reabsorption in the urinary system?
To reclaim water and essential solutes from the filtrate back into the bloodstream.
p.33
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the relationship between filtrate and interstitial fluid?
Filtrate is similar to interstitial fluid.
p.3
Functions of the Kidneys
What is the major function of the kidneys?
Removal of wastes from the blood.
p.8
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What structures are involved in the kidney's anatomy?
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter, capsule, and nephrons.
p.11
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the glomerulus?
A ball-like network of capillaries.
p.33
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What type of transporter is SGLT?
Secondary active transporter.
p.12
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the role of the collecting duct in the nephron?
To transport urine from the distal tubule to the renal pelvis.
p.16
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What are the basic renal exchange processes?
Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
p.34
Reabsorption Mechanisms
How does urea move across the epithelium?
By diffusion if there is a concentration gradient.
p.17
Components of the Urinary System
What is the role of the collecting duct in the urinary system?
To collect urine from the distal tubule and transport it to the bladder.
p.25
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What does the filtration coefficient depend on?
Surface area of the glomerular capillaries and permeability of the interface between the capillary and Bowman’s capsule.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the pathway of urine from the kidneys to the external environment?
From the collecting duct to the renal vein, then to the bladder and external environment.
p.16
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
Where do secreted molecules come from?
The plasma of the peritubular capillaries.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the function of the afferent arteriole?
It supplies blood to the glomerulus for filtration.
p.30
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the primary function of the collecting duct in the urinary system?
To collect urine from the distal tubule and transport it to the renal pelvis.
p.2
Components of the Urinary System
What are the main components of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
p.6
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What is the function of the ureter in the urinary system?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
p.5
Functions of the Kidneys
How do kidneys regulate plasma pH?
By regulating bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the plasma.
p.6
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What is the function of the urethra?
To carry urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
p.1
Components of the Urinary System
What is the function of the ureters?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
p.20
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the composition of the filtrate in glomerular filtration?
Water and dissolved solutes.
p.4
Functions of the Kidneys
How do kidneys maintain plasma ion balance?
By balancing dietary intake with urinary loss.
p.33
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What happens to glucose after it enters the proximal tubule cell?
It diffuses out the basolateral side using the GLUT protein.
p.32
Reabsorption Mechanisms
How does the ion composition of filtrate entering the proximal tubules compare to plasma?
It is similar in ion composition to plasma.
p.34
Reabsorption Mechanisms
Are there active transporters for urea reabsorption in the proximal tubules?
No, there are no active transporters.
p.25
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the volume of fluid that filters into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time called?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
p.39
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What substances are commonly reabsorbed in the nephron?
Water, glucose, amino acids, and ions such as sodium and potassium.
p.21
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the role of glomerular capillaries?
They are involved in the filtration of blood in the renal corpuscle.
p.16
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
What is secretion in the context of renal processes?
The selective transport of molecules from the peritubular fluid to the lumen of renal tubules.
p.34
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What type of transporters does urea use to leave the lumen?
Facilitated diffusion transporters.
p.18
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What is Bowman’s capsule?
A structure that collects filtrate from the glomerulus.
p.37
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the renal threshold?
The plasma concentration at which a solute first appears in the urine.
p.13
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
The site where the initial portion of the distal tubule contacts with the afferent and efferent arterioles of the nephron.
p.13
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What are the two specialized cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Macula densa cells and Granular cells.
p.26
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What are the two intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms that help maintain constant GFR?
Myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback.
p.10
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the glomerulus?
A ball-like network of capillaries in the kidney.
p.28
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of the macula densa in the nephron?
It senses NaCl delivery and sends a paracrine message to the afferent arteriole.
p.32
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What happens to sodium (Na +) at the basolateral side of the proximal tubule cell?
It is actively pumped out by the Na + -K + -ATPase.
p.10
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the role of the vasa recta?
It is involved in the blood supply to the medulla of the kidney.
p.27
Functions of the Kidneys
What initiates the myogenic response in the urinary system?
Stretch of smooth muscle.
p.17
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What are the basic renal exchange processes?
Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.
p.32
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the sodium concentration in the filtrate compared to that in proximal tubule cells?
[Na + ] in filtrate is higher than that in proximal tubule cells.
p.31
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the relationship between filtrate and interstitial fluid?
Filtrate is similar to interstitial fluid.
p.29
Functions of the Kidneys
What is the function of prostaglandins in the urinary system?
They act as vasodilators and adjust the size of glomerular filtration slits.
p.18
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the role of the afferent arteriole in the urinary system?
It brings blood to the glomerulus for filtration.
p.39
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
What is the role of secretion in the urinary system?
To remove waste products and excess ions from the blood into the filtrate.
p.38
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
What does secretion depend on?
Membrane transport systems.
p.21
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the function of the proximal tubule?
It reabsorbs nutrients and water from the filtrate.
p.2
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What is the structure of a nephron?
The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
p.2
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What are the key events in the urinary process?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.
p.32
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the primary driving force for most renal reabsorption?
Active transport of sodium (Na + -K + -ATPase).
p.33
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What does GLUT facilitate?
Facilitated diffusion of glucose.
p.13
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What type of cells are granular cells?
Specialized smooth muscle cells.
p.22
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What type of cells make up the endothelium in the urinary system?
Endothelium has pores with negatively charged proteins on the surface.
p.23
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What does colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries result from?
The presence of plasma proteins.
p.20
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What happens to the remaining four-fifths of plasma flow?
It flows into peritubular capillaries along with plasma proteins and blood cells.
p.32
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What type of transporter is Na + -K + -ATPase?
An active transporter and membrane protein.
p.25
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What factors influence GFR?
Net filtration pressure and filtration coefficient.
p.31
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What substances are involved in the reabsorption process mentioned?
Na+, anions, H2O, K+, Ca2+, and urea.
p.38
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
What is secretion in the context of the urinary system?
Transfer of molecules from extracellular fluid into the lumen of the nephron.
p.9
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is a key functional difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?
Juxtamedullary nephrons help maintain osmotic gradients in the medulla.
p.40
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the role of the proximal tubule?
It reabsorbs nutrients and water from the filtrate back into the blood.
p.40
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
What does secretion in the nephron involve?
Transport of substances from blood to the lumen.
p.24
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the role of the efferent arteriole in the urinary system?
It carries blood away from the glomerulus.
p.38
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What does the term 'filtration' refer to in the nephron?
The process of moving substances from blood to the lumen.
p.6
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What role does the urinary bladder play in the urinary system?
It stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.
p.32
Reabsorption Mechanisms
How does sodium (Na +) enter the proximal tubule cells?
Through membrane proteins, moving down its electrochemical gradient.
p.28
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
What happens to the afferent arteriole when NaCl delivery increases?
The afferent arteriole constricts, increasing resistance and decreasing GFR.
p.29
Functions of the Kidneys
What is the result of increased sympathetic activity on GFR and renal blood flow?
It decreases GFR and renal blood flow.
p.29
Functions of the Kidneys
What is the role of Angiotensin II in the urinary system?
It acts as a potent vasoconstrictor.
p.21
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What are podocytes?
Specialized cells in Bowman’s capsule that contribute to the filtration barrier.
p.7
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What structures emerge from the concave surface of the kidneys?
Renal blood vessels, nerves, and ureters.
p.22
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the lumen of Bowman's capsule?
The space where filtered material enters after passing through the filtration barrier.
p.20
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the fate of >99% of plasma entering the kidney?
It returns to systemic circulation.
p.41
Micturition and Urination Control
How does higher CNS input affect micturition?
It may facilitate or inhibit the reflex.
p.15
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the role of peritubular capillaries in the reabsorption process?
Reabsorbed molecules enter the peritubular capillaries by diffusion.
p.6
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What are the main components of the urinary system?
The kidneys and accessory structures including the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
p.37
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What does glucose reabsorption illustrate in the urinary system?
It serves as an example of renal transport saturation.
p.26
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the myogenic response?
An intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes.
p.26
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is tubuloglomerular feedback?
A paracrine control on the fluid flow through the loop of Henle.
p.4
Functions of the Kidneys
How do the kidneys regulate osmolarity?
By tightly controlling the rate of water reabsorption in relation to solute concentration.
p.35
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What does transport maximum (T m) refer to?
The transport rate at saturation.
p.11
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the function of the vasa recta?
It is part of the vascular system associated with the nephron.
p.41
Micturition and Urination Control
What type of reflex is micturition?
A simple spinal reflex subjected to both conscious and unconscious control from higher brain centers.
p.7
Anatomy of the Kidneys
Where are the kidneys located in relation to the spine?
On either side of the spine at the level of the eleventh and twelfth ribs.
p.22
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What do the foot processes of podocytes do?
They wrap around the endothelium and form filtration slits.
p.18
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What are the three processes that determine urinary excretion of solute?
Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
p.34
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What establishes the concentration gradient of urea in the proximal tubule?
Reabsorption of Na+ and other solutes makes the interstitial fluid more concentrated than the filtrate.
p.17
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the function of the glomerulus?
To filter blood into the lumen of the nephron.
p.39
Structure and Function of Nephrons
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorption?
The proximal convoluted tubule.
p.25
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the average GFR?
~ 125 ml/min or 180 L/day.
p.9
Functions of the Kidneys
What is the role of juxtamedullary nephrons in urine production?
They are crucial for producing concentrated urine during water constraints.
p.15
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of the distal tubule in the nephron?
It is involved in the reabsorption of sodium and water.
p.15
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the process of secretion in the urinary system?
Transport of substances from blood into the lumen of the nephron.
p.28
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What are the main components of the nephron mentioned?
Efferent arteriole, afferent arteriole, Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, macula densa, distal tubule, collecting duct, loop of Henle, proximal tubule.
p.18
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of the glomerulus?
To filter blood and initiate urine formation.
p.21
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the lumen of Bowman’s capsule?
The space where filtered substances enter after passing through the filtration barriers.
p.38
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
Why is the secretion of K+ and H+ important?
It is important in homeostatic regulation of those ions.
p.24
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the role of the afferent arteriole in the urinary system?
It supplies blood to the glomerulus.
p.18
Micturition and Urination Control
What is the final destination of urine after it is formed?
To the bladder and then to the external environment.
p.30
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the role of peritubular capillaries?
To facilitate reabsorption and secretion between the nephron and blood.
p.2
Functions of the Kidneys
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
To filter blood and produce urine.
p.36
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the relationship between glucose filtration and plasma glucose concentration?
Filtration of glucose is directly proportional to the plasma glucose concentration.
p.36
Reabsorption Mechanisms
How does the transport rate of glucose relate to plasma glucose concentration?
Transport rate is directly proportional to the plasma glucose concentration until the transport maximum is reached.
p.13
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of macula densa cells?
They sense the flow in the distal tubule and release paracrine factors that affect the diameter of the afferent arteriole.
p.12
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the flow sequence of filtered fluid in the nephron?
Renal corpuscle → Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal tubule → Collecting duct → Renal pelvis → Ureter.
p.4
Functions of the Kidneys
Which key ions do the kidneys help balance?
Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+).
p.29
Functions of the Kidneys
When does sympathetic activity increase to control GFR?
When mean arterial pressure (MAP) falls below 80 mm Hg, such as in severe dehydration or hemorrhage.
p.22
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What is the function of the basal lamina in the urinary system?
It is an acellular layer of extracellular matrix with negatively charged glycoprotein.
p.22
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What are podocytes?
Modified epithelial cells in the urinary system.
p.16
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is glomerular filtration?
The process of filtering blood to form urine in the renal tubules.
p.22
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
How do filtered substances enter the tubule lumen?
They pass through endothelial pores and filtration slits.
p.23
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of fluid in Bowman’s capsule on glomerular filtration?
It favors fluid moving back into the glomerular capillaries.
p.24
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What does P_H represent in the context of kidney filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure).
p.25
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
How does GFR respond to changes in blood pressure?
It stays constant over a wide range of blood pressure.
p.17
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
What is secretion in the context of renal processes?
The movement of substances from the blood into the lumen.
p.15
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of the collecting duct in the nephron?
It plays a role in the final concentration of urine.
p.38
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the role of the collecting duct in the nephron?
It is involved in the final concentration of urine.
p.15
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is excretion in the context of the urinary system?
The elimination of waste products from the body.
p.8
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What are the two main divisions of the kidney?
The outer cortex and the inner medulla.
p.19
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What happens to the volume of filtrate as it moves along the nephron?
The volume of filtrate decreases due to reabsorption of water and solutes.
p.19
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
How does osmolarity change along the nephron?
Osmolarity increases in the descending limb of the loop of Henle and decreases in the ascending limb.
p.19
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule in filtrate volume?
It reabsorbs a significant amount of water and solutes, reducing the volume of filtrate.
p.35
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the renal threshold?
The plasma concentration at which saturation occurs.
p.31
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What drives anion reabsorption in the nephron?
The electrochemical gradient.
p.33
Reabsorption Mechanisms
How does glucose enter the proximal tubule cell?
By being pulled in against its concentration gradient via SGLT using Na+ moving down its electrochemical gradient.
p.20
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What normally remains in the capillary during glomerular filtration?
Blood cells and plasma proteins.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the role of the collecting duct in the urinary system?
It is involved in the final concentration of urine.
p.7
Anatomy of the Kidneys
What is the position of the kidneys in the body?
They lie in shallow depressions against the posterior abdominal wall and are retroperitoneal.
p.41
Micturition and Urination Control
What happens to the internal sphincter during bladder filling?
It is passively contracted.
p.27
Functions of the Kidneys
What opens after muscle cell depolarization?
Voltage-gated calcium channels.
p.34
Reabsorption Mechanisms
How does water movement affect urea concentration in the filtrate?
Water moves from the lumen to the interstitial area by osmosis, increasing urea concentration in the filtrate.
p.17
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What does reabsorption refer to in the renal processes?
The movement of substances from the lumen back into the blood.
p.40
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the role of the collecting duct in the urinary system?
It is involved in the final concentration of urine.
p.17
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the function of the proximal tubule?
To reabsorb nutrients and water from the filtrate back into the blood.
p.18
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What are peritubular capillaries responsible for?
They facilitate reabsorption and secretion in the nephron.
p.39
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
How does the distal convoluted tubule contribute to secretion?
It allows for the selective secretion of ions and waste products into the filtrate.
p.18
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What happens to the filtered solute in the tubule?
It can be reabsorbed or secreted before excretion.
p.38
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of the proximal tubule?
Reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients.
p.36
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What happens when the transport maximum for glucose is reached?
The transport rate no longer increases despite higher plasma glucose concentrations.
p.13
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What do granular cells secrete?
Renin, to regulate salt and water balance.
p.29
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What effect does sympathetic innervation of alpha-receptors on vascular smooth muscle have?
It causes vasoconstriction.
p.31
Reabsorption Mechanisms
How does water move during solute reabsorption?
By osmosis, following solute reabsorption.
p.35
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the transport maximum?
The rate of transport at saturation.
p.31
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What are the two pathways for epithelial transport in tubular reabsorption?
Transcellular transport and paracellular pathway.
p.16
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What occurs during reabsorption?
Molecules are transported from the lumen of renal tubules back into the blood.
p.41
Micturition and Urination Control
What occurs when stretch receptors in the bladder fire?
Parasympathetic neurons fire, motor neurons stop firing, and smooth muscle contracts.
p.21
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What are the three filtration barriers in the renal corpuscle?
1. Glomerular capillary endothelium, 2. Basal lamina, 3. Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule.
p.15
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the urinary system?
Filtration: blood to lumen.
p.9
Anatomy of the Kidneys
Where are cortical nephrons primarily located?
Almost entirely within the cortex.
p.16
Components of the Urinary System
What is the pathway of urine from the kidneys to the external environment?
From the collecting duct to the renal vein, then to the bladder and external environment.
p.7
Functions of the Kidneys
Why is a high blood flow rate critical for renal function?
It is essential for the kidneys to perform their functions effectively.
p.24
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What are the values of P_H, p, and P_fluid in the example provided?
P_H = 55 mm Hg, p = 30 mm Hg, P_fluid = 15 mm Hg.
p.40
Micturition and Urination Control
What is the pathway of urine from the kidneys to the external environment?
From the collecting duct to the renal vein, then to the bladder and external environment.
p.40
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the role of peritubular capillaries?
They facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and nephron.
p.30
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the significance of the loop of Henle?
It plays a crucial role in concentrating urine and conserving water.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What do the peritubular capillaries do?
They facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and renal tubules.
p.40
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the equation for excretion rate?
Excretion rate = filtration - reabsorption + secretion.
p.22
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What role do mesangial cells play in the glomerulus?
They provide structural support and regulate blood flow within the glomerulus.
p.39
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the significance of the loop of Henle in reabsorption?
It creates a concentration gradient that allows for the reabsorption of water and salts.
p.17
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the role of the afferent arteriole?
To supply blood to the glomerulus.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What processes are involved in the basic renal exchange?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.
p.17
Micturition and Urination Control
What is the pathway of urine from the nephron to the external environment?
From the collecting duct to the bladder and then to the external environment.
p.30
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the role of the glomerulus in the urinary system?
To filter blood and form filtrate.
p.38
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What does 'reabsorption' mean in the context of the nephron?
The process of moving substances from the lumen back into the blood.
p.24
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the formula for calculating net filtration pressure in the kidneys?
Net filtration pressure = P_H - p - P_fluid.
p.7
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What do renal veins do?
Carry blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava.
p.40
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the function of the glomerulus?
It filters blood to form urine.
p.16
Components of the Urinary System
What is the role of the collecting duct?
To collect urine from the renal tubules and transport it to the renal pelvis.
p.38
Secretion Processes in the Nephron
What is the result of secretion in the nephron?
An increase in the quantity of solute excreted in the urine.
p.30
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What happens during the process of filtration?
Blood is filtered into the lumen of the nephron.
p.24
Glomerular Filtration and GFR
What is the colloid osmotic pressure gradient due to?
Proteins in plasma but not in Bowman’s capsule.
p.14
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the role of the efferent arteriole?
It carries blood away from the glomerulus after filtration.
p.21
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the difference between the afferent and efferent arterioles?
Afferent arterioles supply blood to the glomerulus, while efferent arterioles carry blood away from it.
p.21
Reabsorption Mechanisms
What is the distal tubule's role in the nephron?
It is involved in the regulation of electrolytes and water balance.
p.40
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of the Loop of Henle?
It concentrates urine and conserves water.
p.30
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the function of the efferent arteriole?
To carry blood away from the glomerulus.
p.18
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the relationship between the amount of solute excreted, filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted?
Amount excreted = Amount filtered - Amount reabsorbed + Amount secreted.
p.39
Functions of the Kidneys
What hormones regulate reabsorption and secretion in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone.
p.17
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of the loop of Henle?
To concentrate urine and conserve water.
p.15
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the function of the proximal tubule?
It reabsorbs nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the filtrate.
p.15
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What is the pathway of urine from the kidneys to the external environment?
To renal vein, to bladder, and then to the external environment.
p.30
Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Elements
What is the function of the afferent arteriole?
To supply blood to the glomerulus.
p.30
Components of the Urinary System
What is the pathway of urine from the nephron to the external environment?
From the collecting duct to the renal vein, then to the bladder and external environment.
p.16
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What does the term 'filtration' refer to in renal processes?
The movement of substances from blood to the lumen of the renal tubules.
p.16
Basic Renal Exchange Processes
What does 'excretion' refer to in the urinary system?
The process of eliminating waste products from the body.
p.15
Structure and Function of Nephrons
What is the role of the Loop of Henle?
It concentrates urine and reabsorbs water and salts.
