The capacity to cause change.
C H O N.
Proteins that are bound to the surface of the membrane.
To store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.
It controls the exchange of materials with the surroundings.
It releases free energy in a series of reactions.
The sun.
Liquid.
Some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat.
It enters the mitochondrion where the oxidation of glucose is completed.
Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).
Energy.
Building blocks of proteins.
An amino group and a carboxyl group.
It increases.
Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane.
Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell.
Life, resulting in a vast diversity of organisms.
Bond breaking and bond forming.
20 amino acids.
Three types.
Carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids.
Carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins.
It links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.
Free energy of activation or activation energy (E).
Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell.
Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as hydrocarbons.
To release energy from digested food (glucose).
It is lost to the surroundings as heat.
Microtubules.
With treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their descendants.
Facilitating transport across the membrane.
The process that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
To determine which reactions occur spontaneously and which require energy input.
Metabolism is never at equilibrium.
Hydrophilic.
Secretory cells.
It enters as light and exits as heat.
They eventually reach equilibrium and do no work.
A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by it.
Actin.
Precursor to steroid hormones and Vitamin D.
They can move laterally within the bilayer.
A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules.
To synthesize ATP.
A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane.
It ceases to operate.
Biosphere, Ecosystems, Communities, Populations, Organisms, Organs and Organ Systems, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules.
A proton pump.
Polymers of nucleotides.
DNA and RNA.
A concept that can be applied to the chemistry of life's processes.
In the cytoplasm.
G = H - TS.
A pair of centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring.
To act as chemical messengers or hormones.
They speed up reactions by lowering energy barriers.
Site of cellular respiration.
The finch species of the Galápagos Islands, which are descended from a common ancestor.
The sequence of amino acids.
Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix.
Hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase.
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
A series of reactions that begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product.
Forces exerted by dynein arms cause doublets to curve, bending the cilium or flagellum.
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
When the solute concentration is equal on both sides.
Reactions with many different functions.
A carbohydrate molecule has a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups.
They can convert energy to light, as seen in bioluminescence.
Metabolism arises from interactions between molecules within the cell.
Enzymes, hemoglobin, or antibodies.
Cell walls.
Proteins.
A glycerol molecule joined by two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
No, they do not affect ΔG; they hasten reactions that would occur eventually.
Mechanical signaling that triggers chemical signals in the cell.
Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration.
The cytoplasm.
The cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane.
Because they do not cross the membrane easily due to their polarity.
Meat, eggs, and cheese.
Electrons.
The tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space.
Amino acids.
It drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum.
They are also energy intermediates used in Cellular Respiration.
Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules.
By the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
By coupling with anaerobic respiration or fermentation.
Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
When active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances.
Binding structures together and providing strength in certain tissues.
Based on the number of simple sugars: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.
The basic unit of carbohydrates, usually three to seven carbon atoms long.
A unit of inheritance that encodes information for building molecules in the cell.
A type of active transport system that moves sodium and potassium ions across the membrane.
A primary cause of descent with modification.
Plant fat.
By binding to molecules, often containing carbohydrates, on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane.
They eventually reach equilibrium and do no work.
Cells are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials.
Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails.
Natural Selection.
No, it occurs whether or not oxygen is present.
It selects for the propagation of traits that are better suited to the local environment.
Diffusion may be directional despite random movement of each molecule.
Protein cross-links.
It describes a membrane as a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it.
The diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment.
It releases large amounts of energy.
Feedback regulation.
Nucleotides.
How does a single cell develop into an organism?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
The passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane aided by transport proteins.
From the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration.
Phagocytosis, which forms a food vacuole.
An electron acceptor other than oxygen, such as sulfate.
The cell.
Yes, some redox reactions change the electron sharing in covalent bonds.
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
Triacylglycerol or triglyceride (TAGs).
The study of sets of genes within and between species.
One or two double bonds between carbon atoms.
A lipid bilayer.
In bulk via vesicles.
1. Individuals in a population vary in their heritable traits. 2. More offspring are produced than survive, leading to competition. 3. Species generally adapt to suit their environment.
Centrosome.
A network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell.
Closed and open hydroelectric systems.
Natural selection could cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or more descendant species.
Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.
To support the cell and maintain its shape.
No, proteins are not randomly distributed in the membrane.
Differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions.
The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules.
Passive transport, as no energy is expended by the cell.
Carbon.
The association of two or more polypeptides.
Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane.
They provide corridors that allow specific molecules or ions to cross the membrane.
Properties that result from the arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases.
By substrate-level phosphorylation.
Deoxyribose is found in DNA, while ribose is found in RNA.
Eight steps.
They relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain.
Consists of a glycerol molecule joined by three fatty acids.
C12H22O11.
Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
Ribose.
It regulates a cell's behavior by communicating with it through integrins.
It proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous.
They vary among species, individuals, and even cell types in an individual.
It allows some substances to cross it more easily than others.
In the liver.
The synthesis of protein from amino acids.
The region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
Cytosine, Uracil, Adenine, and Guanine.
The scientific study of life.
Taxonomy.
They can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
Carbon-based compounds.
A substance gains electrons, reducing the amount of positive charge.
Almost 90%.
A five-carbon sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.
They extract energy and apply it to perform work.
The cell membrane.
Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.
A complex and dynamic player in the cell's compartmental organization, including the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.
It allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that differ from their surroundings.
Many animals have similar skeletal structures, indicating unity among diverse life forms.
The storage form of glucose in animals.
Through direct physical contact.
They lower the Ea barrier.
The membrane is built by the ER and Golgi apparatus.
It absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous.
Integral proteins that span the membrane.
It regulates the cell's molecular traffic.
One or more stretches of nonpolar amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices.
Oxidative phosphorylation.
Fossils and other evidence.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the energy source for all cells and is considered the 'energy currency' of the cell.
They are crucial for the smooth operation of the organism.
About 1.8 million species.
ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
Chemical force (ion's concentration gradient) and electrical force (membrane potential effect).
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration.
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Polymers assembled from amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
It is used in glycolysis.
The cell loses water.
It digests the molecules within the vacuole.
By using substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain.
Ion channels that open or close in response to a stimulus.
The movement of substances against their concentration gradients, requiring energy.
Multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms.
No double bonds between carbon atoms in the chain.
Myosin, in addition to actin.
The exoskeleton of some insects, crustaceans, and fungi.
Through the lipid bilayer or via transport proteins.
A discrete unit of inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
By influencing the activity of genes in the nucleus.
Energy investment phase and energy payoff phase.
It separates the living cell from its surroundings.
Undulating pattern.
A carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
The combination of different amino acids.
"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
Yes.
To bear tension (pulling forces).
Vesicles.
The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between amino acids and R groups.
They present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP.
A substance loses electrons.
They are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.
Almost 50%.
Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
The study of energy transformations.
Oxidative phosphorylation.
The control of solute concentrations and water balance, necessary for life in osmotic environments.
It has a contractile vacuole that acts as a pump.
They perform the transport of substances across the membrane.
Solid.
The storage form of glucose in plants.
Dynein arms alternately grab, move, and release the outer microtubules.
In the form of thermal energy absorbed from the surroundings.
Alternating power and recovery strokes.
A smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae.
A catalytic protein.
A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane, a basal body, and a motor protein called dynein.
The totality of an organism's chemical reactions.
The core of microvilli, which increase the cell's surface area.
A five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups.
The interactions among parts of a biological system.
Completes the breakdown of glucose.
It can form four bonds, allowing it to bond with up to four other atoms or groups.
The reducing agent.
A solution where solute concentration is less than that inside the cell, causing the cell to gain water.
The process by which lysosomes recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules.
Collagen, tendon, or keratin.
They are mobile, generally spherical molecules that play crucial roles in biological processes.
The principle of conservation of energy.
Species adapt to different environments over time, accumulating differences from their ancestors.
Thousands of actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another.
Receptor proteins called integrins.
A product in Glycolysis.
Evolution.
They consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.
As many molecules cross the membrane in one direction as in the other.
Ribose.
The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.
No work must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient.
They are energy intermediates used in the last stage of Cellular Respiration to create ATP.
Energy associated with motion.
First or primary.
An organism's interactions with other organisms and the physical environment.
The sodium-potassium pump.
Adenine and Guanine.
They are used in generating acetyl CoA.
This is one of the key questions in biology.
They create osmotic problems.
Multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis.
They absorb nutrients from outside their bodies.
They are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles.
By encoding the genetic instructions necessary for these processes.
They interdigitate with the thinner actin fibers.
Deoxyribose.
Most of the energy extracted from food.
The voltage difference across a membrane.
It interacts with motor proteins.
The folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration due to hydrogen bonding.
In the mitochondrial matrix.
A lipid may flip-flop transversely across the membrane.
Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.
In Earth's extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs.
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, DNA, and other molecules that distinguish living matter.
A large and diverse group of organic compounds that are hydrophobic in nature.
A system that is isolated from its surroundings, like liquid in a thermos.
Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids, Waxes.
The energy of the universe is constant; energy can be transferred and transformed, but not created or destroyed.
Fats, stored in fat deposits.
Milk Sugar.
The main component in plant cell walls.
Atherosclerosis.
Negative feedback and positive feedback.
In an acidic environment inside the lysosome.
Glycerol and fatty acids.
Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane.
They produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water.
Proteins that facilitate the diffusion of water across the plasma membrane.
The oxidizing agent.
Biological systems are far more complex.
Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions, Evolution.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, which contains genetic material within chromosomes.
Mostly unicellular eukaryotes and some simple multicellular relatives.
The study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome.
Malt Sugar.
Extracellular components and connections between cells.
The diffusion of ions across the plasma membrane.
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms.
They regulate protein traffic and perform metabolic functions.
ATP.
DNA.
Animal fat.
An elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM).
Two similar sets of chromosomes, each with approximately 3 billion nucleotide pairs of DNA.
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage.
Table Sugar.
Glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin.
