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Types of Cervical Cancer
What is the most common type of cervical cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma (80% of cases).
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Cervical Screening Procedures
What screening method is used to detect precancerous changes in the cervix?
Cervical screening with smear tests.
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Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
What are the main risks associated with a cone biopsy?
Pain, bleeding, infection, scar formation with stenosis of the cervix, increased risk of miscarriage and premature labor.
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Its Role
What virus is strongly associated with cervical cancer?
Human papillomavirus (HPV).
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Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
What is a cone biopsy?
A procedure that involves removing a cone-shaped piece of the cervix for histological assessment.
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Staging and Management of Cervical Cancer
What is pelvic exenteration?
An operation that involves removing most or all pelvic organs in advanced cervical cancer.
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Staging and Management of Cervical Cancer
What is Bevacizumab (Avastin) used for?
It is a monoclonal antibody used in combination with other chemotherapies for metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer.
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Symptoms and Presentation of Cervical Cancer
What are common presenting symptoms of cervical cancer?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia.
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Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
What is the difference between CIN I, CIN II, and CIN III?
CIN I is mild dysplasia (1/3 thickness), CIN II is moderate dysplasia (2/3 thickness), and CIN III is severe dysplasia (very likely to progress to cancer).
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Cervical Screening Procedures
What happens if a cervical smear test is HPV negative?
The smear is considered negative, and the woman is returned to the routine screening program.
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Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
What does CIN stand for in the context of cervical health?
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia.
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Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
What is the grading system for CIN based on?
The level of dysplasia (premalignant change) in the cells of the cervix.
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Staging and Management of Cervical Cancer
What is the FIGO staging system used for?
To stage cervical cancer.
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Staging and Management of Cervical Cancer
What is the treatment for Stage 1B – 2A cervical cancer?
Radical hysterectomy and removal of local lymph nodes with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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HPV Vaccination and Public Health Implications
What strains does the Gardasil HPV vaccine protect against?
Strains 6, 11, 16, and 18.
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Staging and Management of Cervical Cancer
What is the significance of early detection in cervical cancer?
It significantly improves the 5-year survival rate, which drops from around 98% in stage 1A to around 15% in stage 4.
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Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
What are some risk factors for increased HPV infection?
Early sexual activity, increased number of sexual partners, and not using condoms.
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Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
How is CIN diagnosed?
At colposcopy, not with cervical screening.
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Colposcopy and Biopsy Techniques
What is colposcopy?
A procedure that involves magnifying the cervix to examine its epithelial lining in detail.
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Colposcopy and Biopsy Techniques
What is a Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ)?
A procedure to remove abnormal epithelial tissue from the cervix using a loop of wire with electrical current.
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HPV Vaccination and Public Health Implications
Why is the HPV vaccine recommended before sexual activity?
To prevent contracting and spreading HPV, which is a major risk factor for cervical cancer.
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Colposcopy and Biopsy Techniques
What should be done if there is an abnormal appearance of the cervix suggestive of cancer?
An urgent cancer referral for colposcopy should be made.
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Staging and Management of Cervical Cancer
What is a cone biopsy used for?
It is a treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and very early-stage cervical cancer.
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Cervical Screening Procedures
What is the purpose of cervical screening?
To pick up precancerous changes in the epithelial cells of the cervix.
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Cervical Screening Procedures
What is liquid-based cytology?
A method of transporting cervical cells in preservation fluid for examination.
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Colposcopy and Biopsy Techniques
What does acetic acid do during colposcopy?
It causes abnormal cells to appear white, known as acetowhite.
