p.13
Foramina and Their Connections in the Skull
What structures are transmitted through the sphenopalatine foramen?
The sphenopalatine artery and vein, as well as the nasopalatine nerve.
p.10
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity?
Through the foramen spinosum.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
What nerve innervates the masseter muscle?
Masseteric nerve from the mandibular nerve (V3).
p.1
Temporal and Infratemporal Regions Anatomy
What are the two main fossae included in the temporal region?
Temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa.
p.3
Mandible Anatomy and Function
What is the mylohyoid line?
A line on the medial surface of the body of the mandible for attachment of mylohyoid muscles.
p.5
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What muscles are involved in pushing the hinge forward during the second phase of movement at the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid muscles.
p.1
Temporal and Infratemporal Regions Anatomy
What is the shape and location of the infratemporal fossa?
Irregularly shaped space deep and inferior to the zygomatic arch, deep to the ramus of the mandible and posterior to the maxilla.
p.13
Foramina and Their Connections in the Skull
What is the nasopalatine nerve a branch of?
The pterygopalatine ganglion (CNV2).
p.8
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?
The mandibular nerve has several branches including the inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, and buccal nerve.
p.7
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What is the role of the buccal nerve?
It may carry motor branches and supplies the buccinator muscle.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
Where do the muscle fibers from the two heads of the lateral pterygoid insert?
Into the neck of the mandible and into the capsule of the temporomandibular joint.
p.6
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Which muscles does the buccal nerve provide motor innervation to?
Lateral pterygoid muscle and part of the temporalis muscle.
p.3
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Where does the inferior alveolar nerve enter and exit the mandible?
Enters at the mandibular foramen and exits at the mental foramen.
p.9
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Which nerves are numbed during the anaesthesia of mandibular teeth?
Lingual nerve and inferior alveolar nerve.
p.10
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
What does the descending palatine artery branch into?
Greater and lesser palatine arteries.
p.3
Mandible Anatomy and Function
What is the pterygoid fovea?
A shallow depression on the anterior surface of the neck of the mandible for attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
p.1
Muscles of Mastication
What are the two types of muscles involved in mastication?
Superficial muscles (temporalis and masseter) and deeper muscles (medial and lateral pterygoid muscles).
p.1
Muscles of Mastication
How does the temporalis muscle insert on the mandible?
Its tendon passes between the zygomatic arch and the infratemporal crest to insert on the coronoid process of the mandible.
p.4
Muscles of Mastication
Which muscles are involved in the elevation of the mandible?
Temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid.
p.7
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What is the function of the masseteric nerve?
It supplies the masseter muscle.
p.7
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
How does the nerve to the lateral pterygoid muscle reach its target?
It passes directly into the deep surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
p.12
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
What connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the infratemporal fossa?
Pterygomaxillary fissure.
p.6
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Which part of the tongue does the lingual nerve supply?
The anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
p.11
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
Where does the pterygopalatine fossa extend to?
From the infratemporal fossa to the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen.
p.5
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What occurs during the first phase of maximum depression of the mandible?
The head of the mandible rotates along the horizontal axis.
p.1
Temporal and Infratemporal Regions Anatomy
What forms the floor of the temporal fossa?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and greater wing of sphenoid bones.
p.11
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
What is the function of the pterygopalatine ganglion?
It provides parasympathetic innervation to various glands.
p.9
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
What does the second part of the maxillary artery give rise to?
Deep temporal, masseteric, buccal, and pterygoid branches.
p.4
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What does the joint capsule of the TMJ contain?
Synovial membrane and fibrous membrane.
p.7
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What is the pathway of the motor branches of the mandibular nerve?
They pass medial to the trigeminal ganglion, through the foramen ovale, and join the sensory part of the mandibular nerve.
p.6
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What are the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve?
Superior and inferior roots that converge near the middle meningeal artery.
p.8
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What type of fibers does the lingual nerve carry?
The lingual nerve carries general sensory fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
p.10
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
What can cause damage to the middle meningeal artery leading to an extradural hematoma?
Lateral blows to the head, especially at the pterion.
p.5
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What is the function of the intrinsic lateral ligament of the TMJ?
It strengthens the TMJ laterally and prevents posterior dislocation of the joint.
p.12
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
Which fissure forms the superior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Inferior orbital fissure.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
What is the main action of the medial pterygoid muscle?
To elevate the mandible and assist in protruding the lower jaw.
p.9
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Where is the injection site for anaesthesia of mandibular teeth located?
Lateral to the pterygomandibular fold.
p.10
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
What does the infraorbital artery supply?
Lacrimal gland and some muscles of the eye.
p.9
Clinical Significance of TMJ Dislocation
What happens if the lingual nerve is injured proximal to the chorda tympani?
Loss of general sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, oral mucosa, gingivae, lower lip, and chin.
p.9
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
What areas does the maxillary artery supply?
Nasal cavity, lateral wall and roof of oral cavity, all teeth, and dura mater in cranial cavity.
p.4
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What movements are allowed by the upper part of the TM joint?
Protrusion and retraction of the mandible.
p.10
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
What major structure does the middle meningeal artery supply?
Much of the dura mater, bone, and related bone marrow of the cranial cavity walls.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
What are the origins of the superficial part of the masseter muscle?
From the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone and anterior 2/3 of the zygomatic process of the maxilla.
p.5
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What is the origin and insertion of the sphenomandibular ligament?
From the spine of the sphenoid to the lingual on the medial side of the ramus of the mandible.
p.12
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What structures are transmitted by the greater palatine canal?
Descending palatine artery and vein, greater palatine nerve, and lesser palatine nerve.
p.5
Clinical Significance of TMJ Dislocation
What happens to the head of the mandible during a dislocation?
It slips out of the mandibular fossa and is pulled anteriorly.
p.11
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
What type of fibers leave the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers.
p.9
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
Where does the maxillary artery originate?
Within the substance of the parotid gland.
p.6
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What is the origin of the sensory part of the mandibular nerve?
It arises from the trigeminal ganglion in the middle cranial fossa.
p.8
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Which nerve is responsible for sensation in the lower jaw?
The inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve.
p.8
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
How does the chorda tympani connect to the mandibular nerve?
The chorda tympani joins the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve.
p.6
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What does the buccal nerve predominantly supply?
General sensory nerves to adjacent skin and oral mucosa.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
What is the shape of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Quadrangular with deep and superficial heads.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
Where does the upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle originate?
From the roof of the infratemporal fossa.
p.4
Muscles of Mastication
Where does the masseter muscle insert?
Lateral side of the ramus.
p.5
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What are the two branches of the V3 mandibular nerve?
Anterior and posterior branches.
p.4
Muscles of Mastication
What are the major actions of the muscles of mastication on the mandible?
Depression, elevation, retraction, protrusion, and rotatory movement.
p.13
Foramina and Their Connections in the Skull
What forms the sphenopalatine foramen?
The sphenopalatine notch at the superior aspect of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and the body of the sphenoid.
p.6
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Where does the auriculotemporal nerve provide cutaneous sensation?
To the scalp, lateral of the temple.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle fibers when contracted?
They pull the articular disc and head of the mandible forward onto the articular tubercle, protruding the lower jaw.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
What happens when the lateral and medial pterygoids contract on only one side?
The chin moves to the opposite side, resulting in coordinated chewing movement.
p.11
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
Which bones are located around the pterygopalatine fossa?
Maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones.
p.5
Clinical Significance of TMJ Dislocation
What can cause dislocation of the temporomandibular joint?
A blow to the side of the face, yawning, or taking a large bite.
p.11
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
Which nerve predominantly innervates the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve (CNVII).
p.4
Muscles of Mastication
Where does the temporalis muscle insert?
Coronoid process (medial side).
p.1
Innervation of the Oral Cavity
Which nerve innervates the temporalis muscle?
The anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve (V3) via the deep temporal nerves.
p.4
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What separates the TM joint into superior and inferior parts?
A fibrous articular disc.
p.7
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Where does the deep temporal nerve originate from?
It usually originates from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve.
p.8
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What is the function of the chorda tympani?
The chorda tympani carries taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
Where is the masseter muscle anchored?
Above to the zygomatic arch and below to the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible.
p.3
Innervation of the Oral Cavity
Which nerve innervates the lateral pterygoid muscle?
The mandibular nerve via the nerve to the lateral pterygoid.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
Where does the deep head of the medial pterygoid muscle attach?
To the medial surface of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process.
p.1
Temporal and Infratemporal Regions Anatomy
What are the boundaries of the temporal fossa?
Bounded by superior and inferior temporal lines posteriorly and superiorly, frontal and zygomatic bones anteriorly, zygomatic arch laterally, and infratemporal crest inferiorly.
p.11
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
How does the maxillary nerve enter the pterygopalatine fossa?
Through the foramen rotundum.
p.9
Innervation of the Oral Cavity
What type of nerve fibers does the chorda tympani carry?
Parasympathetic nerve fibers and taste fibers for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
p.4
Muscles of Mastication
What is the insertion point of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Angle of the mandible (medial side).
p.4
Muscles of Mastication
What is unique about the lateral pterygoid muscle's insertion?
It is the only muscle inserted near the TM joint, with both heads attached to the neck/capsule of the TM joint.
p.6
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What is the function of the lingual nerve?
Carries sensory axons and acts as a conduit for special sensory and autonomic fibers from the chorda tympani.
p.10
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
What does the inferior alveolar artery supply?
All lower teeth, buccal gingivae, chin, and lower lip.
p.3
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What joint does the head of the mandible articulate with?
The temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint.
p.1
Muscles of Mastication
What structures are contained within the infratemporal fossa?
Muscles of mastication, branches of the mandibular nerve, and branches of the maxillary artery.
p.1
Muscles of Mastication
What is the primary function of the temporalis muscle?
To elevate the mandible powerfully to close the jaw.
p.4
Muscles of Mastication
What role does the mylohyoid muscle play in mandible movement?
It can move the mandible when the hyoid is fixed, although it is not a muscle of mastication.
p.13
Foramina and Their Connections in the Skull
What does the sphenopalatine foramen connect?
The pterygopalatine fossa to the nasal cavity, specifically the superior meatus.
p.7
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What muscles does the nerve to the medial pterygoid supply?
It supplies the medial pterygoid muscle, tensor veli palatini muscle, and tensor tympani muscle.
p.12
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Which nerve exits through the pterygomaxillary fissure to supply the maxillary molars?
Posterior superior alveolar nerve.
p.12
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
What does the pterygoid canal carry?
Nerve, artery, and vein of the pterygoid canal.
p.5
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
Where does the stylomandibular ligament extend from and to?
From the styloid process to the posterior margin and angle of the mandible.
p.12
Branches of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
Zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve and the infraorbital artery and vein.
p.3
Mandible Anatomy and Function
What are the two processes found on the ramus of the mandible?
The condylar and coronoid processes.
p.9
Innervation of the Oral Cavity
What is the origin of the chorda tympani?
From the petrous part of the temporal bone.
p.1
Muscles of Mastication
What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?
From the bony surface of the temporal fossa superiorly to the inferior temporal line.
p.9
Maxillary Artery and Its Branches
What branches arise from the first part of the maxillary artery?
Middle meningeal artery and inferior alveolar arteries.
p.3
Mandible Anatomy and Function
What forms the angle of the mandible?
The intersection of the posterior and inferior borders of the ramus.
p.11
Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy
What glands receive secretomotor innervation from the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Lacrimal gland and mucosal glands of the oral cavity, nose, and pharynx.
p.4
Muscles of Mastication
Which muscle is most important for maximum depression of the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid muscle.
p.4
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structure and Function
What movements are allowed by the lower part of the TM joint?
Mainly hinge-like depression and elevation of the mandible.
