Philosophical systems that do not consider the Vedas as authoritative texts.
Jaina, Bauddha, and Carvaka schools.
Derived from the Sanskrit root 'ji', meaning to conquer, indicating mastery over passions.
Twenty-four Tirthankaras, from Vr$abhadeva to Mahavira.
They educate and lead people to cross over the ocean of rebirth.
Mahavira.
The means of ending the suffering of individuals.
Soul (Jiva), matter (Pudgala), space (Akasa), time (Kala), principle of motion (Dharma), and principle of rest (Adharma).
It represents the state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.
Human beings are a compound of five aggregates, and clinging to them leads to suffering.
To reach Nirvana.
No, it is attainable in this very life.
To purify the Jiva of karmic matter and allow it to radiate its inherent blissful nature.
Right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct.
Ahimsa (non-violence).
They are essential for cleaning up karma and achieving liberation.
Four elements (earth, water, fire, air), five sense organs, attributes of matter, distinctions of sex, essential conditions, and means of communication.
Consciousness arises from other aggregates and mental factors from the contact of consciousness and other aggregates.
Northern Buddhism (Mahayana) is prevalent in regions like Nepal and China, while Southern Buddhism (Theravada) is found in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
Right views, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
Clinging to the five aggregates.
By the complete cessation of thirst, which involves the absence of passion and destruction of desire.
A wet cloth that attracts dust, similar to how karmic matter attaches to the Jiva.
Form, consciousness, feeling, formation, and perception.
Due to ignorance, impressions from previous births lead to initial consciousness, which drives the thirst for enjoyment and rebirth.
Thirst, which leads to rebirth accompanied by pleasure and lust.
An important Jain text composed by Umasvati, accepted by both Svetambara and Digambara sects.
Siddhartha.
Ignorance.
6th century BCE.
Two sects of Jains with differences in rituals and ascetic practices.
1. There is suffering; 2. The cause of suffering is desire; 3. There is a way to end suffering; 4. The path to end suffering is the Eightfold Path.
Conditional predication, indicating that reality can be described from different perspectives.
Passions evoke experiences that attract more karmic particles, perpetuating the cycle of birth and death.
Desire for pleasure, existence, and prosperity that leads to suffering.
Knowledge is not absolute but relative, as it cannot capture reality perfectly.
Both help human beings cross the ocean of samsara through their conduct and teachings.
By removing ignorance through acquiring the right knowledge.
The path for removing ignorance.
