p.15
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
What does the Medical Society for Sports Medicine present?
The latest evidence-based research on cardiovascular participation screening in athletes.
p.5
Public Health Recommendations
What is the relationship between physical activity and health according to the reports?
Some activity is better than none, and more activity, up to a point, is better than less.
p.7
Public Health Recommendations
How much vigorous intensity aerobic activity should adults aim for to gain additional health benefits?
150 minutes per week or more.
p.5
Public Health Recommendations
What organizations issued landmark publications on physical activity and health over 20 years ago?
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
p.1
Physical Activity Terminology
What distinguishes exercise from physical activity?
Exercise is a type of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, aimed at improving or maintaining physical fitness.
p.9
Public Health Recommendations
What do the updated guidelines for adults recommend regarding aerobic activity?
They reflect the older adult's cardiovascular fitness level.
p.12
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What chronic diseases can effective therapy improve in older adults?
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
p.4
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
At the same MET level, who works at a greater relative percentage of maximal oxygen consumption?
Older individuals work at a greater relative percentage than younger counterparts.
p.14
Risks Associated with Exercise
What is the relationship between physical activity and musculoskeletal injury (MSI) risk?
The risk for developing MSI is inversely related to physical fitness level.
p.5
Public Health Recommendations
How often should adults perform activities to maintain or increase muscular strength and endurance?
A minimum of 2 days per week.
p.5
Public Health Recommendations
What is the recommended amount of moderate physical activity for U.S. adults?
30 minutes or more on most, preferably all, days of the week.
p.10
Benefits of Physical Activity
What is the inverse relationship supported by evidence in relation to regular physical activity?
Regular physical activity is inversely related to premature mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other health conditions.
p.6
Public Health Recommendations
What did the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee find regarding PA?
They found compelling evidence of the benefits of PA for health and the presence of a dose-response relationship for many diseases and health conditions.
p.9
Public Health Recommendations
What age-specific recommendations are made in the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans?
Recommendations target adults (18-64 years), older adults (≥65 years), children, and adolescents (6-17 years).
p.7
Public Health Recommendations
Why might physical activity levels above the minimum recommendations be necessary?
To manage and/or prevent weight gain and obesity.
p.12
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What are the established health benefits of enhancing muscular fitness?
Improved cardiovascular risk profile, lower all-cause mortality, fewer CVD events, and reduced risk of physical function limitations.
p.4
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
How does maximal aerobic capacity change with age?
It usually declines with age.
p.10
Benefits of Physical Activity
What health conditions are associated with regular physical activity?
Conditions include CVD, hypertension, stroke, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and certain cancers.
p.7
Public Health Recommendations
What do the CDC-ACSM PA recommendations primarily refer to?
The volume of physical activity required to prevent weight gain and/or obesity.
p.15
Risks Associated with Exercise
Does exercise provoke cardiovascular events in healthy individuals?
No, it generally does not provoke cardiovascular events in healthy individuals with normal cardiovascular systems.
p.1
Physical Activity Terminology
How is physical activity (PA) defined?
Any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in caloric requirements over resting energy expenditure.
p.8
Public Health Recommendations
What organizations released publications examining the relationship between physical activity and public health in older adults?
The ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) and AHA (American Heart Association).
p.4
Benefits of Physical Activity
Can physically active older adults have aerobic capacities?
Yes, physically active older adults may have aerobic capacities.
p.6
Benefits of Physical Activity
What is the dose-response relationship in physical activity (PA) and health?
It indicates that individuals can improve fitness, reduce chronic disease risk, and prevent unhealthy weight gain by exceeding minimum recommended amounts of PA.
p.7
Public Health Recommendations
What type of activities should adults include for muscle strengthening?
Moderate or high intensity activities involving all major muscle groups at least 2 days per week.
p.11
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
How does physical activity affect insulin needs and glucose tolerance?
It reduces insulin needs and improves glucose tolerance.
p.14
Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes
What is the absolute annual risk of exercise-related death among high school and college athletes?
1 per 133,000 men and 769,000 women.
p.15
Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes
What are SCD and AMI in the context of exercise?
SCD refers to Sudden Cardiac Death, and AMI refers to Acute Myocardial Infarction.
p.5
Public Health Recommendations
What did the ACSM and AHA recommend in 2007 regarding physical activity?
Healthy adults aged 18-65 should participate in moderate intensity aerobic activity for a minimum of 30 minutes on 5 days a week or vigorous intensity activity for a minimum of 20 minutes on 3 days a week.
p.14
Risks Associated with Exercise
How does physical inactivity affect the likelihood of experiencing MSI?
Individuals who are physically inactive are more likely to experience MSI compared to their more active counterparts.
p.14
Musculoskeletal Injury Risks
What methods are commonly used to reduce musculoskeletal injuries?
Stretching, warm-up, cool-down, and gradual progression of exercise intensity and volume.
p.6
Benefits of Physical Activity
What additional health benefits can be obtained from greater amounts of PA?
Greater amounts of PA lead to additional health benefits beyond the minimum recommendations.
p.11
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
What is the impact of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training on patients post-myocardial infarction?
It reduces cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in these patients.
p.10
Benefits of Physical Activity
What is the significance of the exercise threshold in relation to health?
Increased exercise threshold for lactate accumulation and onset of disease signs or symptoms.
p.4
Intensity Levels of Physical Activity
What happens when older and younger individuals work at the same MET level?
The relative exercise intensity (% O2 max) will usually be different.
p.7
Public Health Recommendations
What is the recommended amount of moderate intensity aerobic activity for additional health benefits?
300 minutes per week or more.
p.1
Public Health Recommendations
Why is physical activity increasingly important in public health?
It plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases, health conditions, and their associated risk factors.
p.6
Public Health Recommendations
What are the recommended amounts of moderate-intensity aerobic activity for health benefits?
150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity.
p.11
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
What are the benefits of primary prevention in cardiovascular health?
Interventions to prevent the initial occurrence of cardiovascular diseases.
p.14
Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes
What organizations endorse cardiovascular screening for young athletes?
The International Olympic Committee and the American Heart Association.
p.11
Benefits of Physical Activity
How does physical activity enhance physical function in older individuals?
It improves physical function and supports independent living.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What is agility in the context of physical fitness?
The ability to change the position of the body in space with speed and accuracy.
p.8
Public Health Recommendations
What is the focus of the publications released by ACSM and AHA?
The relationship between physical activity and public health in older adults.
p.1
Benefits of Physical Activity
What is the purpose of the chapter on benefits and risks associated with physical activity?
To provide current information on the benefits and risks of physical activity and/or exercise.
p.5
Public Health Recommendations
How can moderate intensity aerobic activity be accumulated to meet the recommended 30 minutes?
By performing bouts each lasting at least 10 minutes.
p.14
Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes
What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals?
Congenital and hereditary abnormalities, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and coronary artery abnormalities.
p.10
Benefits of Physical Activity
What are some benefits of regular physical activity mentioned?
Improvement in cardiovascular and respiratory function, increased maximal oxygen uptake, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure at submaximal intensity.
p.9
Sedentary Behavior and Health Consequences
What is the association between prolonged sedentary behavior and health?
It is associated with deleterious health consequences independent of physical activity levels.
p.11
Benefits of Physical Activity
What psychological benefits are associated with physical activity?
Decreased anxiety and depression, improved cognitive function, and enhanced feelings of well-being.
p.12
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What type of muscle actions were found to be more effective in reducing blood pressure?
Mild-to-moderate intensity isometric muscle actions.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
Define muscular strength.
The ability of muscle to exert force.
p.11
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
What cardiovascular risk factors can be reduced through physical activity?
Reduced resting systolic/diastolic pressure, increased HDL cholesterol, decreased triglycerides, and reduced total body fat.
p.1
Physical Activity Terminology
What is the significance of defining key terms related to physical activity and fitness?
To clarify the concepts used throughout the guidelines.
p.6
Benefits of Physical Activity
What is the significance of maintaining a regular program of PA?
Individuals who maintain a regular program of PA that is longer in duration or of greater intensity are likely to derive greater benefits.
p.3
Physical Activity Terminology
What is the purpose of using METs?
To describe the absolute intensity of various physical activities.
p.12
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What recent evidence suggests about resistance training compared to aerobic training?
Resistance training is as effective as aerobic training in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and improving blood lipid profiles.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What are the health-related components of physical fitness?
Cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What is muscular endurance?
The ability of muscle to continue performing without fatigue.
p.10
Public Health Recommendations
What type of studies have documented the dose-response relationship between physical activity and health risks?
Clinical intervention studies and large-scale population-based observational studies.
p.10
Benefits of Physical Activity
How does aerobic capacity relate to the risk of premature death?
Higher aerobic capacity is associated with a lower risk of premature death from all causes, particularly from CVD.
p.7
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
What did Williams' meta-analysis reveal about physical activity and coronary artery disease?
It showed a dose-response relationship between physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness and the risks of coronary artery disease (CAD) and CVD.
p.9
Risks Associated with Exercise
What health risks are associated with sedentary time?
Increased risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer incidence, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
p.11
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
What is secondary prevention in cardiovascular health?
Interventions after a cardiac event to prevent another occurrence.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What does flexibility refer to?
The range of motion available at a joint.
p.1
Risks Associated with Exercise
What does the chapter conclude with?
Recommendations for reducing the incidence and severity of exercise-related complications for primary and secondary prevention programs.
p.7
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
What relationship has been documented in large-scale epidemiology studies?
The dose-response relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality.
p.12
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
How does resistance training affect health-related biomarkers?
It can improve body composition, blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure.
p.3
Physical Activity Terminology
What are some methods for describing the intensity of physical activity?
Percentage of oxygen uptake reserve (O2R), heart rate reserve (HRR), oxygen consumption (O2), heart rate (HR), and metabolic equivalents (METs).
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
Define coordination.
The ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing, together with body parts in performing tasks smoothly and accurately.
p.11
Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
What is the relationship between higher activity levels and mortality rates?
Higher activity and fitness levels are associated with lower death rates from coronary artery disease (CAD).
p.14
Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes
What do experts believe about the incidence of exercise-related sudden death in young athletes?
It is higher, ranging between 1 per 40,000 and 1 per 80,000 athletes per year.
p.9
Sedentary Behavior and Health Consequences
What activities contribute to prolonged sitting in an average person's waking day?
Television viewing and computer use.
p.12
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What effect does resistance training have on individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
It positively affects walking distance and velocity.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What does cardiorespiratory endurance refer to?
The ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What does balance refer to?
The maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving.
p.6
Public Health Recommendations
What is the energy expenditure equivalent for substantial health benefits according to the 2008 guidelines?
An amount equivalent to 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week.
p.3
Public Health Recommendations
Who is responsible for determining the most appropriate method for describing intensity of physical activity?
The exercise professional.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What is the generally accepted definition of physical fitness?
The ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy for leisure-time pursuits and unforeseen emergencies.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
Define reaction time.
The time elapsed between stimulation and the beginning of the reaction to it.
p.10
Benefits of Physical Activity
What physiological adaptations occur due to regular exercise?
Increased capillary density in skeletal muscle and decreased myocardial oxygen cost.
p.7
Benefits of Physical Activity
What is the overall conclusion regarding greater amounts of physical activity?
Greater amounts of physical activity or increased cardiorespiratory fitness levels provide additional health benefits.
p.11
Benefits of Physical Activity
What are the benefits of physical activity in reducing fall risks in older adults?
It reduces the risk of falls and injuries from falls.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What is body composition?
The relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What is speed in the context of physical fitness?
The ability to perform a movement within a short period of time.
p.10
Benefits of Physical Activity
What is the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function?
Regular physical activity is associated with improved cognitive function.
p.9
Sedentary Behavior and Health Consequences
How does high physical activity level affect the risks associated with sedentary time?
It decreases the adverse outcomes associated with sedentary time.
p.12
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What benefits does resistance training provide for individuals with osteoarthritis?
It can reduce pain and disability.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What is power in physical fitness?
The ability or rate at which one can perform work.
p.12
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
How does resistance training contribute to bone health?
It increases bone mass and strength, which can help prevent or reverse bone mass loss in individuals with osteoporosis.
p.2
Health-Related Components of Physical Fitness
What are skill-related components of physical fitness?
Agility, coordination, balance, power, reaction time, and speed.
