p.2
Definition of Environment
How can the environment influence health?
Through physical, biological, and social cultural factors.
p.48
Demographic Transition
What characterizes Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition?
Both death rates and birth rates are high.
What does the prevalence of diseases in long life indicate?
It includes a relatively long period of morbidity.
p.16
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What does the graph on the number of deaths by risk factor illustrate?
It shows the number of deaths attributed to various risk factors.
p.5
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
Can the same environmental hazard cause different health effects?
Yes, it can cause a range of different effects of varying severity.
p.44
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the Great Acceleration?
A period of rapid change in human activity and its impact on the Earth system, particularly since the mid-20th century.
p.49
Demographic Transition
What characterizes the population pyramid in Phase 2 of the Demographic Transition?
It shows a wide base with a decreasing death rate, leading to rapid population growth.
p.1
Definition of Environment
How do environmental factors affect organisms?
They ultimately determine the form and survival of the organism or ecological community.
p.61
Definition of Environment
What are the basic concepts covered in the course?
Introduction to fundamental ideas related to the environment and health.
What are the key components of health as defined by WHO?
Complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
p.44
Population Growth and Consequences
What are some indicators of the Great Acceleration?
Increased population growth, urbanization, and resource consumption.
p.62
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What period does the historical background of occupational health cover?
From about 1500 to the mid-1800s.
p.52
Epidemiological Transition
What does the term 'epidemiological transition' refer to?
Changes in mortality and morbidity patterns.
p.13
Environmental Health Sciences
What is the basis of environmental health risk assessment?
Environmental epidemiology and toxicology.
p.48
Demographic Transition
What occurs in Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition?
There is a decline in birth rates, and the population starts to stabilize.
p.28
Population Growth and Consequences
How is the fertility rate defined?
The number of births occurring per 1,000 women of reproductive age (ages 15 to 44) in a particular year.
p.53
Epidemiological Transition
What characterizes the first stage of the Epidemiological Transition Theory?
The age of pestilence and famine.
p.21
Environmental Health Sciences
Why do trends in environmental burden differ?
Trends differ due to variations in wealth, development, and resource management across regions.
p.41
Population Growth and Consequences
What is expansive agriculture?
The conversion of large areas of forest, wetlands, river valley bottoms, and grassland savanna to crop land.
p.41
Population Growth and Consequences
What factors contribute to forest loss worldwide?
Population growth and urbanization.
p.53
Epidemiological Transition
What are the three stages of the Epidemiological Transition Theory?
1. The age of pestilence and famine, 2. The age of receding pandemics, 3. The age of chronic diseases.
p.48
Demographic Transition
What defines Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition?
Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable population.
p.8
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What does the Pyramid of Adverse Effects illustrate?
The relationship between exposure to environmental hazards and the resulting health effects.
p.37
Population Growth and Consequences
How does a population cartogram differ from a traditional map?
It distorts the shape and size of countries to reflect population size instead of land area.
p.10
Environmental Health Sciences
How do Environmental Health Sciences contribute to public health?
By identifying and mitigating environmental risks to improve health outcomes.
p.27
Population Growth and Consequences
How can population data impact global policies?
It informs decisions on health, education, and economic development.
p.53
Epidemiological Transition
What defines the third stage of the Epidemiological Transition Theory?
The age of chronic diseases.
p.50
Demographic Transition
What is the final phase of demographic transition?
A combination of low birth rate and low death rate.
p.63
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What negative environmental impacts on human health were observed in ancient history?
Forest destruction and soil erosion.
p.35
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the source of the world population data from 1950 to 2050?
United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision.
What is a health effect?
The specific damage to health that an environmental hazard can cause an individual person.
p.55
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What risks do women of childbearing age face in this stage?
Considerable risks due to complications associated with pregnancy and childbirth.
p.13
Environmental Health Sciences
What is the basis of environmental health risk management?
Environmental engineering and regulation/risk communication.
p.15
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
Which types of cancer are significantly linked to environmental factors?
Cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer.
p.22
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is a key factor that affects the likelihood of suffering from environmental hazards?
Individual characteristics and health status.
p.50
Demographic Transition
What does Demographic Transition Theory describe?
The transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
p.11
Environmental Health Sciences
What is the focus of environmental toxicology?
The causal mechanisms between exposure and subsequent development of disease.
p.46
Demographic Transition
What characterizes less developed societies in terms of demographic transition?
High fertility and mortality rates.
p.6
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What are clinical manifestations?
Visible symptoms of a disease that can be diagnosed.
p.39
Population Growth and Consequences
What is one major consequence of population growth?
Environmental degradation.
p.8
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is represented at the top of the Pyramid of Adverse Effects?
A smaller number of individuals experiencing severe health effects.
p.38
Population Growth and Consequences
How can high population growth rates impact resources?
They can lead to resource depletion and increased competition for limited resources.
p.18
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is a major environmental health issue in developing countries?
More serious environmental health problems compared to developed countries.
p.7
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What is an indicator of beneficial environmental effects on health?
Longevity and sustained functionality.
p.29
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the formula for calculating growth rate?
Growth rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate.
p.29
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the most important contributor to population growth?
The birth rate, specifically the fertility rate (number of children per woman).
What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948?
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
p.37
Population Growth and Consequences
What does a population cartogram visually emphasize?
The distribution and size of populations across different countries.
p.52
Epidemiological Transition
What factors contribute to the epidemiological transition?
Changes in demographic, economic, and social structures.
p.51
Demographic Transition
What is the Demographic Transition Theory?
A theory that describes the stages of population growth and decline in industrialized and developing nations.
p.69
Environmental Health Sciences
What new topics have emerged during The Third Wave?
Air pollution, emission of greenhouse gases, and global warming.
p.50
Demographic Transition
What happens during the middle phase of demographic transition?
Population explosion occurs due to the decline in birth rate lagging behind the decline in death rate.
p.10
Environmental Health Sciences
What role do policies play in Environmental Health Sciences?
They help regulate environmental factors to protect public health.
p.61
Population Growth and Consequences
What are the consequences of population growth on the environment?
Increased resource consumption and environmental degradation.
Why is the environment significant for human health?
It impacts health outcomes and quality of life.
p.11
Environmental Health Sciences
What is the purpose of environmental law?
To develop appropriate legislation to manage natural resources and protect public health.
p.67
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What major event coincided with the First Wave?
The Industrial Revolution.
p.12
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
How are environmental agents transported to humans?
Via inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption.
p.62
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What significant contributions were made to environmental history?
Contributions were made post-1800.
p.37
Population Growth and Consequences
What is a population cartogram?
A map that represents the size of countries based on their population rather than land area.
p.49
Demographic Transition
What does a population pyramid for Phase 1 of the Demographic Transition typically look like?
It has a wide base and narrow top, indicating high birth rates and high death rates.
p.58
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is the increased demand for healthcare related to?
The diseases of older people.
What is environmental health?
The study and management of environmental conditions that affect the health and well-being of humans.
p.38
Population Growth and Consequences
What is population growth rate?
The rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period.
p.28
Population Growth and Consequences
What does the birth rate measure?
The total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a particular year.
p.12
Environmental Health Sciences
What does EHS stand for?
Environmental Health Sciences.
p.56
Epidemiological Transition
What was a significant outcome of the Age of Receding Pandemics?
A reduction in the prevalence of infectious diseases.
p.36
Population Growth and Consequences
How does climate affect human settlement?
Different climates can support varying levels of agriculture and habitation.
p.51
Demographic Transition
What risks do less developed regions face if they do not complete their demographic transitions in a timely manner?
Social upheaval and environmental disaster on a global scale.
p.57
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What factors increasingly influence health patterns in the third stage?
Social and cultural behavior, such as food consumption and drinking behavior.
p.43
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What environmental problem can result from coastal erosion?
Salinization of aquifers and coastal crop land.
p.33
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
How do food supplies influence life expectancy?
Better food supplies and nutrition improve health.
p.23
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What role does age play in susceptibility?
Age can influence the body's ability to cope with environmental hazards.
p.24
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What does the historical background of environmental health encompass?
The evolution of understanding the relationship between environment and health over time.
p.40
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the impact of increasing affluence and population on the Earth?
It is damaging Earth’s essential ecology.
p.19
Environmental Health Sciences
What does Environmental Risk Transition characterize?
Changes in environmental risks due to economic development.
p.13
Environmental Health Sciences
What are the two main components of environmental health sciences?
Environmental epidemiology and toxicology, and environmental engineering and regulation/risk communication.
p.26
Population Growth and Consequences
What was a significant cause of the sharp increase in annual population growth rate between 1900-1950?
Advancements in medicine and public health, leading to lower mortality rates.
p.10
Environmental Health Sciences
What is the focus of Environmental Health Sciences?
The study of how environmental factors affect human health.
p.29
Population Growth and Consequences
How do birth and death rates influence population growth?
They determine the overall growth rate of the population.
p.27
Population Growth and Consequences
Why is understanding world population distribution important?
It helps in planning resources, infrastructure, and services.
p.26
Population Growth and Consequences
What role did industrialization play in population growth during the early 20th century?
It created jobs and improved living standards, attracting more people to urban areas.
p.54
Epidemiological Transition
What is the first stage of the health transition?
The Age of Pestilence and Famine.
p.8
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is at the base of the Pyramid of Adverse Effects?
The largest number of individuals exposed to low-level hazards.
Why is the environment significant for human health?
It impacts health outcomes and quality of life.
p.66
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What are the three major waves of environmental health history since 1800?
1. First wave (19th century to mid-20th century), 2. Second wave (mid-20th century to the 1980s), 3. Third wave (1980s to present).
p.31
Population Growth and Consequences
How can fertility rates impact a country's economy?
High fertility rates can strain resources, while low rates may lead to labor shortages.
p.57
Epidemiological Transition
What characterizes the third stage of health transition?
The elimination of infectious diseases and the rise of chronic diseases among the elderly.
p.51
Demographic Transition
What is uncertain about the demographic transition process in developing nations?
How long it will take to complete their transitions.
p.14
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What are some examples of environmental hazards?
Microbes, toxic chemicals and metals, pesticides, and ionizing radiation.
p.66
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What time period does the second wave of environmental awareness cover?
From the mid-20th century to the 1980s.
p.23
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What are some characteristics that influence susceptibility?
Preexisting respiratory or cardiovascular disease, age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and health care availability.
p.25
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the equivalent of the annual population growth in terms of city size?
Adding a city the size of Philadelphia every week.
p.18
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
How do developed countries finance pollution controls?
They are better able to finance pollution controls.
p.2
Definition of Environment
What does the term 'environment' refer to?
Everything outside of an individual that can affect health, including physical, biological, and social factors.
p.63
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
How did early civilizations contribute to environmental degradation?
Through forest destruction and soil erosion.
p.22
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
Why do some subgroups of the population have a higher risk of adverse health effects from environmental hazards?
Not everyone has the same chance of suffering from adverse health effects due to varying vulnerabilities.
p.22
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
Who are considered vulnerable subgroups at higher risk from environmental hazards?
The elderly, persons with disabilities and chronic diseases, pregnant women, and children.
p.42
Population Growth and Consequences
What is predicted about global demand for water compared to population growth?
Global demand for water is predicted to increase faster than population growth.
p.11
Environmental Health Sciences
What does environmental epidemiology study?
The associations between exposure to environmental agents and subsequent development of disease.
p.46
Demographic Transition
What is the impact of economic development on demographic transition?
It affects birth and death rates.
p.6
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is the difference between acute and delayed onset health effects?
Acute effects occur suddenly, while delayed onset (chronic) effects develop over time.
p.27
Population Growth and Consequences
What factors can influence population growth in a country?
Birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.
p.55
Demographic Transition
Which countries are mentioned as still being in this stage?
Some developing countries.
p.37
Population Growth and Consequences
What can be inferred from a population cartogram?
Insights into population density and demographic trends across the globe.
p.4
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What factors threaten health according to the WHO?
Pollutants, pathogens, and physical hazards.
p.44
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
How has the Great Acceleration affected the environment?
It has led to significant environmental changes, including climate change and biodiversity loss.
p.34
Demographic Transition
What was the life expectancy in the United States in 2009?
Approximately 78.5 years.
p.54
Epidemiological Transition
What is inadequate during the Age of Pestilence and Famine?
Provision of basic ecological resources like food and fresh water.
p.24
Population Growth and Consequences
What are the consequences of population growth on the environment?
Increased resource consumption and environmental degradation.
p.36
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the impact of geography on human settlement?
Geographical features like mountains, rivers, and plains influence population distribution.
p.57
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the impact of low levels of mortality and fertility on population growth?
There is little population growth.
p.7
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What are some indicators of adverse environmental effects on health?
Death, sickness, illness, dysfunction, 'not normal' or 'not well'.
p.62
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What are the two main areas of focus in the historical background discussed?
Occupational health and environmental history.
p.32
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What does age-specific mortality rate refer to?
The mortality rate for a specific age group within a population.
p.58
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is necessary to ensure for all age groups due to increased morbidity?
Sufficient social and health-care investment.
p.16
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
Why is understanding deaths by risk factors important?
It helps identify major health risks and informs public health strategies.
p.1
Components of Environment
What are some examples of factors included in the environment?
Climate, soil, and living things.
p.41
Population Growth and Consequences
How is agricultural production related to population growth?
Agricultural production is lagging behind population growth.
p.31
Population Growth and Consequences
What does the fertility rate indicate?
The average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime.
p.29
Population Growth and Consequences
Why have death rates stabilized?
This stabilization affects the overall population growth dynamics.
p.49
Demographic Transition
How does the population pyramid appear in Phase 3 of the Demographic Transition?
It starts to narrow at the base, indicating declining birth rates and continued population growth.
p.53
Epidemiological Transition
What is the second stage of the Epidemiological Transition Theory called?
The age of receding pandemics.
p.28
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the mortality (death) rate?
The number of deaths per 1,000 of a population in a particular year.
How is the environment connected to human health?
It is intimately connected with health, illness, and mortality.
p.23
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What does susceptibility refer to?
A tendency to be affected by something.
p.36
Population Growth and Consequences
What role do urban areas play in where people live?
Urban areas often attract people due to job opportunities and services.
p.17
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What did the US Environmental Protection Agency report about toxic chemicals in 2015?
Industry released 881 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the air and water.
p.24
Demographic Transition
What is demographic transition?
The shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country develops.
p.3
Components of Environment
What aspects of beliefs are part of the psychosocial environment?
Habits, attitudes, morals, religion.
p.39
Population Growth and Consequences
What impact does population growth have on biodiversity?
It leads to biodiversity degradation.
p.30
Population Growth and Consequences
How does urbanization affect fertility rates?
Urbanization typically leads to lower fertility rates.
p.64
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What treatise did Hippocrates write that discusses the impact of environment on health?
On Airs, Waters, and Places.
p.68
Environmental Health Sciences
What legislation was introduced during this period?
Legislation for food and drug safety.
p.47
Demographic Transition
What characterizes the Preindustrial Stage of demographic transition?
Little population growth due to high death and birth rates.
p.63
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What systems did the ancient Romans design to address environmental health?
Systems for the transport of water and sewage.
p.21
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
How does the environmental burden shift?
The environmental burden shifts as populations grow and economic activities change, often moving from developed to developing regions.
p.42
Population Growth and Consequences
Is water an infinite renewable resource?
No, water is not an infinite renewable resource.
p.1
Definition of Environment
What does the term 'environment' refer to?
The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community.
p.48
Demographic Transition
What happens in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition?
There is a fall in death rates, leading to population increase.
p.69
Population Growth and Consequences
What period does 'The Third Wave' refer to?
The most recent period from the 1980s to present.
What does life expectancy refer to?
The expectation of the number of years of life at birth.
p.46
Demographic Transition
What does demographic transition refer to?
The alteration over time in a population's fertility, mortality, and makeup.
p.28
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the total fertility rate?
The average number of births a woman would have by the end of her reproductive life.
p.69
Population Growth and Consequences
What are the key characteristics of The Third Wave?
High population growth rates, industrialization, and urbanization.
p.32
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
Why is it important to analyze mortality rates over time?
To understand trends in health and the impact of environmental factors.
p.42
Population Growth and Consequences
How does an increase in population affect water?
It affects both the quality and quantity of water.
p.10
Environmental Health Sciences
What are some key components studied in Environmental Health Sciences?
Air quality, water quality, chemical exposures, and biological hazards.
p.55
Population Growth and Consequences
What factors limit population growth and improvements in health?
Local carrying capacity of the environment.
p.32
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What can changes in age-specific mortality rates indicate?
Shifts in health outcomes, healthcare effectiveness, or environmental influences.
What factors determine human health in environmental health?
Physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment.
p.31
Demographic Transition
What is the significance of tracking fertility rates by country?
It helps understand population growth trends and demographic changes.
p.3
Components of Environment
What are the components of the physical environment?
Air, water, soil, housing, geography, debris, climate, heat, light, noise, radiation, etc.
p.38
Population Growth and Consequences
What factors influence population growth rates?
Birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.
p.46
Demographic Transition
What characterizes modern societies in terms of demographic transition?
Low fertility and mortality rates.
p.24
Definition of Environment
What are the basic concepts covered in the course introduction?
Basic concepts related to the environment and its significance for human health.
p.55
Population Growth and Consequences
What advances are limited by the local carrying capacity of the environment?
Improvements in health and advances in socio-economic development.
p.6
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What are subclinical manifestations?
Symptoms that are not easily detectable or visible.
p.11
Environmental Health Sciences
What is the goal of preventive medicine in the context of environmental health?
To govern and reduce disease development.
p.66
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What characterizes the first wave of environmental concern?
It spans from the 19th century to the mid-20th century.
p.8
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
How does the Pyramid of Adverse Effects help in public health?
It aids in understanding the impact of environmental hazards on population health.
p.61
Demographic Transition
What is demographic transition?
The shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country develops.
p.3
Components of Environment
What are examples of the chemical environment?
Air pollutants, toxic wastes, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
p.27
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the primary focus of the video 'World Population, by Country'?
To present the population distribution across different countries.
p.26
Population Growth and Consequences
How did improvements in agriculture contribute to population growth between 1900-1950?
They increased food production, supporting larger populations.
p.16
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What type of data is typically represented in such graphs?
Quantitative data on mortality rates associated with different risk factors.
What does the WHO state about the conditions necessary for health in 1992?
Health is only possible where resources are available to meet human needs and where the living and working environment is protected from life-threatening and health-threatening pollutants, pathogens, and physical hazards.
p.69
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What concerns are raised during The Third Wave?
Effects of toxic chemicals.
p.50
Demographic Transition
What characterizes the initial phase of demographic transition?
A combination of high birth rate and high death rate.
p.54
Epidemiological Transition
What characterizes the Age of Pestilence and Famine?
High mortality due to epidemics, famines, and wars.
p.36
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the primary factor influencing where people live?
Access to resources such as water, food, and shelter.
p.49
Demographic Transition
What is the shape of the population pyramid in Phase 4 of the Demographic Transition?
It is more rectangular, indicating low birth and death rates, leading to stable population size.
What factors does EHS study?
Factors in the environment that affect human health.
p.39
Population Growth and Consequences
What can insufficient ecological footprint lead to?
Deforestation and agricultural development.
p.9
Environmental Health Sciences
What is the goal of environmental health practices?
To prevent adverse health effects on present and future generations.
p.44
Population Growth and Consequences
What role does technology play in the Great Acceleration?
Technology has facilitated rapid industrialization and increased resource extraction.
p.61
Epidemiological Transition
What does epidemiological transition refer to?
The change in disease patterns as societies progress, moving from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.
p.66
Historical Background of Environmental Health
When did the third period of environmental concern begin?
In the 1980s and continues to the present.
p.36
Population Growth and Consequences
How do economic factors influence where people live?
Economic opportunities can lead to migration towards cities or resource-rich areas.
p.24
Epidemiological Transition
What does epidemiological transition refer to?
The change in disease patterns as societies progress, often moving from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.
p.30
Population Growth and Consequences
What factors contribute to declining fertility rates?
Increased access to education, family planning, and economic development.
p.33
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
Why is access to clean water important for life expectancy?
Access to clean water prevents waterborne diseases.
p.18
Population Growth and Consequences
What are two challenges faced by developing countries regarding environmental health?
Rapid growth in population and rapid economic development.
p.30
Demographic Transition
What demographic transition is often observed with declining fertility rates?
A shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
p.64
Historical Background of Environmental Health
How relevant are Hippocrates' principles today?
They remain credible despite advances in medical knowledge.
p.51
Demographic Transition
What stage are developing nations currently in according to the Demographic Transition Theory?
Stage II, characterized by explosive rates of natural increase.
p.11
Environmental Health Sciences
What does environmental engineering aim to achieve?
To govern and reduce exposure to environmental hazards.
p.54
Epidemiological Transition
What causes huge numbers of deaths during the Age of Pestilence and Famine?
Epidemics, famines, and wars.
p.10
Environmental Health Sciences
What is an example of an environmental hazard studied in Environmental Health Sciences?
Pollution from industrial sources.
p.39
Population Growth and Consequences
What is a consequence of population growth related to water?
Insufficient water supply.
p.54
Epidemiological Transition
What is a significant issue regarding infrastructure in the Age of Pestilence and Famine?
Lack of sufficient infrastructure for most services.
p.14
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
How does exposure to environmental hazards affect human beings?
All human beings are affected in some way by exposure.
p.23
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
How can preexisting conditions affect susceptibility?
They can increase the likelihood of being affected by environmental hazards.
p.14
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What health issues are associated with exposure to environmental hazards?
Associated morbidity includes acute and chronic conditions, allergic responses, and disability.
p.23
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
Why might gender influence susceptibility?
Due to biological and social factors that affect health outcomes.
p.17
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What should citizens and health officers do if air quality exceeds WHO guidelines almost every day?
Implement measures to improve air quality and advocate for public health policies.
p.45
Demographic Transition
What is demographic change?
Demographic change refers to the shifts in population characteristics, such as age, gender, and ethnicity over time.
p.68
Environmental Health Sciences
What efforts were made to protect during the Second Wave?
Ecologically sensitive areas.
p.68
Environmental Health Sciences
What issue related to toxic substances was addressed during this period?
Disposal of toxic wastes.
p.9
Environmental Health Sciences
What does environmental health assess and control?
Factors in the environment that can adversely affect health.
p.3
Components of Environment
What does the biological environment include?
Man, viruses, microbial agents, insects, rodents, animals, and plants.
p.12
Components of Environment
What types of agents are studied in EHS?
Chemical, biological, or physical agents.
p.56
Epidemiological Transition
What was the life expectancy at birth during the Age of Receding Pandemics?
It climbed rapidly from about 35 to 50 years.
p.40
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the ecological footprint?
A measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems required to support a specific way of life or business.
p.3
Components of Environment
What factors are included in the psychosocial environment?
Cultural values, customs, education, lifestyles, community life, health services, social and political organization.
p.40
Population Growth and Consequences
How is the ecological footprint quantified?
By the amount of natural capital used each year.
p.18
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What is one reason developed countries manage environmental health better?
Better awareness of environmental protection.
p.23
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What are some possible reasons for differences in susceptibility?
Immune system function, detoxifying organ efficiency, chances of exposure, and genetic differences.
p.65
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What is the key principle established by Paracelsus?
The dose makes the poison.
p.45
Demographic Transition
What is the significance of understanding demographic change?
It helps policymakers plan for future societal needs and challenges.
p.47
Demographic Transition
What does a complete demographic transition exhibit?
Both declining birth and death rates.
p.67
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What period does the First Wave refer to?
Approximately 1850 to 1950.
p.6
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is the difference between transient and permanent health effects?
Transient effects are reversible, while permanent effects are irreversible.
p.57
Epidemiological Transition
How do chronic diseases compare to infectious diseases in terms of lethality?
Chronic diseases are less lethal than infectious diseases due to improved healthcare.
p.9
Historical Background of Environmental Health
Which organization defined environmental health in 1993?
World Health Organization (WHO).
p.38
Population Growth and Consequences
What is a consequence of declining population growth rates?
Potential labor shortages and increased aging population.
p.54
Epidemiological Transition
What are the levels of mortality and fertility like during this stage?
High levels of both mortality and fertility.
p.30
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the general trend in global fertility rates over the past few decades?
Global fertility rates have been declining.
p.12
Components of Environment
What mediums can contain environmental agents?
Air, water, soil, or food.
p.23
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
How does socioeconomic status impact susceptibility?
It can affect access to resources and health care, influencing health outcomes.
p.67
Environmental Health Sciences
What was the focus of Shattuck’s 1850 Report?
The sanitary conditions of Massachusetts.
p.65
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What type of cancer did Percival Pott link to environmental carcinogens?
Scrotal cancer caused by chimney soot.
p.38
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the significance of understanding population growth rates?
It helps in planning for infrastructure, healthcare, and education needs.
p.8
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What type of health effects are typically analyzed using the Pyramid of Adverse Effects?
Both acute and chronic health effects resulting from environmental exposures.
p.56
Epidemiological Transition
What contributed to the sharp fall in deaths from infectious diseases during this period?
Increased economic growth.
p.51
Demographic Transition
What stages have all industrialized nations gone through?
All stages of demographic transition.
p.56
Epidemiological Transition
What other factor, besides infectious diseases, saw a decline in mortality rates?
Deaths from malnutrition.
p.43
Population Growth and Consequences
How has the world grain area per person changed since 1950?
Reduced by 50% due to rising population.
p.68
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What happened in Donora, Pennsylvania, in 1948?
An air pollution episode that caused numerous deaths.
p.68
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What increased awareness during the Second Wave?
The potential health hazards of toxic chemicals.
p.45
Demographic Transition
What is one consequence of an aging population?
Increased demand for healthcare and retirement services.
p.47
Demographic Transition
What happens during the Transitional Stage of demographic transition?
Industrialization begins, health care improves, leading to lowered death rates while birth rates remain high.
p.50
Demographic Transition
What is the relationship between birth and death rates during the transition?
The decline in birth rate lags behind the decline in death rate.
p.18
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What contributes to pollution in developed countries?
Industrial processes and motor vehicles.
p.61
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What is the historical background of environmental health?
The evolution of understanding the relationship between environment and health over time.
p.39
Population Growth and Consequences
What type of degradation is caused by increased population?
Natural resource degradation.
p.33
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What sanitation improvements can affect death rates?
Improvements in sanitation reduce disease transmission.
p.33
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
How does culture impact death rates?
Cultural practices can influence health behaviors and access to care.
p.33
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What policy can help reduce death rates?
Investing in family planning.
p.45
Demographic Transition
How does demographic change affect society?
It can impact economic growth, healthcare needs, and social services.
p.64
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What did Hippocrates observe about different types of waters?
Their beneficial or harmful qualities.
p.39
Population Growth and Consequences
How does population growth contribute to climate issues?
It can lead to climate change.
p.12
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What are the possible health effects of environmental factors?
Adverse health effects may be acute or delayed, clinical or subclinical, and reversible or irreversible.
p.67
Environmental Health Sciences
What significant legislation was enacted by the British Parliament in 1848?
The Public Health Act to promote clean water.
p.68
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What significant air pollution incident occurred in 1930?
The fatal incident in the Meuse Valley, Belgium.
p.18
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
What access do developed countries provide that aids environmental health?
Better access to medical care.
p.30
Population Growth and Consequences
What is the relationship between women's employment and fertility rates?
Higher women's employment is associated with lower fertility rates.
p.18
Demographic Transition
What is a consequence of rapid economic development in developing countries?
Pursuit of more natural resources but with less advanced technology.
p.64
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What health conditions did Hippocrates associate with north-facing cities?
Pleurisy and tonsillitis.
p.65
Historical Background of Environmental Health
Who was Alice Hamilton?
A notable figure in occupational health (1869 - 1970).
p.67
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What were some threats to public health during the First Wave?
Unsanitary conditions, detrimental social conditions, and hazardous work environments.
p.14
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
In what settings can individuals be exposed to environmental hazards?
At work, at home, during recreation, or while traveling.
p.17
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What are some environmental factors that trigger asthma?
Tobacco smoke and air pollution.
p.43
Population Growth and Consequences
What impact does rapid population growth have on fisheries?
Fisheries may be collapsed.
What is a consequence of shrinking forests?
Loss of animal and plant species.
p.33
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
How does reducing poverty affect life expectancy?
Reducing poverty improves access to resources and healthcare.
p.68
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What dangers received increasing attention during the Second Wave?
The dangers of pesticides.
p.47
Demographic Transition
What defines the Postindustrial Stage of demographic transition?
Further reductions in birth rates, approaching or below zero population growth.
p.14
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What is the potential outcome of exposure to environmental hazards?
It can lead to morbidity and mortality.
p.65
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What significant contributions did occupational health make to environmental health history?
It highlighted health impacts among workers in unsafe and hazardous working environments.
p.33
Indicators of Environmental Effects on Health
Why is elevating the status of women important for health outcomes?
It leads to better health decisions and access to care.
p.65
Historical Background of Environmental Health
What was the time period of significant contributions to occupational health mentioned?
From about 1500 to the mid-1800s.
p.45
Demographic Transition
What factors can drive demographic change?
Factors include birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.
p.64
Health Effects of Environmental Hazards
What environmental factors did Hippocrates note as affecting health?
The persistence of fogs and mists.
p.47
Demographic Transition
What percentage of the world population is in the Postindustrial Stage?
Approximately 13%, mostly in European countries.
p.47
Demographic Transition
What is the main change in the Industrial Stage of demographic transition?
The birth rate drops due to modernization and social changes.
