p.28
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the primary focus of the video?
The content of the video is not accessible for summarization.
p.10
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are anchoring proteins in the plasma membrane?
Proteins that attach to inside or outside structures, acting as stabilizers.
p.57
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
How do body systems respond to changes?
They respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range.
p.38
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is one of the primary functions of connective tissue?
Establishing a structural framework for the body.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What makes bone rigid?
Calcium salts and minerals.
p.11
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the primary function of microvilli?
To increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.
p.49
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What helps bone resist shattering?
Flexible collagen fibers.
p.55
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What does the cell body of a neuron contain?
The nucleus and major organelles.
p.27
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Where does meiosis occur?
In the gonads (ovaries and testes).
p.46
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is lymph?
Extracellular fluid collected from interstitial space.
p.59
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of positive feedback in the body?
The response of the effector increases the change of the stimulus, moving the body away from homeostasis.
p.7
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What do the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer face?
They face the watery environment on both sides.
p.53
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What are the main components of the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.54
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What are dendrites?
Short branches extending from the cell body that receive incoming signals.
p.59
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of negative feedback in the body?
The response of the effector negates the stimulus, bringing the body back into homeostasis.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the functions of cartilage?
Shock absorption and protection.
p.38
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What role does connective tissue play in protecting organs?
It protects delicate organs.
p.7
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
It is a phospholipid bilayer.
p.11
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are cilia?
Long extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules.
p.40
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Give an example of loose connective tissue.
Areolar tissue or adipose tissue (fat).
p.54
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of the axon?
Carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are dense connective tissues primarily composed of?
Collagen fibers that provide strength and support.
p.1
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Which university is associated with the lecture presentation?
University of Texas at Arlington.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the main function of dense connective tissues?
To provide tensile strength and resist stretching.
p.44
Types of Body Tissues
What role do platelets play in the blood?
Involved in the clotting response to seal leaks in damaged blood vessels.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple epithelium and stratified epithelium.
p.50
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is found in the central canal of an osteon?
Blood vessels and nerves.
p.60
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What happens when body temperature rises?
The control center (hypothalamus) responds by increasing heat loss, causing body temperature to drop.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What distinguishes dense irregular connective tissue from dense regular connective tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers arranged in multiple directions, providing strength in various directions.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What type of ground substance does cartilage have?
Gel-type ground substance.
p.10
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the role of recognition proteins?
They label cells as normal or abnormal, serving as identifiers.
p.54
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What is the primary function of neurons?
Perform electrical communication.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
p.58
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is extrinsic regulation?
Responses controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems.
p.38
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What type of energy reserves does connective tissue store?
Especially in the form of triglycerides.
p.55
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
How do the sizes and shapes of neurons vary?
They vary widely among different types of neurons.
p.11
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of motile cilia?
Move materials over cell surfaces.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
Storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes.
p.45
Types of Body Tissues
What is the function of basophils?
They promote inflammation, similar to mast cells in other connective tissues.
p.56
Types of Body Tissues
What is an organ composed of?
Two or more tissues that serve different functions.
p.58
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is autoregulation in the context of homeostasis?
An automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change.
p.38
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
In what way does connective tissue interact with other tissue types?
By supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting them.
p.62
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
A state of equilibrium where opposing forces are in balance.
p.51
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
Specialized for contraction and produces all body movement.
p.22
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of RNA polymerase in mRNA transcription?
RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from the DNA template strand.
p.22
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is a promoter in the context of transcription?
A sequence of DNA that initiates transcription of a gene.
What is the primary focus of the video?
The content of the video is not provided, so I cannot generate flashcards based on it.
p.1
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Who are the authors of the textbook mentioned in the presentation?
Martini FH, Nath JL, and Bartholomew EF.
p.51
Types of Body Tissues
Where is smooth muscle tissue located?
In the walls of hollow, contracting organs such as blood vessels, urinary bladder, and tracts of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary function of supporting connective tissues?
To support soft tissues and body weight.
p.61
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What do the released chemicals in blood clotting start?
Chain reactions involving cells, cell fragments, and soluble proteins.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
What is the focus of Chapters 1 and 4 in the recommended textbook?
Tissues and Body Organization.
p.56
Types of Body Tissues
Which four primary tissues are found in the skin?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
p.53
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
Where is neural tissue primarily concentrated?
In the central nervous system.
p.54
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What does the cell body of a neuron contain?
The nucleus and nucleolus.
p.13
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
It surrounds the nucleus and consists of a double membrane.
p.24
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What happens during DNA replication?
Genetic material is duplicated exactly.
p.10
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of channels in the plasma membrane?
They regulate water flow and solutes through the membrane.
p.22
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What are codons?
Triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids.
p.22
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is the difference between the coding strand and the template strand?
The coding strand has the same sequence as the mRNA, while the template strand is used for transcription.
p.50
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is an osteon?
The basic structural unit of compact bone.
p.55
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What are the main functions of neuroglia?
Maintain physical structure of tissues, repair tissue framework after injury, perform phagocytosis, provide nutrients to neurons, and regulate the composition of interstitial fluid surrounding neurons.
p.17
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
To synthesize proteins and lipids.
p.30
Types of Body Tissues
Who are the authors of the recommended textbook?
Martini FH, Nath JL, and Bartholomew EF.
p.13
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is chromatin?
A complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus.
p.58
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What role does a receptor play in homeostasis?
It receives the stimulus.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the main components of the Golgi apparatus?
Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What role does the Golgi apparatus play in secretion?
It packages materials into vesicles for export from the cell.
p.29
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is Meiosis II?
The second division in the meiosis process, following Meiosis I, where sister chromatids are separated.
p.36
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
No, they do not have ducts.
p.45
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
To help defend the body from infection and disease.
p.9
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
To maintain membrane fluidity.
p.33
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides attachment for the epithelial cells.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport; detoxification of drugs or toxins.
p.46
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What system transports lymph?
The lymphatic (lymphoid) system.
p.4
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are somatic cells?
All body cells except sex cells.
p.53
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What is the primary function of neural tissue?
Conducting electrical impulses.
p.61
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the result of the positive feedback loop in blood clotting?
The formation of a blood clot that patches the vessel wall and stops bleeding.
p.37
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What do the extracellular components of connective tissue consist of?
Fibers and ground substance.
p.54
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What role do neuroglia play?
They are supporting cells that repair and supply nutrients to neurons.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How does the Golgi apparatus interact with the endoplasmic reticulum?
It receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing.
p.45
Types of Body Tissues
What are monocytes in the blood?
Phagocytes similar to free macrophages in other tissues.
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are loose connective tissues?
A type of connective tissue that provides support and flexibility, containing a variety of cell types and fibers.
p.32
Types of Body Tissues
How do tissues relate to organs?
Tissues in combination form organs, such as the heart or liver.
p.13
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is nucleoplasm?
The substance within the nucleus containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin.
p.32
Types of Body Tissues
Name one of the 11 organ systems.
Integumentary, Nervous, Endocrine, Skeletal, Muscular, Circulatory, Immune, Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive, or Reproductive Systems.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Where can dense regular connective tissue be found in the body?
In tendons and ligaments.
p.2
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, provides protection, and facilitates communication.
p.6
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of free ribosomes?
Synthesize proteins that will function within the cytosol.
p.53
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
How does neural tissue respond to the environment?
It rapidly senses internal or external changes.
p.55
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of the axon in a neuron?
Conducts information to other cells.
p.40
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What characterizes loose connective tissue?
More ground substance and fewer fibers.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What type of organelles are free ribosomes classified as?
Nonmembranous organelles.
p.62
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
How do physiological systems contribute to homeostasis?
They work to restore balance.
p.15
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What does the genetic code refer to?
The chemical language of DNA instructions.
p.32
Types of Body Tissues
What are the four types of tissue?
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Neural tissue.
p.21
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of transcription in protein synthesis?
Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus.
p.60
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What occurs if body temperature exceeds 37.2 °C?
Heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating.
p.33
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What does polarity in epithelial tissue refer to?
The presence of apical and basal surfaces.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the function of columnar epithelial cells?
Absorption and secretion, often found in the digestive tract.
p.2
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What are the basic features of cell division?
Cell division includes processes like mitosis and meiosis, which are essential for growth, repair, and reproduction.
p.12
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
It is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of platelets?
To aid in blood clotting.
p.57
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What are examples of conditions that body systems maintain within a normal range?
Body temperature and fluid balance.
p.49
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How are bone cells or osteocytes arranged?
They are arranged around central canals within the matrix.
p.49
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the periosteum?
It covers bone surfaces and consists of a fibrous layer and a cellular layer.
p.17
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What distinguishes Rough ER from Smooth ER?
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface, while Smooth ER does not.
p.39
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the role of supporting connective tissues?
To provide structural strength.
p.10
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What do carrier proteins do?
They transport specific solutes through the membrane.
p.44
Types of Body Tissues
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Transport of oxygen and, to a lesser degree, carbon dioxide.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are peroxisomes responsible for?
Catabolism of fats and neutralization of toxic compounds.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of lysosomes?
Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens.
p.22
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What happens to the DNA strands after transcription?
The two DNA strands re-associate.
p.6
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are membranous organelles?
Cell structures that are surrounded by a membrane.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the function of squamous epithelial cells?
Facilitating diffusion and filtration due to their thinness.
p.14
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What does it mean for DNA to be supercoiled?
It refers to the tightly packed structure of DNA, allowing it to fit within the nucleus.
p.6
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are microfilaments and microtubules?
Components of the cytoskeleton organized in fine filaments or slender tubes.
p.8
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What types of materials are found in cytosol?
Nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products.
p.8
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the composition of cytosol in terms of potassium and sodium?
High potassium and low sodium.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the main types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
p.57
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment.
p.49
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary characteristic of bone or osseous tissue?
It is strong due to calcified calcium salt deposits.
p.39
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the three main classifications of connective tissues?
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues.
p.38
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How does connective tissue assist in the transport of materials?
By transporting fluids and dissolved materials.
p.59
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What happens to the normal range during negative feedback?
Normal range is achieved.
p.27
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is meiosis?
A process by which two cell-division steps produce gametes (ova and sperm).
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Why is the Golgi Apparatus often referred to as the 'post-office' of the cell?
Because it processes and distributes cellular products, similar to how a post-office handles mail.
p.1
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the main focus of Chapter 3 in the lecture presentation?
The Cellular Level of Organization.
p.15
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is a gene?
DNA instructions for one protein.
p.7
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What does the plasma membrane act as a barrier to?
It acts as a barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds.
p.24
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What does Cytokinesis accomplish?
Divides cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Name two types of dense connective tissues.
Dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue.
p.15
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is a triplet code in DNA?
3 bases (a codon) that equal 1 amino acid.
p.21
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is gene activation in protein synthesis?
The process of uncoiling DNA to use it.
p.29
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What results from Telophase II?
Formation of four haploid daughter cells, each with a unique set of chromosomes.
p.8
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytosol?
Intracellular fluid containing dissolved materials.
p.61
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What initiates the blood clotting process?
Damaged cells in the blood vessel wall release chemicals.
p.37
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the three main characteristics of connective tissue?
Specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fibers, and fluid extracellular ground substance.
p.40
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the two main categories of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.56
Types of Body Tissues
What are systems in the context of organs?
Groups of organs that perform related functions.
p.62
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What does dynamic equilibrium refer to?
Continual adaptation to maintain balance.
p.58
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the function of the control center in homeostasis?
Processes the signal and sends instructions.
p.17
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is one of the functions of Smooth ER?
To synthesize lipids and detoxify certain chemicals.
p.50
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells located in lacunae.
p.62
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of systems integration in homeostasis?
Systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
p.6
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How does loose connective tissue differ from dense connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue has a more flexible and less dense arrangement of fibers compared to dense connective tissue.
p.33
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is a key characteristic of epithelial tissue related to cell structure?
Cellularity, which involves cell junctions.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What type of structure is the plasma membrane described as?
A fluid mosaic structure.
p.33
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is a notable feature of epithelial tissue regarding blood supply?
Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is transitional epithelium?
A type of stratified epithelium that can stretch, found in the bladder.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is cartilage?
A flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body.
p.3
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the main components of a typical mammalian cell?
Subcellular organelles and plasma membrane.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How does cartilage heal after injury?
Healing is slow due to its avascular nature and limited cell regeneration.
p.55
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What is the role of dendrites in neurons?
Dendrites are contacted by other neurons.
p.11
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are microvilli?
Extensions of the plasma membrane containing microfilaments.
p.53
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What role does neural tissue play in the body?
Processes information and controls responses.
p.37
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the matrix in connective tissue?
The combination of extracellular components, including fibers and ground substance.
p.15
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the primary function of the DNA in the cell nucleus?
Information storage and instructions for every protein in the body.
p.38
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How does connective tissue contribute to the immune system?
By defending the body from invading microorganisms.
p.36
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the two main types of glandular epithelia?
Endocrine glands and Exocrine glands.
p.50
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are canaliculi in bone tissue?
Small channels that connect osteocytes within the bone matrix.
p.60
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What are the receptors involved in body temperature regulation?
Temperature sensors in the skin and hypothalamus.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins.
p.5
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell.
p.60
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the normal range for body temperature regulation?
Usually between 36.7 °C and 37.2 °C.
p.2
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of the nucleus?
The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.
p.8
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytoplasm?
All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus.
p.12
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are nuclear pores?
Communication passages in the nuclear envelope.
p.31
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of positive feedback in homeostasis?
It amplifies changes to achieve a specific outcome.
p.61
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
How does the positive feedback loop in blood clotting work?
Each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the clotting process.
p.10
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What are receptor proteins responsible for?
They bind and respond to ligands such as ions and hormones.
p.24
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What are the three stages of cell division in body (somatic) cells?
DNA replication, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.
p.13
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the nucleolus responsible for?
Synthesis of rRNA and assembly of ribosomal subunits.
p.51
Types of Body Tissues
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?
Responsible for movement of large body muscles.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is simple epithelium?
A single layer of cells that allows for easy diffusion and absorption.
p.29
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the key event in Anaphase II?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Why is the plasma membrane considered fluidic?
Because molecules that make up the membrane can move with respect to one another.
p.9
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the function of gated channels in the plasma membrane?
To regulate the passage of ions and molecules.
p.5
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytosol?
The liquid component of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the matrix of fluid connective tissues composed of?
A watery matrix of dissolved proteins.
What are the four main types of body tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural.
p.12
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of nucleoli?
They synthesize rRNA and ribosomal subunits.
p.55
Neural Tissue Structure and Function
What are the components found in the cell body of a neuron?
Nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondrion, microfibrils, and microtubules.
p.37
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What determines the specialized function of connective tissue?
The matrix, which makes up the majority of tissue volume.
p.32
Types of Body Tissues
What are tissues?
Structures with discrete structural and functional properties.
p.18
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where is the Golgi Apparatus located within the cell?
Near the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell nucleus.
p.58
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What does the effector do in the homeostatic process?
Carries out instructions.
p.34
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the three shapes of epithelia?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
p.6
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, and controlling entry and exit of materials.
p.13
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are the main functions of the nucleus?
Control of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic information, and control of protein synthesis.
p.29
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What occurs during Prophase II?
Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down again.
p.50
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two layers of the periosteum?
Fibrous layer and cellular layer.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What are the shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
p.60
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What are the effectors that help regulate body temperature?
Sweat glands in the skin and blood vessels in the skin.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the main function of mitochondria?
Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell.
p.14
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is a visible chromosome?
A condensed form of chromatin that is observable during cell division.
p.6
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytosol?
The fluid component of the cytoplasm that distributes materials by diffusion.
p.14
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is a nucleosome?
A unit of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
p.14
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What role do histones play in DNA organization?
They help package DNA into nucleosomes, facilitating its compaction within the nucleus.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the composition of cartilage?
Composed of chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, and collagen fibers.
p.12
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are nucleoli made of?
RNA, enzymes, and histones.
p.7
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Where are the hydrophobic fatty-acid tails located in the plasma membrane?
They are located inside the membrane.
p.40
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What characterizes dense connective tissue?
More fibers and less ground substance.
p.24
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the purpose of Mitosis?
To divide genetic material equally.
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary function of loose connective tissue?
To support and bind other tissues and organs together.
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What types of cells are commonly found in loose connective tissue?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes.
p.44
Types of Body Tissues
What are platelets composed of?
Membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two types of organelles mentioned?
Membranous organelles and nonmembranous organelles.
p.29
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What happens during Metaphase II?
Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane of the cell.
p.2
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What structural features enable the plasma membrane to perform its functions?
The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
p.21
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What happens during RNA processing?
Introns are removed and exons are spliced together.
p.5
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of secretory vesicles?
They transport materials to be secreted from the cell.
p.5
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are centrioles?
Cylindrical structures within the centrosome that aid in cell division.
p.5
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the function of centrioles during cell division?
They are essential for the movement of chromosomes.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen throughout the body.
p.31
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
Why is homeostasis significant?
It is crucial for the proper functioning of the body's systems.
p.27
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What are germ cells?
Cells in the ovaries and testes that undergo meiosis.
p.51
Types of Body Tissues
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth muscle tissue.
p.13
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What do nuclear pores do?
They allow the transport of materials in and out of the nucleus.
p.50
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the bone matrix?
Provides structural support and strength to the bone.
p.29
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What are the main stages of Meiosis II?
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II.
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the main components of loose connective tissue?
Ground substance, fibers (collagen and elastin), and various cell types.
p.22
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is the significance of stop codons?
Stop codons signal the termination of protein synthesis.
p.36
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
Where do exocrine glands release their secretions?
Onto epithelial surfaces.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What does the plasma membrane separate?
The living cell from its surroundings.
p.21
DNA and Protein Synthesis
Where does RNA polymerase bind during transcription?
To the promoter region on the template strand.
p.60
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the response of the body when temperature drops?
Blood vessels constrict and sweating decreases.
p.8
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are organelles?
Structures within a cell that have specific functions.
p.12
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What does DNA contain?
All information to build and run organisms.
p.12
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What are nucleosomes?
DNA coiled around histones.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is stratified epithelium?
Multiple layers of cells that provide protection.
p.5
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are nonmembranous organelles?
Organelles that do not have a membrane, such as ribosomes and cytoskeleton.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes.
p.14
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is chromatin?
The uncondensed form of DNA found in a nondividing cell.
p.2
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the significance of mitosis?
Mitosis is important for growth and tissue repair by producing identical daughter cells.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
In the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the formed elements of blood?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.
p.12
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is nucleoplasm?
The fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA.
p.14
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What are sister chromatids?
Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.
p.14
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the function of the kinetochore?
It is a protein structure on the centromere that attaches to spindle fibers during cell division.
p.16
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesize?
Lipids and carbohydrates.
p.35
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is the role of cuboidal epithelial cells?
Secretion and absorption.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What does the term 'mosaic' refer to in the context of the plasma membrane?
The diversity of proteins in the membrane.
p.21
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of ribosomes in translation?
They read the code from mRNA and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
p.21
DNA and Protein Synthesis
Which organelles are involved in processing proteins?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Golgi apparatus.
What is the organization of the body based on?
Different types of body tissues.
p.31
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the role of negative feedback in homeostasis?
It helps to counteract changes and maintain stability.
p.6
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are nonmembranous organelles?
Cell structures that do not have a surrounding membrane.
p.14
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the centromere?
The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined.
p.2
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the main organelles of a typical cell?
Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes.
p.21
DNA and Protein Synthesis
How does mRNA exit the nucleus?
Through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
p.33
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
What is one function of epithelial tissue related to protection?
It provides physical protection.
p.2
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the significance of meiosis?
Meiosis is crucial for sexual reproduction, producing gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
To provide flexibility and support, found in structures like the ear.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Does cartilage have a blood supply?
No, cartilage is avascular and relies on diffusion for nutrient supply.
p.34
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
Describe columnar epithelia.
Tall, slender rectangles.
p.22
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What are the key nucleotides involved in mRNA transcription?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil.
p.5
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are membranous organelles?
Organelles that are surrounded by membranes, such as the nucleus and mitochondria.
p.2
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
Why is the genetic code important?
The genetic code determines the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for cell structure and function.
p.33
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
How does epithelial tissue control permeability?
By regulating the passage of substances across its layers.
p.5
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the centrosome?
An organelle that organizes microtubules and is essential for cell division.
p.8
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
What is the role of extracellular fluid?
It serves as a watery medium that surrounds a cell.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the role of white blood cells?
To fight infections and provide immune responses.
p.6
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of the cytoskeleton?
Provides strength and support; facilitates movement of cellular structures and materials.
p.33
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics and Functions
How does epithelial tissue regenerate?
Epithelial tissue has a high capacity for regeneration.
p.2
DNA and Protein Synthesis
What role does DNA play in protein synthesis?
DNA provides the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.
p.31
Types of Body Tissues
How are different types of tissues organized in the body?
They are organized into organs and systems.
p.5
Role of the Cell Nucleus and Genetic Code
What is the function of the nucleus?
It houses the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.
p.5
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of centrioles?
Each centriole is composed of 9 microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 array.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the role of fibrocartilage?
To provide tensile strength and absorb compressive shock, found in intervertebral discs.
p.31
Homeostasis and Its Mechanisms
What is the concept of homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.
p.5
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of microtubules and filaments that provide structural support to the cell.
p.31
Types of Body Tissues
What are the four major types of tissues in the body?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
