p.1
Diet and Dietary Supplements for Disease Prevention
How can diet and dietary supplements aid in disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that support immune function and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
p.2
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What role does calcium play in disease prevention?
Calcium is essential for bone health and may help prevent osteoporosis.
p.2
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
How can dietary supplements contribute to disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet, supporting overall health.
p.2
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What is a common dietary source of calcium?
Dairy products, such as milk and cheese.
p.2
Role of Calcium in the Body
Why is calcium important for daily life?
It is crucial for maintaining strong bones and teeth, as well as muscle function.
p.2
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What are some non-dairy sources of calcium?
Leafy greens, almonds, and fortified foods.
p.3
Role of Calcium in the Body
What is calcium?
The most abundant mineral in the body.
p.1
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What are the benefits of calcium and vitamin supplements?
They help in maintaining bone health, preventing osteoporosis, and supporting overall bodily functions.
p.1
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What health benefits do antioxidants like NMN provide?
They help in reducing oxidative stress, improving cellular function, and may enhance longevity.
p.1
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
How do artificial sweeteners relate to diabetes?
They provide a sweet taste without raising blood sugar levels, making them a popular choice for diabetics.
p.33
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What is the limitation regarding the long-term safety of NMN?
Long-term safety data is limited since NMN is a relatively new supplement.
p.8
Role of Calcium in the Body
Why is calcium important in the diet?
Calcium is essential for bone health and various bodily functions.
p.11
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
Who should consider taking calcium supplements?
Those not getting enough calcium from food and women who have reached menopause.
p.24
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What is the role of antioxidants in the body?
Eliminating free radicals from our body.
p.46
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What is the acceptable daily intake for certain substances?
53 (units not specified).
p.12
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
How does calcium consumption affect colon health?
Research suggests a 35% reduction in some colon cancers with higher doses (1,250 mg calcium/day).
p.14
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What is the role of minerals in daily life?
Minerals are essential for various bodily functions and overall health.
p.46
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
How can diet and dietary supplements contribute to health?
They can help in disease prevention.
p.41
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
Why do sweeteners taste sweet?
Because they bind to specific receptor proteins in our taste buds.
p.46
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What role does molecular science play in daily life?
It helps in understanding the impact of diet and supplements on health.
p.15
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What are the two main types of vitamins?
Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.
p.35
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is the primary issue in diabetes related to insulin?
The pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.
p.23
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
What role do dietary supplements play in disease prevention?
They provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet, supporting overall health.
p.17
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What role do vitamins B and C play in health?
They are important for preventing heart disease.
p.6
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
How does dietary variation affect health?
Dietary variation between regions can influence nutrient intake and disease prevalence.
p.21
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
What is a significant risk associated with fat-soluble vitamins?
Risk of toxicity due to excess levels building up in the body.
p.32
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
Why is it difficult to supplement NMN through diet alone?
Because beneficial foods alone may not provide sufficient NMN.
p.34
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is diabetes?
A chronic condition that affects how the body processes blood sugar (glucose).
p.28
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
Why is it difficult to maintain NAD+ as a straight supplement in capsule form?
Because it degrades quickly when exposed to light, heat, and water.
p.18
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What are some sources of Vitamin D?
Sun exposure, tuna, and sardines.
p.14
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
Can you name some examples of minerals?
Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron are examples of minerals.
p.28
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
What occurs to orally-administered NAD+ during digestion?
It is broken down into common NAD+ precursors.
p.29
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What are the precursors of NAD+?
Tryptophan, nicotinamide (Nam), nicotinic acid (NA or niacin), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN).
p.25
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
How does NMN affect NAD+ levels in cells?
It helps increase NAD+ levels.
p.10
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What is Percent Daily Value (% DV)?
It indicates how much a nutrient in a single serving contributes to your daily diet.
p.47
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What does the WHO say about replacing free sugars with sweeteners?
It does not help with weight control.
p.8
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What are dietary supplements?
Products taken to enhance the diet, often containing vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients.
p.7
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What organization focuses on osteoporosis awareness and prevention?
International Osteoporosis Foundation.
p.34
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
How can diet help in disease prevention?
A balanced diet can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including diabetes.
p.27
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What is the relationship between NAD+ levels and age?
NAD+ levels tend to decrease as a person ages.
p.13
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
Why do older adults experience more side effects from calcium carbonate?
They have lower levels of stomach acid.
p.19
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What type of nutrients are Vitamins E and K classified as?
Micronutrients, required in small amounts.
p.5
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What are dietary supplements used for?
Dietary supplements are used to provide nutrients that may be missing from the diet, including calcium.
p.20
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What nutrients are covered in the 2000 dietary reference intakes?
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids.
p.36
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is the onset age for Type 1 diabetes typically?
Juvenile or childhood onset.
p.33
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What were the results of NMN administration in the clinical study?
It was safe and effectively metabolized without causing significant adverse effects.
p.44
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What makes sucralose stable?
It remains sweet under a wide range of conditions.
p.44
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is a notable characteristic of acesulfame potassium?
It has a slightly bitter aftertaste.
p.45
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is Cyclamate?
An artificial sweetener that is calorie-free and about 30 times sweeter than sucrose.
p.12
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What is one advantage of consuming calcium related to bone health?
It reduces the risk of osteoporosis, a bone disorder characterized by porous and fragile bones.
p.47
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What do some scientists believe about sweeteners and weight management?
They can be used to manage weight in the short term.
p.18
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What is the function of Vitamin D in relation to minerals?
Helps in the proper absorption of phosphorus and calcium.
p.22
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What role do antioxidants play in cosmetics?
They help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals.
p.41
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What happens when sweeteners bind to taste bud receptors?
They release a signaling molecule to an adjoining sensory neuron.
p.35
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What role does insulin play in the body?
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose.
p.40
Diet and Dietary Supplements for Disease Prevention
What role do dietary supplements play in disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that may help reduce the risk of certain diseases.
p.35
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What can uncontrolled diabetes lead to over time?
Serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.
p.30
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What is one benefit of NMN related to chemotherapy?
It prevents chemo-induced mitochondrial defects in neurons.
p.43
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
How much sweeter is Aspartame compared to sugar?
Approximately 200 times sweeter.
p.45
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is Neotame?
An artificial sweetener that is calorie-free and 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar.
p.31
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What effect does NMN have on stroke damage in rodents?
It prevents stroke damage and improves cognition and mitochondrial health after stroke.
p.31
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What aging-related issues does NMN help reverse in rodents?
It reverses intestinal aging, protects against age-related kidney deterioration, and inhibits liver fibrosis.
p.6
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What is the role of diet and dietary supplements in disease prevention?
They help in reducing the risk of diseases and maintaining overall health.
p.21
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
What are common side effects of multivitamins?
Constipation, diarrhea, nausea, etc.
p.18
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
Which foods are rich in Vitamin A?
Carrot, sweet potato, pumpkin, and broccoli.
p.11
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What is more important than relying on supplements?
Eating a well-balanced diet.
p.12
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What condition in pregnant women can calcium help reduce the risk of?
Preeclampsia, which is associated with high blood pressure.
p.14
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
What are dietary supplements used for?
They are used for disease prevention and to support overall health.
p.22
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
How can diet contribute to disease prevention?
A balanced diet can provide essential nutrients that strengthen the immune system.
p.5
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What organization focuses on osteoporosis awareness and prevention?
International Osteoporosis Foundation.
p.38
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
How does high blood sugar affect the retina?
It damages blood vessels in the retina, causing blurry vision or stopping blood flow.
p.41
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What causes the sensation of sweetness in the brain?
Signals derived from the taste buds.
p.19
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
Which organs require Vitamin E and K for healthy functioning?
Many organs, including the pancreas.
p.15
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
How do water-soluble vitamins enter the body?
They enter the bloodstream and are not stored in the body.
p.33
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What was the focus of the first clinical study on NMN?
The study focused on the safety and metabolism of NMN in healthy Japanese men.
p.38
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is a common health issue associated with high blood pressure?
It can lead to various cardiovascular problems.
p.17
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What additional function do vitamins B and C serve?
They act as antioxidants.
p.44
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is sucralose?
An artificial sweetener that is calorie-free and about 600 times sweeter than sugar.
p.7
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What role does calcium play in disease prevention?
Calcium is essential for bone health and can help prevent osteoporosis.
p.47
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
Are sweeteners essential dietary factors?
No, they have no nutritional value.
p.16
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What is a vitamin?
A vitamin is an organic compound essential for normal growth and nutrition, typically required in small quantities in the diet.
p.47
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What side effect can be caused by aspartame or sucralose?
Headaches in a small percentage of individuals.
p.39
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
How much sweeter are artificial sweeteners compared to table sugar?
They can be 300 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar or sucrose.
p.4
Role of Calcium in the Body
How does calcium assist in blood clotting?
Calcium helps with the process of blood clotting.
p.25
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What are the components of NMN?
A nitrogenous base (nicotinamide), a sugar (ribose), and a phosphate group.
p.17
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
How many kinds of vitamins are there in the B group?
8 kinds (e.g., B1, B2, B5).
p.40
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
How do artificial sweeteners contribute to diet?
They provide sweetness without adding calories, which can help in weight management.
p.15
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
With other fats from food and stored in the body's fat tissue and liver.
p.29
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What happens in pathway 3 of NAD+ synthesis?
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is phosphorylated to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) by nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRKs).
p.40
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are some common types of artificial sweeteners?
Aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin.
p.30
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What was the dosage of NMN used in the study with postmenopausal women?
250 milligrams (mg) per day for 10 weeks.
p.15
Diet and Dietary Supplements for Disease Prevention
What role do dietary supplements play in health?
They can help in disease prevention.
p.35
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What are the types of diabetes mentioned?
Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes.
p.8
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What is the role of diet in disease prevention?
Diet and dietary supplements can help prevent diseases.
p.48
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
What is the classification of aspartame regarding its carcinogenicity to humans?
Possibly carcinogenic based on limited evidence.
p.21
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
How can large amounts of supplemental vitamin A be harmful?
They can be harmful to bones.
p.7
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
How can dietary supplements aid in disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet.
p.21
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
What effect does excess vitamin D have on the body?
It increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to hypercalcemia.
p.4
Role of Calcium in the Body
What is the role of calcium in enzyme activation?
Calcium is a key element that activates different enzymes.
p.13
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
What are common gastrointestinal side effects of calcium consumption?
Bloating and constipation.
p.34
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
What role do dietary supplements play in disease prevention?
They can provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet, supporting overall health.
p.28
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
How does NAD+ enter a cell?
Through special doorways known as transporters.
p.36
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is Type 1 diabetes?
An insulin-dependent form of diabetes that usually starts in childhood.
p.37
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What are common risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?
Being overweight, lack of exercise, and genetics.
p.30
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
How does NMN affect oxygen utilization?
It enhances oxygen utilization and exercise endurance in middle-aged runners.
p.35
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is hyperglycemia?
Raised blood glucose or raised blood sugar.
p.30
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What effect does NMN have on obesity and diabetes?
NMN improves muscle insulin sensitivity in older women.
p.17
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
How do vitamins B and C affect the immune system?
They help keep the immune system strong.
p.43
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is Aspartame?
A low-calorie artificial sweetener that is metabolized into amino acids, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and a small amount of ethanol.
p.45
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are the stability characteristics of Neotame?
It has high heat and pH stability compared to Aspartame.
p.18
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What are the main benefits of Vitamin A?
Enhances vision and supports the immune system.
p.7
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What are common dietary sources of calcium?
Dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods.
p.25
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What does NMN stand for?
Nicotinamide mononucleotide.
p.32
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What are NAD+ molecules in terms of size?
NAD+ molecules are too large to be taken directly.
p.39
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are artificial sweeteners?
Synthetic sweeteners with little or no calories.
p.23
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
How do antioxidants contribute to disease prevention?
They neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and potential cell damage.
p.19
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What are some dietary sources of Vitamin E and K?
Canola oil, olive oil, almonds, meats, and dairy.
p.3
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
Can our bodies produce calcium on their own?
No, our bodies cannot produce calcium on their own.
p.23
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
How can diet influence health?
A balanced diet can prevent diseases and promote overall well-being.
p.37
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is insulin resistance?
The body's inability to use insulin effectively, leading to difficulty in maintaining normal blood sugar levels.
p.43
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are some applications of Aspartame?
Used in drinks, desserts, sweets, chewing gums, and weight-control products.
p.9
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
What are some other forms of calcium supplements?
Calcium ascorbate, hydroxyapatite, gluconate, and phosphate.
p.31
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
How does NMN contribute to blood vessel health?
It restores blood vessel health and reverses vascular aging.
p.43
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is the shelf life of Saccharin?
It is fairly stable and has a long shelf life.
p.31
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What impact does NMN have on heart health?
It improves heart metabolism and protects against heart failure.
p.26
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
How does NAD+ contribute to DNA maintenance?
It controls DNA damage and is essential for the function of DNA repair protein PARP.
p.45
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are some applications of Cyclamate?
Used in baked goods, confections, desserts, soft drinks, and salad dressings.
p.32
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What is NMN in relation to natural food?
NMN is a precursor needed to raise NAD+ levels.
p.42
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is required for the specific binding of molecules to receptors?
A specific shape of the molecule.
p.23
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What are antioxidants?
Substances that prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals.
p.5
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
How much calcium do we need daily?
The daily calcium requirement varies by age and gender, but generally ranges from 1000 to 1300 mg.
p.30
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What is one benefit of NMN related to muscle function?
NMN improves muscle strength and performance in older men.
p.41
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What does the sensory neuron do after receiving signals from taste buds?
It sends impulses to the brain.
p.33
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
Is NMN generally considered safe?
Yes, NMN is generally considered safe with no major side effects reported in humans.
p.22
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
What are dietary supplements?
Products taken to enhance the diet, providing nutrients that may be missing.
p.13
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
What health issues can hypercalcemia cause?
Kidney stones and other renal damage.
p.28
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
What type of molecule is NAD+?
A large phosphorylated molecule.
p.27
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What role do dietary supplements play in health?
They can provide essential nutrients that may be lacking in the diet.
p.36
Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention
What role do diet and dietary supplements play in Type 1 diabetes?
They are important for disease prevention.
p.37
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
How long does it take for Type 2 diabetes to develop?
It develops over many years.
p.44
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are some applications of sucralose?
Used in frozen foods like ice cream and baked goods.
p.44
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is acesulfame potassium (acesulfame-K)?
An artificial sweetener that is calorie-free and over 200 times sweeter than sugar.
p.31
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
How does NMN affect cognition in rodents with Alzheimer's?
It improves cognition and reduces brain plaques and neurodegeneration.
p.45
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are some applications of Neotame?
Used in preserved fruits, carbonated drinks, baked goods, and confectioneries.
p.9
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
Why might calcium supplements include Vitamin D or magnesium?
Because they are important for calcium absorption.
p.8
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
How much calcium is typically found in 8 oz of milk?
Approximately 300 mg of calcium.
p.6
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What organization focuses on osteoporosis awareness and prevention?
International Osteoporosis Foundation.
p.16
Diet and Dietary Supplements for Disease Prevention
How do dietary supplements contribute to disease prevention?
Dietary supplements can provide essential nutrients that may help prevent deficiencies and support overall health, potentially reducing the risk of certain diseases.
p.24
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What are some food sources of Vitamin E?
Nuts, seeds, sunflower and other vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables.
p.11
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
Why might people with lactose intolerance need calcium supplements?
They might have difficulty getting enough calcium through their diet alone.
p.5
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What is the role of calcium in disease prevention?
Calcium is essential for bone health and may help prevent osteoporosis.
p.32
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What role does NMN play in the body?
NMN serves as a precursor to increase NAD+ levels.
p.21
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
How can vitamin K interact with medications?
It may interact with blood thinning medications and interfere with their effectiveness.
p.19
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What are the primary functions of Vitamin E and K?
Important for vision, reproduction, and the health of blood, brain, and skin.
p.12
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What significant benefits does calcium provide for pregnant women?
It significantly reduces the risk of high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and premature births.
p.32
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What is the relationship between diet and disease prevention?
Diet and dietary supplements can play a role in disease prevention.
p.40
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is the primary difference between sugar and artificial sweeteners?
Sugar is a natural carbohydrate, while artificial sweeteners are synthetic compounds used to provide sweetness without calories.
p.39
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
Where are artificial sweeteners mainly found?
In soft drinks, snack foods, sugar-free candies, and dairy products.
p.38
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What health problem can high blood sugar cause?
It can damage blood vessels and nerves that control the heart.
p.4
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What is one of the health benefits of calcium?
It helps our bodies release hormones.
p.25
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What is NMN a precursor of?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
p.27
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
How can diet influence disease prevention?
A balanced diet and dietary supplements can help prevent various diseases.
p.20
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What are some key dietary reference intakes mentioned?
Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride.
p.10
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What does Daily Value (DV) represent?
The recommended amounts of nutrients to consume or not to exceed each day.
p.36
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What causes Type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune reaction where the body mistakenly attacks itself, preventing insulin production.
p.17
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What foods are rich in Vitamin B?
Beans, eggs, meat, and dairy products.
p.20
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
Which vitamins are included in the 1998 dietary reference intakes?
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.
p.27
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What is NAD+ and why is it important?
NAD+ is a coenzyme involved in redox reactions and is crucial for energy metabolism.
p.40
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are potential risks associated with artificial sweeteners?
They may cause digestive issues or have unknown long-term health effects.
p.43
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is Saccharin?
A calorie-free artificial sweetener that is 300-400 times sweeter than regular sugar.
p.43
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What is a notable characteristic of Saccharin?
It has an unpleasant, bitter aftertaste.
p.44
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
In what conditions is acesulfame potassium stable?
It is stable when heated.
p.45
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are the stability characteristics of Cyclamate?
It is stable to heat and readily soluble in water.
p.38
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is a consequence of high sugar content in saliva?
Bacteria use sugar as food, which can cause tooth decay.
p.36
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What do individuals with Type 1 diabetes require for insulin management?
Daily insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump.
p.29
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What converts NMN to NAD+?
Three NMN adenylyltransferases (NMNAT 1-3).
p.37
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
How can Type 2 diabetes be prevented or delayed?
Through healthy lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise.
p.9
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
How dependent is Calcium Lactate on stomach acid for absorption?
Less dependent compared to Calcium Carbonate.
p.44
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are some applications of acesulfame potassium?
Used in baked goods, chewing gum, beverages, and frozen desserts.
p.26
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
What is the function of Sirtuins in relation to NAD+?
They repair damaged DNA and require NAD+ to activate.
p.22
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
Why are antioxidants important in daily life?
They help combat oxidative stress and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
p.13
Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Supplements
What is milk-alkali syndrome?
A condition related to excessive calcium intake.
p.24
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What are some sources of Selenium?
Brazil nuts, tuna, and eggs.
p.20
Types of Vitamins and Their Functions
What is included in the 2001 dietary reference intakes?
Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.
p.17
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
Which fruits are good sources of Vitamin C?
Cabbage, cauliflower, potatoes, and broccoli.
p.31
Health Benefits of Antioxidants (NMN)
What is one benefit of NMN related to brain function?
It improves brain function.
p.26
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
Where is NAD+ abundant in the body?
In mitochondria, the cell cytoplasm, and the nucleus.
p.41
Understanding Diabetes and Artificial Sweeteners
What is the role of signaling molecules in taste perception?
They trigger the sensation of sweetness by activating sensory neurons.
p.19
Daily Calcium Requirements and Sources
What are some plant sources of Vitamin E and K?
Broccoli, kiwi, cabbage, and green snap beans.
p.30
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What were the results of NMN supplementation in postmenopausal women with prediabetes?
Increased insulin sensitivity and signaling.
p.9
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
What does Calcium Carbonate require for absorption?
Stomach acid; it should be taken with food.
p.30
Benefits of Calcium and Vitamin Supplements
What did the study by Rashid et al. (2023) find regarding NMN pretreatment?
It greatly reduced cisplatin-induced DNA damage and increases in mROS.
p.9
Types and Absorption of Calcium Supplements
Can Calcium Citrate be taken directly without food?
Yes, it is less dependent on stomach acid for absorption.
p.26
Mechanism and Benefits of NMN
In which metabolic processes is NAD+ involved?
Glycolysis, the TCA Cycle, and the electron transport chain.
p.43
Artificial Sweeteners: Types and Risks
What are some applications of Saccharin?
Used in jams, jellies, cookies, and medicine.
