A protein shell.
John Needham.
The University of Sydney.
Multidrug resistant TB.
Unicellular structure.
No, viruses cannot replicate without a host cell.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic.
Staphylococcus.
Between 1935 and 1945.
<p>Fungus</p>
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
They can lead to infections.
Due to various factors including difficulty in treatment and diagnosis.
The lungs.
A set of criteria established by Robert Koch to identify the causative agent of a particular disease.
1664.
Photosynthetic organisms.
The smallest cellular organisms.
One-third of the world's population.
By airborne droplets, typically through coughing.
Spontaneous Generation.
Robert Koch
A life force.
Because the symptoms are non-specific.
No growth.
Vaccination, Fermentation, Pasteurisation.
Louis Pasteur.
Cough, chest pain, weight loss, and potentially death.
Louis Pasteur.
Despite being an ancient disease, it continues to pose significant health challenges today.
30x magnification.
The University of Sydney.
The organism must be re-isolated from the experimentally-infected host.
It means the disease can exist for many years without showing symptoms.
Extensively drug-resistant TB.
Bacteria.
Yes, bacteria can replicate without a host cell.
Robert Hooke.
1850s.
Pasteurisation.
Nutrients, energy, etc.
Solid growth media (agar) allows for the isolation of colonies, whereas previously bacteria were grown in broth.
Koala Chlamydia.
At specific sites specialized for that site.
Large complex cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and complex organelles.
DNA or RNA.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.
They are single cells that can function and replicate with their own metabolism.
Robert Koch.
Miasma (bad air).
For replication and metabolism.
Primary producers and decomposers.
40 trillion microbial cells.
Antibiotic resistance.
Microbiota.
100,000 lives.
The first evidence of bacteria and protists.
Over 200 million lives.
The 'One Health' concept is an approach that recognizes the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems are interconnected.
Lazzaro Spallanzani.
Penicillin.
It helped fight disease.
20 years.
The University of Sydney contributed to the development of staining methods for microscopy.
By providing better protection against pathogens.
Microorganisms that cause disease under specific conditions.
Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
Spores.
The germ theory states that specific diseases are caused by specific kinds of microbes.
Bacterium
Spontaneous generation.
Protozoa.
Streptococcus.
The University of Sydney.
Spontaneous generation.
Alexander Fleming.
Yes.
By breaking down particular nutrients they pick up from the environment.
Malaria, tuberculosis.
Viruses.
Penicillium notatum.
Acellular.
It is the consideration of animals, plants, and the environment when managing human diseases.
Complex organelles include those found in both unicellular and multicellular fungi.
Urbanisation, globalisation, climate change, and pollution.
Photosynthetic protists.
Other microorganisms.
Obligate and Opportunistic.
A microorganism that always causes disease.
No.
No.
Chytrid fungus (frogs), Varroa mites (bees).
Fermentation.
It helps break down starch into glucose and synthesizes vitamins.
The bacteria causing tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax were identified using these methods.
Mostly bacteria.
Yeasts.
Complex cellular structures.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Anaerobic condition.
Allowing air to enter but not bacteria.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Zika, Ebola, etc.
1928.
The Germ Theory of Disease.
Wee animalcules.
Micrographia.
Membrane-bound nucleus.
'One Health' is an approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
Normal flora can prevent the colonization of pathogens, aid in digestion, and contribute to the immune system.
Moulds and mushrooms.
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and algae.
Tuberculosis.
They are resistant to antibiotic treatment.
Self-replicating and having their own metabolism.
By binary fission.
'Swan-necked' flasks.
The organism must be isolated from the diseased host in pure culture.
Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that are typically found in and on the human body without causing disease.
To stimulate the immune system to protect against specific diseases.
Panama disease (banana).
He was also an excellent artist.
Staphylococcus.
As a ball of nucleic acid.
Large complex cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and complex organelles.
Microscopy.
A microorganism that causes disease under specific conditions.
Yes, microbes can have pathogens too.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
The University of Sydney contributed the use of agar as a solid growth media.
Staphylococcus.
By occupying niches and resources that pathogens would otherwise use.
That microbes are everywhere.
He was considered crazy.
Certain microbes in the microbiota can synthesize essential vitamins that the host can then use.
Yes, normal flora can become opportunistic pathogens if they enter sterile areas of the body or if the immune system is compromised.
Fungi.
Agar plates are used to culture and grow microorganisms.
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, which is significant as the first antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.
The 'One Health' concept recognizes that the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems are interconnected.
The organism must be found in all cases of the disease.
Host cell machinery.
The organism must produce the same disease in an experimentally-infected host.
Robert Hooke.
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease in their host.
Robert Koch used these methods to identify bacteria causing tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.
At birth, from diet, and environment.
Yeasts.
Moulds.
The 1980s HIV pandemic.
The theory that life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
Powerful microscopes with 300x magnification.
They have a small size and genome.
Large complex cells (Eukaryotes).
They have a huge impact.
'Mould juice'.
It helps break down complex carbohydrates like starch into simpler forms like glucose.
No, they cannot replicate or have their own metabolism.
Yes, fungi can be both microscopic and macroscopic.
Yes, Koch's postulates still underlie medical microbiology today.
Zoonosis is the cross-infection of diseases from animals to humans.
Yes, Eukaryotes can be both unicellular and multicellular.
A strain of Staphylococcus that has gained antibiotic resistance.
A host cell.
Fruiting bodies.
They have a membrane-bound nucleus.
It refers to the huge diversity in morphology, lifestyle, and evolution among eukaryotic organisms.
A set of criteria used to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.
Large numbers (abnormally high cell density), wrong location, compromised host health (immune system), and presence of virulence factors (such as antibiotic resistance).
Environmental origins, antimicrobials in agriculture, urbanisation, globalisation, climate change, and pollution.
They can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance, impacting the effectiveness of treatments for human diseases.
Normal flora are harmless or beneficial microorganisms that reside in the body, while pathogens are harmful microorganisms that cause disease.
It differs between individuals, locations, and times.
The 'One Health' approach is important because it promotes a holistic understanding of health that can lead to better disease prevention and control strategies.
Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms.
