p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the main steps involved in protein synthesis?
Transcription and translation.
p.4
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What does the plasma membrane mark?
The boundary between the outside and the inside of the cell.
p.4
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Why is the integrity of the plasma membrane important?
It is essential for the cell’s survival.
p.7
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What causes the concentration gradient across plasma membranes?
Inequal distribution of ions.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
A stack of flattened vesicles known as cisternae.
p.7
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is a concentration gradient?
A difference in the concentration of ions across a membrane.
p.15
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is primary active transport?
A process that directly uses ATP energy to transport a solute against its concentration gradient.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
To produce two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
p.62
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the genetic relationship of daughter cells produced by meiosis?
They are genetically different.
p.13
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where does the Golgi apparatus transport macromolecules?
To various destinations inside or outside the cell.
p.30
Cell Junctions and Communication
What are tight junctions?
Impermeable junctions that prevent substances from penetrating through the cellular layer.
p.53
DNA and RNA Structure
When is a karyotype typically performed?
During metaphase when chromosomes are duplicated, condensed, and most visible.
p.15
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What does primary active transport establish across a membrane?
An electrochemical gradient.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What type of organelles are lysosomes?
Single-membrane organelles that bud from the Golgi complex.
p.36
DNA and RNA Structure
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix composed of two strands of polynucleotides.
p.16
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What type of energy does secondary active transport rely on?
Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient.
p.62
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the genetic relationship of daughter cells produced by mitosis?
They are genetically identical.
p.5
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What types of molecules are embedded in the plasma membrane?
Various types of proteins.
p.14
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is the role of protein pumps in active transport?
They help move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.
p.34
DNA and RNA Structure
What is chromatin composed of?
Chains of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
p.47
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the main outcome of meiosis?
To produce four genetically diverse gametes.
p.1
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
p.28
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the primary role of the centrosome?
It plays an important role in cell division.
p.59
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the significance of Anaphase I?
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Essential for the cell's survival, growth, and overall functioning.
p.43
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does the genetic code specify?
The sequence of amino acids within a polypeptide.
p.62
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How many daughter cells are produced by meiosis?
4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different.
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does each tRNA carry?
A specific amino acid at one end.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are mitochondria commonly referred to as?
The 'powerhouses' of the cell.
p.12
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What are glucose transporters involved in?
Facilitated diffusion of glucose.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What type of membrane surrounds mitochondria?
A double membrane consisting of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.
p.34
DNA and RNA Structure
What are histones?
Proteins around which DNA is wrapped to form chromatin.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
How many stages are there in mitosis?
Five stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
p.53
DNA and RNA Structure
What does a diploid cell possess?
Two complete sets of chromosomes, each inherited from one parent.
p.64
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What causes cell aging over time?
A combination of factors including shortening of telomeres and accumulation of cellular damage.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are passive processes in the context of the plasma membrane?
Processes that do not require energy to move substances across the membrane.
p.43
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the genetic code?
The sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule.
p.55
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What occurs during Cytokinesis II?
The division of the cytoplasm following the second meiotic division, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
p.18
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 enters cells?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
p.40
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is a promoter in DNA transcription?
A segment of DNA where transcription begins, serving as binding sites for RNA polymerase and other regulatory proteins.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What do lysosomes store?
Hydrolases, which are enzymes that digest various biological molecules.
p.59
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What are the main stages of Meiosis I?
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
p.6
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What type of barrier is the plasma membrane?
A selectively permeable barrier.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the result of the fertilization event in sexual reproduction?
A diploid cell called a zygote.
p.35
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
Responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information.
p.14
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is an example of active transport?
The sodium-potassium pump, which moves sodium out of and potassium into the cell.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is gene expression?
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically a protein.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
To maintain cell shape and anchor/move organelles.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How is the Golgi apparatus related to the ER?
It is closely related in proximity and function.
p.44
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What marks the end of the translation process?
Termination, when a stop codon is reached.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How does meiosis affect the number of chromosomes?
It reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is one of the primary functions of mitochondria?
Generate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration.
p.55
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is Cytokinesis I?
The process that divides the cytoplasm of a cell into two daughter cells after the first meiotic division.
p.3
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What determines the function of a cell?
Its shape and specific organelles and subcellular structures.
What do amino acids form when covalently bonded?
A linear chain of polypeptides.
p.14
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What type of energy is typically used in active transport?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
p.36
DNA and RNA Structure
What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Pyrimidines: Thymine (T) & Cytosine (C); Purines: Adenine (A) & Guanine (G).
p.43
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
Can more than one codon specify the same amino acid?
Yes, more than one codon can specify the same amino acid.
p.1
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
p.17
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is endocytosis?
A process by which cells transport substances into the cell by engulfing them in vesicles.
p.9
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process of transporting molecules across a membrane via protein carriers or channels without energy input.
p.13
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What type of membrane does osmosis occur across?
A selectively permeable plasma membrane.
p.17
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What role do vesicles play in endocytosis?
Vesicles transport substances into the cell during the endocytosis process.
p.14
Cell Transport Mechanisms
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not.
p.30
Cell Junctions and Communication
Where are tight junctions predominantly found?
In kidney cells, stomach, and intestinal cells.
p.35
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)?
Stores genetic information.
p.5
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the characteristics of the polar 'heads' of phospholipid molecules?
They are hydrophilic (water-loving) and align on both sides of the membrane.
p.46
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
How is mRNA synthesized?
mRNA is synthesized through a process called transcription, where a segment of DNA is copied into RNA.
p.34
DNA and RNA Structure
In what state does chromatin exist in non-dividing cells?
A decondensed state throughout the nucleus.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What distinguishes Rough ER (RER) from Smooth ER (SER)?
Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while Smooth ER has no role in protein synthesis.
p.45
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does 'P site' refer to?
It refers to the peptidyl site in ribosomes where the growing polypeptide chain is held.
p.46
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What happens to mRNA after it is synthesized?
After synthesis, mRNA undergoes processing, including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation, before it is translated into protein.
p.34
DNA and RNA Structure
What happens to chromatin during cell division?
It condenses to form chromosomes.
What are proteins composed of?
Large, complex polymers made of amino acid molecules.
p.62
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What type of daughter cells does mitosis produce?
2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.
p.16
Cell Transport Mechanisms
How is secondary active transport often coupled?
To primary active transport.
p.14
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 bases in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.
p.59
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the primary purpose of Meiosis I?
To reduce the chromosome number by half and produce haploid cells.
p.5
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
It is a phospholipid bilayer made of two layers.
p.3
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the relationship between a cell's structure and its function?
They are related to one another, known as the Structure-Function Relationship.
p.40
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is a terminator in DNA transcription?
A segment of DNA where transcription ends.
p.23
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
To sort and package modified proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules.
p.9
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy input.
p.16
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What does secondary active transport move against?
Its concentration gradient.
p.53
DNA and RNA Structure
What is a karyotype?
A photographic representation of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.
p.59
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What occurs during Prophase I?
Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.
p.36
DNA and RNA Structure
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
A pairs with T and C pairs with G, both via hydrogen bonds.
p.10
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are passive processes in the context of the plasma membrane?
Processes that do not require energy to move substances across the membrane.
p.5
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?
It provides structural support.
p.44
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What occurs during the elongation stage of translation?
Amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain.
p.46
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is mRNA?
mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a type of RNA that conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.
p.18
Cell Transport Mechanisms
Why might individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions be more susceptible to severe outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection?
Due to higher ACE2 expression in the heart and lungs.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What type of cells are produced through meiosis?
Haploid cells (gametes, e.g., spermatozoa and ova).
p.36
DNA and RNA Structure
What components make up a DNA nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group.
p.35
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the two classes of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA).
p.10
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
p.45
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does 'E site' refer to?
It typically refers to the exit site in ribosomes during protein synthesis.
p.9
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane through water channels.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is apoptosis in relation to lysosomes?
The digestion of an entire cell.
p.12
Cell Transport Mechanisms
How is glucose transported into cells?
By facilitated transport down its concentration gradient with the help of a protein carrier called transporter.
p.43
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
How is the genetic code read?
In groups of 3 bases, known as codons.
p.12
Cell Transport Mechanisms
Is cellular energy required for glucose transport into cells?
No, cellular energy is not required.
p.43
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What do most codons specify?
A particular amino acid, including Start and Stop codons.
p.12
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What may occur when glucose transporters are altered within the cells?
Some forms of Diabetes may occur.
p.64
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What are the two essential processes in the life cycle of organisms related to aging and cell death?
Cellular senescence and apoptosis.
p.24
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is one function of lysosomes related to endocytosis?
They fuse with and digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis, such as phagocytosis.
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is located at the other end of a tRNA molecule?
An anticodon, which is complementary to the codon in the mRNA.
p.6
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What two factors determine the ability of molecules to pass through the plasma membrane?
Electric features and size of molecules.
p.59
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What happens during Metaphase I?
Homologous chromosome pairs align at the cell's equatorial plane.
p.5
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What do carbohydrates attach to in the plasma membrane?
Proteins and lipids on the exterior leaflet.
p.46
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the primary role of mRNA in gene expression?
The primary role of mRNA is to serve as a template for protein synthesis during translation.
p.42
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the relationship between a codon and an anticodon?
The anticodon is complementary to the codon in the mRNA.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the three types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the cell cycle?
A series of events that occurs in a cell as it grows and divides.
p.51
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is mitosis?
A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What occurs during transcription?
The DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What are the two rounds of divisions in meiosis called?
Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
p.17
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What are the two main types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
p.28
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two main components of a centrosome?
Two centrioles oriented at right angles to each other.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized.
p.13
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What occurs to cells in a hypotonic solution during osmosis?
They gain water and may swell or burst.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is facilitated diffusion?
A process where molecules pass through the plasma membrane via special protein channels.
p.64
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What is apoptosis?
A programmed cell death mechanism that eliminates damaged or malfunctioning cells.
p.52
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the main stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
p.10
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How does concentration gradient affect passive transport?
Substances move down their concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.
p.52
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.
p.6
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What types of molecules can generally pass through the plasma membrane?
Hydrophobic molecules, gases, and small uncharged molecules.
p.1
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What role do cell organelles play?
They perform specific functions necessary for cell survival and operation.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
A continuous network of membranes that interacts with other membranes in the cell.
p.45
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What does 'A site' refer to?
It refers to the aminoacyl site in ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids during translation.
p.30
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the function of desmosomes?
They prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are the two main stages of gene expression?
Transcription and translation.
p.5
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the characteristics of the nonpolar 'tails' of phospholipid molecules?
They are hydrophobic (water-fearing) and align in the interior of the membrane.
p.6
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is transported into the cell despite the plasma membrane's selectivity?
Essential cell proteins and large molecules.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How many phases are there in Meiosis I?
5 phases: Prophase I, Prometaphase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the main functions of Rough ER (RER)?
Protein synthesis and modification.
p.10
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.30
Cell Junctions and Communication
What do gap junctions facilitate?
Direct communication between cells and passage of ions and small molecules.
p.54
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How many phases are there in Meiosis II?
5 phases: Prophase II, Prometaphase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II.
p.17
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is pinocytosis?
A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs liquid and small particles.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.
p.30
Cell Junctions and Communication
Where are gap junctions predominantly found?
In neurons and muscle cells, including cardiac cells.
p.37
DNA and RNA Structure
What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases in RNA?
Uracil (U) and Cytosine (C).
p.47
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?
The chromosome number is halved in the daughter cells.
p.52
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs during metaphase?
Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.
p.29
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role do cilia play in the trachea?
They sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs.
p.37
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What role does Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play?
It is crucial for protein synthesis and is a fundamental component of ribosomes.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
p.29
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are cilia and flagella?
Cytoplasmic outgrowths extending from the plasma membrane.
p.47
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?
It increases genetic variation among offspring.
p.9
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
p.13
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution during osmosis?
They lose water and may shrink.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
p.51
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the main stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What occurs during transcription?
The DNA sequence is copied into mRNA.
p.17
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is phagocytosis?
A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles or cells.
p.46
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the significance of the codons in mRNA?
Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that specify which amino acids will be added during protein synthesis.
p.37
DNA and RNA Structure
What are the components of an RNA nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and phosphate group.
p.47
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the result of mitosis in terms of chromosome number?
The chromosome number remains the same as the parent cell.
p.49
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
How many pairs of chromosomes do somatic cells contain?
23 pairs (46 chromosomes).
p.64
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
Why is the balance between cell aging and apoptosis important?
It is pivotal in maintaining the health of an organism.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are lysosomes and proteasomes responsible for?
Breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the significance of the genetic code?
It determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which ultimately affects the protein's structure and function.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How does concentration gradient affect passive transport?
Substances move down their concentration gradient during passive transport.
p.39
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What are codons?
Sequences of 3 nucleotides in the mRNA.
p.29
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role do cilia play in the fallopian tubes?
They move eggs to the uterus.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are cell junctions?
Structures that connect cells to each other, facilitating communication and adhesion.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is mucus and where is it found?
A substance found within the respiratory epithelium.
p.13
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What drives the process of osmosis?
The concentration gradient of water.
p.17
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What types of substances can be transported via endocytosis?
Large molecules, particles, or even other cells.
p.6
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What types of molecules are impermeable to the plasma membrane?
Charged molecules and ions.
p.59
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What occurs during Telophase I?
The cell divides into two haploid cells, each with half the original chromosome number.
p.35
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?
Transfers genetic information from DNA to form a protein.
p.30
Cell Junctions and Communication
In which cells are desmosomes predominantly found?
In epidermis and cardiac cells.
p.37
DNA and RNA Structure
What is RNA composed of?
One strand of polynucleotides.
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope that regulate transportation of molecules.
p.51
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.
p.27
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the diameter of microfilaments compared to other cytoskeletal fibers?
They have a thin diameter.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Which types of cells may enter G0 phase?
Liver cells, pancreatic cells, neurons, and muscle cells.
p.56
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
How does crossing over affect genetic variation?
It may increase the genetic variation of a species.
p.9
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What are the types of endocytosis?
Primary, secondary (coupled), phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
p.56
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is a chiasma in the context of meiosis?
A site where arms of chromosomes separate but remain adhered at a crossover site.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Name three types of organelles found in the cytoplasm.
Nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus.
p.49
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
How are chromosomes inherited from parents?
One member of each pair is inherited from each parent.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What types of lipids does Smooth ER (SER) synthesize?
Lipids and steroids such as cholesterol and its derivatives (e.g., estrogens, testosterone).
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How does Smooth ER (SER) contribute to carbohydrate metabolism?
It is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, such as glucose.
p.39
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What do codons signal during protein synthesis?
The incorporation of specific amino acids or termination of protein synthesis.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are lipid droplets?
Inclusion bodies commonly found in fat cells.
p.10
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process of transporting substances across a membrane with the help of carrier proteins.
p.49
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs during cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm.
p.1
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of mitochondria?
To produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
p.29
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How do cilia differ from flagella in terms of size and quantity?
Cilia are short and numerous, while flagella are long and single.
p.10
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role do channel proteins play in passive transport?
They provide pathways for specific ions and molecules to cross the plasma membrane.
p.9
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is exocytosis?
The process by which cells expel materials in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.
p.1
Cell Junctions and Communication
What are cell junctions?
Structures that connect cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix.
p.29
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
How much shorter are cilia compared to flagella?
Cilia are about 20 times shorter than flagella.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
p.6
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What substances are allowed to exit the cell?
Proteins and waste products.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are the functions of Smooth ER (SER)?
Synthesis of lipids and steroids, detoxification of harmful substances, storage and release of Ca2+ ions, and carbohydrate metabolism.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is cytoplasm?
The fluid filling the inside of a cell that contains organelles, solutes, and nutrients.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.28
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs to the centrosomes as cell division begins?
They move to opposite ends of the cell.
p.22
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What role does Smooth ER (SER) play in muscle contraction?
It stores and releases Ca2+ ions that trigger muscle contraction.
p.51
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes de-condense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes.
p.37
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Directs the synthesis of a protein.
p.51
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is cytokinesis?
The process that follows mitosis, dividing the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
How is the sequence of amino acids determined?
By the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are centrosomes involved in?
Organizing microtubules and cell division.
p.52
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
How does mitosis contribute to growth?
By producing new cells for tissue growth and repair.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are proteasomes?
Barrel-shaped cellular protein complexes that contain proteases.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of proteases within proteasomes?
To degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty cytoplasmic proteins into small peptides and amino acids.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where do the degraded products from proteasomes go?
They are recycled back to the cytosol.
p.28
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where is the centrosome typically located within the cell?
In the cytoplasm close to the nucleus.
p.64
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What are telomeres?
Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes.
p.64
Cell Aging and Apoptosis
What is glycation?
A chemical process in which sugar molecules attach to proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids unnaturally.
p.47
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What type of cells undergo meiosis?
Germ cells (sperm and egg).
p.9
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is endocytosis?
The process by which cells take in materials by engulfing them in vesicles.
p.1
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the function of tight junctions?
To prevent the leakage of materials between cells.
p.29
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What is the primary function of cilia?
To move fluids along a cell's surface.
p.51
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs during metaphase?
Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
Ribosomes facilitate the translation of mRNA into proteins by linking amino acids together.
p.51
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the significance of anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
p.1
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
To synthesize proteins and lipids.
p.21
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are nucleoli and what is their function?
Dense spherical structures in the nucleus that are sites of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits.
p.28
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How many microtubules are there in one centriole?
27 microtubules (9 triplets).
p.49
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens to each pair of chromosomes before cell division?
Each pair duplicates into two sister chromatids held together by a centromere.
p.37
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis based on the genetic code in mRNA.
p.52
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate cells.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Where are glycogen granules abundant?
In liver and muscle cells.
p.26
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What important role do mitochondria play besides energy production?
They play an important role in apoptosis.
p.49
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What type of genetic information do daughter cells inherit from the mother cell?
The same genetic information.
p.52
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is mitosis?
A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
p.56
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
What is crossing over in meiosis?
Physical exchange between chromosome pieces of the crossing bivalent.
p.13
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is the significance of osmosis in cells?
It helps maintain cell turgor and homeostasis.
p.1
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the role of gap junctions?
To allow communication and transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.
p.30
Cell Junctions and Communication
How do cells interact and communicate with each other?
By forming junctions that provide mechanical links and enable surface receptors to recognize ligands on other cells.
p.37
DNA and RNA Structure
What are the purine nitrogenous bases in RNA?
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
To produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What types of solutes and nutrients are found in the cytoplasm?
Ions, vitamins, nucleotides, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, minerals.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the purpose of the G2 phase?
It is the second gap phase where the cell prepares for mitosis.
p.31
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the primary function of a blackboard in a classroom?
To display information and facilitate teaching.
p.52
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What happens during telophase?
Nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes, which begin to de-condense.
p.37
DNA and RNA Structure
What are the base pairing rules for RNA?
A pairs with U and C pairs with G via hydrogen bonds.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
How do proteasomes contribute to cellular health?
By degrading and recycling proteins, thus regulating various cellular processes.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is G0 phase in the cell cycle?
An alternative pathway for cells that postpone division or never divide again.
p.28
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of centrioles?
Made up of 9 circular triplets of microtubules.
p.32
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What happens during translation?
The mRNA sequence is decoded by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, forming a protein.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
It carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome.
p.11
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
What role do protein channels play in passive transport?
They help specific molecules cross the plasma membrane without using energy.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What happens during translation?
The mRNA sequence is used to assemble amino acids into a protein.
p.48
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
It is the first gap phase where the cell grows.
p.49
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What are the components of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells?
22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
p.29
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Where are cilia found in the human body?
In the trachea and fallopian tubes (oviduct).
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the cytoskeleton's role in the cell?
Provides structural support and aids in cell movement.
p.20
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What are inclusion bodies?
Structures within the cytoplasm that store various substances.
p.31
Cell Junctions and Communication
How can students interact with a blackboard?
By writing, drawing, or solving problems on it.
p.39
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the role of the coding strand in transcription?
It serves as a template for the synthesis of mRNA.
p.31
Cell Junctions and Communication
What are the advantages of using a blackboard in teaching?
Encourages participation and visual learning.
p.25
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What happens to proteins destined for degradation in proteasomes?
They are injected into the core proteasome and degraded into small peptides and amino acids.
p.33
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
They facilitate the translation of mRNA into a protein.
p.38
DNA and RNA Structure
What are the nitrogenous bases used in both DNA and RNA?
Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C).
p.52
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
What is the key event in anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
p.19
Cell Organelles and Their Functions
What is the function of cilia and flagella?
Facilitate movement of the cell or movement of substances across the cell surface.
p.31
Cell Junctions and Communication
What materials are commonly used to write on a blackboard?
Chalk or markers (for whiteboards).
