p.9
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What components make up the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
A byte code interpreter and a runtime system.
p.8
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What are hybrid implementation systems?
A compromise between compilers and pure interpreters.
p.8
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What primarily determines the speed of a computer?
The connection speed between memory and the processor.
p.8
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What are the advantages of pure interpretation?
Easier program implementation with immediate error catching.
p.10
Programming Environments and Tools
What are preprocessor macros used for?
To include code from another file.
p.2
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What factors contribute to the overall cost in programming?
Training, writing, compiling, and maintaining programs.
p.6
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What type of applications typically use compilation?
Large commercial applications.
p.8
Programming Domains and Examples
Which programming languages have seen a resurgence in pure interpretation?
Web scripting languages such as JavaScript and PHP.
p.7
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What happens during the code generation phase of compilation?
Converts the intermediate code into machine code.
p.1
Importance of Studying Programming Languages
What is one reason for studying concepts of programming languages?
Increased ability to express ideas.
p.5
Influences on Language Design
What transition happened in programming methodologies in the late 1970s?
From process-oriented to data-oriented programming, leading to the emergence of data abstraction.
p.3
Influences on Language Design
How does computer architecture influence programming languages?
Programming languages often reflect the underlying hardware architecture.
p.2
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What is the purpose of type checking?
To ensure type errors are detected.
p.5
Language Design Trade-Offs
What is the trade-off between readability and writability?
APL allows compact programs with powerful operators, sacrificing readability.
p.6
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is the purpose of compilation in programming?
Translates programs into machine language, including JIT (Just-In-Time) systems.
p.7
Language Design Trade-Offs
What is the trade-off of compilation speed versus execution speed?
Slow translation, but results in fast execution.
p.3
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What is a key cost criterion related to training programmers?
Time and resources required to train programmers.
p.3
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What is evaluated under the compiling and executing criterion?
Efficiency in compiling and running programs.
p.7
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is a load module?
The combined user and system code that can be executed by the computer.
p.2
Readability and Writability Criteria
What is a key aspect of data types in readability criteria?
Adequate predefined data types.
p.10
Programming Environments and Tools
What is NetBeans used for?
A visual environment for Java applications.
What are the central features of imperative languages?
Variables, assignment statements, and iteration.
p.3
Influences on Language Design
What is the Von Neumann architecture's role in programming languages?
It is the basis for imperative languages, where data and programs are stored in memory.
p.9
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is the advantage of high-level language programs being translated into an intermediate language?
It makes interpretation easier and faster than pure interpretation.
p.2
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What does reliability refer to in programming?
The ability of a program to conform to its specifications and function correctly.
p.4
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What are the steps in the fetch-execute cycle?
Fetch, increment, decode, execute.
p.2
Readability and Writability Criteria
What does orthogonality mean in programming languages?
A small set of primitive constructs combined in a small number of ways, where every combination is legal.
p.5
Influences on Language Design
What significant programming paradigm rose in the middle 1980s?
Object-oriented programming (OOP).
p.1
Importance of Studying Programming Languages
What is the overall benefit of mastering language concepts?
Advancement of computing.
p.3
Influences on Language Design
In the Von Neumann architecture, how is memory related to the CPU?
Memory is separate from the CPU.
p.2
Reliability and Cost Considerations
How do readability and writability improve reliability?
Natural expression of algorithms enhances reliability.
p.8
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What is the von Neumann bottleneck?
A limitation in computer speed caused by the slower memory-processor connection compared to program execution speed.
p.9
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is byte code in the context of Java?
An intermediate form that provides portability and can run on any machine with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
p.4
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is the first step in the fetch-execute cycle?
Initialize the program counter.
p.4
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What does the program counter do in the fetch-execute cycle?
Points to the instruction to be fetched.
p.2
Readability and Writability Criteria
What does support for abstraction mean in programming?
The ability to define and use complex structures while ignoring details.
p.1
Programming Domains and Examples
What is the primary focus of artificial intelligence applications?
Symbol manipulation rather than numbers.
p.8
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is a key characteristic of pure interpretation in programming?
No translation of source code to machine code.
p.4
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is the fetch-execute cycle associated with?
Von Neumann architecture computer.
p.3
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What does the writing programs criterion assess?
How easily programs can be written and applied to specific applications.
p.5
Influences on Language Design
What programming concepts were introduced in the late 1960s?
Structured programming and top-down design with step-wise refinement.
p.3
Language Evaluation Criteria
What does generality refer to in programming languages?
Applicability to various application domains.
p.3
Language Evaluation Criteria
What is meant by well-definedness in programming languages?
Precision and completeness of the language’s definition.
p.10
Influences on Language Design
What primarily influences language design?
Machine architecture and software development methodologies.
p.2
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What does exception handling do?
Catches run-time errors and applies corrective measures.
p.5
Language Design Trade-Offs
What is the trade-off between reliability and cost of execution?
Java checks all array references for proper indexing, improving reliability but increasing execution cost.
p.6
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What are hybrid implementation systems?
A compromise between compilation and interpretation.
p.9
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is the purpose of Just-in-Time (JIT) Implementation Systems?
To initially translate programs into an intermediate language and compile it into machine code when subprograms are called.
p.5
Influences on Language Design
What was the focus of programming methodologies in the 1950s and early 1960s?
Machine efficiency for simple applications.
p.10
Programming Environments and Tools
What is UNIX?
An older operating system and toolset, often used with a GUI.
p.1
Importance of Studying Programming Languages
What advantage does familiarity with programming concepts provide when learning new languages?
Increased ability to learn new languages more easily.
p.10
Language Evaluation Criteria
What are the most important criteria for evaluating programming languages?
Readability, Writability, Reliability, and Cost.
p.2
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What is the significance of aliasing in programming?
It prevents multiple references to the same memory location.
p.1
Language Evaluation Criteria
What does writability refer to in programming languages?
The ease with which a language can be used to create programs.
p.7
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What does a compiler do?
Translates high-level programs (source language) into machine code (machine language).
p.8
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is a disadvantage of pure interpretation?
Slower execution, often 10 to 100 times slower than compiled programs.
p.10
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
When do preprocessors expand macros?
Immediately before compilation.
p.2
Readability and Writability Criteria
What is meant by overall simplicity in readability criteria?
A manageable set of features and constructs with minimal operator overloading.
p.7
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is linking and loading?
The process of gathering system program units and linking them to the user program.
p.2
Readability and Writability Criteria
What does simplicity and orthogonality imply in writability criteria?
Few constructs with a small number of primitives and combination rules.
p.2
Readability and Writability Criteria
What is expressivity in programming languages?
Convenient ways of specifying operations with powerful operators and functions.
What defines logic languages?
They are rule-based, where rules can be specified in any order.
p.9
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
How does Perl handle program compilation?
Programs are partially compiled to detect errors before interpretation.
p.7
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What does syntax analysis do in the compilation process?
Transforms lexical units into parse trees, representing the program's syntactic structure.
p.10
Programming Environments and Tools
What is Microsoft Visual Studio .NET used for?
Building web and non-web applications in any .NET language.
p.6
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
How does pure interpretation work?
Programs are interpreted line-by-line by an interpreter.
p.7
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is the first phase of the compilation process?
Lexical analysis: Converts characters in the source program into lexical units.
p.7
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is the role of semantics analysis in compilation?
Generates intermediate code.
p.9
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
Which programming languages widely use JIT implementation systems?
Java programs and .NET languages.
p.3
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What does the maintenance criterion refer to?
Costs related to keeping programs updated and bug-free.
Name an example of an imperative language.
C, Java, Perl, JavaScript, Visual BASIC .NET, or C++.
p.6
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What do C++ pointers offer?
Flexibility, but reduce reliability.
p.6
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What is the typical use case for pure interpretation?
Small programs or cases where efficiency is less important.
p.6
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What type of systems typically use hybrid implementation?
Small to medium systems where efficiency isn't the primary concern.
p.9
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What happens to the compiled machine code in JIT systems?
It is stored for future calls, making execution faster on subsequent calls.
p.3
Reliability and Cost Considerations
How does poor reliability affect long-term costs?
It increases long-term costs.
p.3
Language Evaluation Criteria
What does portability refer to in evaluation criteria?
Ease of moving programs between different systems.
p.10
Importance of Studying Programming Languages
Why is studying programming languages important?
It enhances the ability to use various constructs and facilitates learning new languages.
How do functional languages perform computations?
By applying functions to parameters.
What are markup/programming hybrid languages?
Markup languages extended to include programming features.
p.10
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What does the C preprocessor expand?
#include and #define macros.
p.1
Importance of Studying Programming Languages
How does understanding programming concepts help in language selection?
It helps select the best language for specific tasks.
p.1
Importance of Studying Programming Languages
Why is a better understanding of implementation important?
It can optimize development.
p.3
Influences on Language Design
What is an example of a design methodology that influences language design?
Object-oriented programming.
p.5
Influences on Language Design
What shift occurred in programming methodologies in the late 1960s?
A shift towards people efficiency, emphasizing readability and better control structures.
p.7
Reliability and Cost Considerations
What does the term 'Von Neumann Bottleneck' refer to?
A limitation in the speed of data transfer between the CPU and memory.
p.2
Readability and Writability Criteria
What are syntax considerations in programming?
Flexible identifier forms, meaningful keywords, and self-descriptive constructs.
p.1
Importance of Studying Programming Languages
How can studying programming languages enhance the use of known languages?
It enhances the efficient use of languages you already know.
p.10
Implementation Methods of Programming Languages
What are the main methods of implementing programming languages?
Compilation, Pure Interpretation, and Hybrid Implementation.
p.1
Programming Domains and Examples
What are business applications primarily focused on?
Producing reports and working with decimal numbers and characters.
p.5
Language Design Trade-Offs
What is the trade-off between writability (flexibility) and reliability?
Writability can compromise reliability.
