p.7
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
Why is there wide variation in sound development among children?
Because norms are based on averages using large numbers of children and do not reflect individual differences.
p.7
Norms in Speech Sound Development
What is one benefit of using norms in speech sound acquisition?
Norms provide a good baseline from which to evaluate.
p.7
Norms in Speech Sound Development
How can norms help in communicating with parents about their child's speech development?
Norms help explain to parents how their child presents as delayed or disordered.
p.7
Norms in Speech Sound Development
How can norms assist in deciding what to work on first in speech therapy?
Norms may help decide what to work on first, from a developmental or complexity perspective.
p.7
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
Are norms the only factor to consider in speech sound acquisition?
No, norms are not the only thing to consider.
p.2
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
What are three predictors of language growth?
Frequency of consonantal babbling, babble complexity, and contoid diversity.
p.2
Phonological Development Phases
What is the holophrastic stage?
The period when a child uses single words to express whole ideas or sentences.
p.2
Consonant and Vowel Development
What are some examples of first words that may emerge?
Monosyllabic utterances, stops, nasals, fricatives, and mid-central vowels.
p.2
Consonant and Vowel Development
What are some syllable structures of first words?
Single or reduplicated structures, CV, VC, CVV, and CVCV.
p.2
Phonological Processes and Variability
What are 'invented words' that have meaning for the child?
Proto-words, quasi-words, phonetically consistent forms, vocables.
p.4
Phonological Development Phases
What phonological processes disappear by/around 3 years?
Reduplication, Weak syllable deletion, Final Consonant Deletion, Velar fronting, voicing, labial/velar assimilation.
p.3
Phonological Development Phases
What differences in vowel production appear first?
Height differences appear before front-back differences.
p.2
Phonological Processes and Variability
How do a child's productions change during Phase 3?
They become more systematic and based primarily on phonemes.
p.6
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
What characteristics were observed in 33-month-olds who did not catch up in speech development?
Smaller phonetic repertoire, greater sound variability, less syllable diversity, atypical error patterns, and little to no improvement.
p.1
Vocalization Patterns in Early Development
What is observed during the preling stage 2: cooing (2-4 months)?
Vowel-like sounds, brief consonantal elements, and sustained laughter.
p.2
Vocalization Patterns in Early Development
What are prosodic variations used in the first 50 words?
Pitch variations indicating differences in meaning such as requesting or greeting.
p.2
Phonological Development Phases
What significant development occurs during Phase 3?
Children significantly expand their phonetic inventory and use more complex speech sounds.
p.6
Phonological Processes and Variability
What characterizes a lateral lisp?
The tongue is too low, similar to the position for /l/, and it has a slushy quality.
p.4
Phonological Processes and Variability
Which type of unstressed syllables are deleted more frequently?
Unstressed syllables with reduced vowels.
p.2
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
What are individual differences in phonological development?
Rate of development, amount of vocalization, nature of babbling, sound preferences.
p.3
Models of Speech Sound Acquisition
What is the order of places of articulation in general trends of development?
Labials, Alveolar, Velar, Palatal, Dental.
p.2
Phonological Development Phases
What is the primary focus of Phase 3 in phonological development?
The growth of the inventory beyond the first 50-word stage.
p.4
Phonological Processes and Variability
What phonological processes persist after 3 years?
Prevocalic Voicing, cluster reduction, epenthesis, gliding, vocalization, stopping, depalatalization, devoicing.
p.6
Phonological Processes and Variability
What are the two types of lisp?
Frontal lisp and lateral lisp.
p.6
Phonological Processes and Variability
What characterizes a frontal lisp?
The tongue tip is between the teeth.
p.2
Norms in Speech Sound Development
What English consonants are pronounced correctly by ages 2-3?
p, b, m, d, n, h, t, k, g, w, ng, f, y.
p.1
Phonological Development Phases
What is the focus of Phase 1 of phonological development?
Laying the foundations for speech.
p.6
Phonological Development Phases
When should intervention occur for a lateral lisp?
Immediately, as it is not a developmental error pattern.
p.1
Phonological Development Phases
What is the focus of Phase 4 of phonological development?
Mastery of Speech and Literacy.
p.1
Prelinguistic Stages and Behaviors
When do the prelinguistic stages typically occur?
During the first 12 months of life, but may also include development in utero.
p.6
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
What are some red flags in phonological development by Stoel-Gammon?
Numerous vowel errors, deletion of initial consonants, substitution of glottal consonants or [h], backing, and deletion of final consonants.
p.6
Phonological Development Phases
What are the key aspects of Phase 4: Mastery of Speech and Literacy?
Stabilization of pronunciations, acquisition of phonetic inventory, and development of phonological awareness.
p.1
Vocalization Patterns in Early Development
What are examples of reflexive vocalizations in preling stage 1?
Cries, coughs, grunts, sighs.
p.6
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
What factors influence speech acquisition?
Age, gender, socioeconomic status, language development, and individual variability.
p.1
Prelinguistic Stages and Behaviors
What are some signs of prelinguistic speech perception?
Early response to sound, awareness of sound differences, preference for mother’s voice, preference for native language, perception of phonemic contrasts.
p.1
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
What are the key factors in laying the foundations for speech?
Physical growth, nervous system maturation, and experience/environment.
p.1
Vocalization Patterns in Early Development
What is observed during the preling stage 1: phonation (0-2 months)?
Reflexive vocalizations and vegetative sounds.
p.1
Vocalization Patterns in Early Development
What is observed during the preling stage 3: vocal play (3-8 months)?
Raspberries, squeals, growls, longer sequences of segments, prolonged vowels, and variations in loudness and pitch.
p.1
Vocalization Patterns in Early Development
What is observed during the preling stage 4: Canonical Babbling (5-10 months)?
Reduplicated babbling, emergence of variegated babbling, and beginning of communication.
p.1
Vocalization Patterns in Early Development
What are some characteristics of jargon in early speech development?
Strings of babbled utterances with intonation, rhythm, and pausing, often accompanied by gestures.
p.1
Vocalization Patterns in Early Development
What is observed during the preling stage 5: Advanced Babbling (9-12 months)?
Variegated babbling, expansion of consonants/vowels, and presence of jargon.
p.7
Factors Influencing Speech Acquisition
Why must we allow for individual differences in sound development?
Because norms do not reflect the development of individual children.
p.3
Models of Speech Sound Acquisition
What is the order of manners of articulation in general trends of development?
Stops, Nasals, Glides, Liquids, Fricatives, Affricates.
