Metabolic acidosis and excessive chloride and sodium.
6-14g/day.
Thirst, rough dry tongue, fatigue, restlessness, increased reflexes, extreme thirst, decreased urine, and dry mouth/skin.
(+) Chovstek’s sign and (+) Trousseau's sign, along with tingling sensations, tetany, and cardiac dysrhythmia.
3.5-5.0 meq/L.
Hypotension, flaccid paralysis, cardiac/respiratory arrest, ST segment depression, flat/inverted T wave, and increased U wave.
Chronic alcoholism.
K-wasting diuretics, severe vomiting, diarrhea, large doses of corticosteroids, IV insulin and glucose, and prolonged parenteral fluids.
135-145 meq/L.
Hyperparathyroidism.
Deep bone pain, constipation, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, thirst, pathologic fractures, and mental changes.
Hypoparathyroidism and laxative use.
Hyponatremia, metabolic alkalosis, muscle cramps, tetany, seizures, and coma.
Renal failure and excessive antacids and laxatives.
Asymptomatic mostly, but can include numbness, tingling, muscle cramps, spasms, and itching.
Profuse diaphoresis, excessive water ingestion, prolonged vomiting, Addison’s disease, SIADH, CHF, and renal failure.
Renal failure, severe burns, and Addison’s disease.
Myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma.
Multiple fractures, hyperparathyroidism, excess vitamin D, and prolonged immobilization.
Decreased sodium levels, DKA, burns, and GI tube drainage.
Tachycardia, neuromuscular irritability, paresthesia, leg and foot cramps, mental changes, and seizures.
Hypervolemia, hypernatremia, tachypnea, weakness, and lethargy.
Confusion and coma.
Tingling, tremors, bone weakness, confusion, memory loss, seizures, and coma.
Flushing, hypotension, lethargy, bradycardia, muscle weakness, and depressed respirations.
