In the upper left abdomen close to the diaphragm.
B-cells and macrophages.
Lymph follows afferent lymphatic vessels to get into the subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes.
The outer cortex and the inner medulla.
A single layer of endothelial cells whose edges overlap each other to form minivalves.
Aggregates of lymphoid nodules in the ileum of the small intestine.
The spleen.
The higher pressure in tissue fluid causes the minivalve flaps to press together, preventing backflow.
An outer cortex and an inner medulla.
It is responsible for draining lymph from the right lower part and the whole left side of the body.
It flows into trabecular sinuses close to the trabeculae and then into medullary sinuses or diffuses through lymphatic nodules before reaching the medullary sinuses.
It begins to degenerate slowly, and fat accumulates in the organ, causing it to turn yellow at old age.
In spaces between tissue cells, intertwining with blood capillaries in a capillary bed.
To filter out foreign substances and kill pathogens such as bacteria and viruses in the lymph.
The spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules.
By the squeezing effect caused by contractions of nearby skeletal muscles and pulsations of neighboring arteries.
T-cells.
About 1 cm long.
It arises as an enlarged sac called the cisterna chyli, situated at the first and second lumbar level.
They kill pathogens that travel along the digestive tract and generate a diverse range of memory lymphocytes from sampling different antigens.
It provides a site for the maturation of T-cells.
Lymphatic capillaries are small, closed-end vessels that collect and carry away excess tissue fluid.
The lymphatic ducts empty the lymph back into the bloodstream at the root of the neck.
Surgical removal (tonsillectomy).
Between the sternum and the upper part of the heart.
It is where aged, damaged, and abnormal red blood cells are broken down and recycled.
Superficial and deep lymph nodes.
It is responsible for draining lymph from the right upper part of the body.
Into venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on each side of the body.
It turns milky, hence lacteals are also known as white and milky veins.
The cortex.
When there is an increase in pressure in tissue fluid, the minivalves are pushed open, allowing tissue fluid to enter the lymphatic capillaries and become lymph.
Lymph enters through several afferent lymphatic vessels and exits through one to two efferent lymphatic vessels at the hilum.
To support the flow of lymph and enhance the filtering effect.
Lymph flows into efferent lymphatic vessels to leave the lymph node.
In the ileum of the small intestine and the appendix of the large intestine.
Lymph nodes are widely distributed in the body and usually occur in clusters or chains.
The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.
Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels present in the intestines.
They are important for the absorption and transportation of lipids or chylomicrons in the body.
Red bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphatic organs where maturation of lymphocytes takes place.
Tonsils are located in the pharyngeal region at the top of the throat.
It allows a rapid immune response against blood-borne antigens.
Lymph is drained into larger lymph trunks, which then unite to form two lymphatic ducts.
40 cm.
B-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow, while T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
To collect and remove pathogens entering the body from inhaled air via the nasal cavity and swallowed food via the oral cavity.
Lymphatic vessels have thin walls and abundant valves, each containing two semilunar flaps.
They all have a dense, fibrous capsule around them, providing physical support and forming paths for blood vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
When a person is young.
It can release as much as 100 mL of blood into circulation to supplement blood loss.
About 1 mm to 2 cm in length.
The palatine tonsils.
The white pulp and the red pulp.
Lymph is transported to larger lymphatic collecting vessels as capillaries merge together.
Reticular cells and fibers.
They monitor the contents of the lymph and clear harmful micro-organisms like pathogens or tumour cells.
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils.
