p.21
Foot Imaging Techniques
Why is the lateromedial projection of the foot considered uncomfortable?
It is considered to be the true lateral foot projection.
p.15
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the central ray (CR) orientation for the dorsoplantar projection of the foot?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
p.57
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What joint is demonstrated in medial oblique projections?
Proximal tibiofibular joint.
p.137
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the Pelvic Inlet View?
Perpendicular to 1½ inches superior to the pubic symphysis.
p.109
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What bones compose the upper pelvis?
Pelvic bone and proximal part of the femur.
p.58
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Which bones are joined by the knee?
The thigh bone (femur) and the shin bone (tibia).
p.55
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What positions can the patient be in for the leg AP projection?
Sitting or supine position.
p.24
Foot Imaging Techniques
What is the positioning of the patient for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
The patient stands upright with the IR adjusted under the foot, centered to the long axis of the foot.
p.6
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the PA projection of the toes?
Perpendicular to the 3rd MTP joint.
p.74
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the significance of the intercondyloid fossa?
It serves as an attachment point for ligaments and plays a role in knee joint stability.
p.29
Clubfoot and Its Variations
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Kite method?
Perpendicular midway between the tarsals (Bilateral).
p.87
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the patellofemoral joint?
The joint where the back of the patella (kneecap) and femur (thigh bone) meet at the front of the knee.
p.105
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
How does the shape of the male pelvis differ from the female pelvis?
The male pelvis is more heart-shaped, while the female pelvis is more oval-shaped.
p.1
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What does the lower extremity refer to?
The part of the body from the hip to the toes.
p.8
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the 2nd to 5th digits?
Lateral recumbent on the affected side.
p.72
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the Rosenberg method used for?
To assess the knee in weight-bearing standing flexion.
p.79
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the Camp Coventry method demonstrate?
The intercondyloid fossa.
p.103
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the role of the ischium?
One of the bones that helps form the hip.
p.61
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the primary function of the patella?
To protect the anterior aspect of the knee joint.
p.67
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What anatomical structures are best visualized in the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
The medial condyle of the femur and the tibial plateau.
p.13
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
What is the patient position for the Holly method?
Supine or sitting position.
p.105
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the significance of the female pelvis structure?
It is adapted for childbirth, allowing for a wider birth canal.
p.58
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the knee joint?
One of the largest and most complex joints in the body.
p.45
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the inversion stress study demonstrate?
Possible lateral ligament tear.
p.142
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the acetabulum?
The socket of the hip joint where the femur fits.
p.47
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the central ray (CR) position for the lateromedial projection of the ankle?
Perpendicular to ½ inch superior to the lateral malleolus.
p.123
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the purpose of the Axiolateral Inferosuperior Projection (Danelius-Miller Method)?
To obtain a cross-table or surgical lateral projection of the hip joint.
p.103
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What part of the hip bone does the pubis represent?
The lower, posterior part of the hip bone.
p.123
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the recommended leg position for the Danelius-Miller Method?
Invert the leg 15-20 degrees.
p.73
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What important structures are housed in the intercondylar fossa?
Cruciate ligaments and meniscofemoral ligaments.
p.6
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is a key advantage of the PA projection for demonstrating toe joints?
Well demonstrated IP joint spaces due to the natural divergence of the x-ray beam.
p.102
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the sacrum?
A spade-shaped bone formed by the fusion of 5 originally separate sacral vertebrae.
p.116
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of the femoral neck AP oblique projection?
To visualize the femoral neck and detect fractures or abnormalities.
p.65
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does a true lateral projection of the knee demonstrate?
The posterior borders of the femoral condyles directly superimposed.
p.50
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Isherwood method?
10° cephalad to 1 inch distal and 1 inch anterior to the lateral malleolus.
p.46
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the central ray (CR) orientation for the ankle mediolateral projection?
Perpendicular to the medial malleolus.
p.73
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the intercondylar fossa?
A groove at the distal end of the femur.
p.31
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What position is the infant held in during the Kandel method for clubfoot?
Vertical or bending forward position.
p.42
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the primary purpose of the ankle mortise projection?
To visualize the ankle joint and assess its alignment and integrity.
p.24
Foot Imaging Techniques
What is the angle of the central ray for the exposure of the hind foot or calcaneus?
25° anteriorly to the posterior surface of the ankle, emerging at the level of the plantar surface at the lateral malleolus.
p.135
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What does the pelvic outlet view help to visualize?
The pelvic outlet and its structures.
p.45
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the CR be positioned for the Ankle AP Stress Study?
Perpendicular to midway between the malleoli.
p.137
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the patient position for the Pelvic Inlet View using the Lilienfeld Method?
Sitting position, leaning backward at 45°-50°.
p.146
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What are the alternative names for the ilium, ischium, and pubis?
Innominate bones, pelvic bones, or coxal bones.
p.54
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the subtalar joint projection?
15° cephalad to 2 cm below and in front of the medial malleolus.
p.8
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for a lateral projection of the toes?
Perpendicular to the PIP joint.
p.78
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What anatomical structure is the focus of the Beclere method?
The intercondyloid fossa.
p.31
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What is the CR angle used in the Kandel method for clubfoot?
40° anteriorly through the lower leg.
p.4
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the purpose of angling the CR 10°-15° posteriorly in the AP axial projection?
To open up the joint space.
p.7
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the angle of lateral rotation for the leg in the AP oblique projection for the 4th and 5th digits?
30° - 45° from the plane of the IR.
p.122
Radiographic Projections for Toes
How should the unaffected limb be positioned during the Axiolateral Projection?
Roll the unaffected limb posteriorly 10 degrees.
p.61
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How does the patella enhance the function of the quadriceps femoris muscle?
By acting as a pivot to increase leverage.
p.29
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What does the 15° angle of the CR demonstrate in the Kite method?
True relationship and ossification centers of the tarsals.
p.78
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the central ray direction in the Beclere method?
Perpendicular to the intercondyloid fossa.
p.112
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for a lateral pelvis projection?
Perpendicular to the level of soft tissue depression 2 inches above the greater trochanter.
p.21
Foot Imaging Techniques
What is the recommended knee position for the lateral projection of the foot mediolateral?
Flex the knee of the affected limb about 45 degrees.
p.63
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What anatomical feature is open in the Knee AP projection?
Femorotibial joint space.
p.8
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the 1st and 2nd digits?
Lateral recumbent on the unaffected side.
p.45
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the eversion stress study demonstrate?
Possible medial ligament tear.
p.74
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where is the intercondyloid fossa located?
Between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
p.47
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Why is the lateromedial projection of the ankle considered the true lateral projection?
Because it accurately represents the lateral aspect of the ankle.
p.1
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Which joints are included in the lower extremity?
The hip, knee, and ankle joints.
p.136
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What does the Bridgeman Method demonstrate?
An axial projection of the pelvic ring or inlet in its entirety.
p.128
Foot Imaging Techniques
What is the Leonard-George method also known as?
The reverse Danelius-Miller method.
p.51
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What does the Isherwood method best demonstrate?
The posterior talar articular surface.
p.123
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Danelius-Miller Method?
Perpendicular to the femoral neck.
p.30
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What is the initial position of the infant for the lateral projection using the Kite method?
The infant is placed on his or her side in a near lateral position.
p.23
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the position of the patient for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
Standing erect with full weight evenly distributed on both feet.
p.123
Radiographic Projections for Toes
When is the Axiolateral Inferosuperior Projection commonly used?
For trauma, surgery, post-surgery, or patients who cannot move or rotate the affected leg.
p.138
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
Where does the beam exit in the Pelvic Inlet View PA Axial Projection?
At the pubic symphysis at the level of the greater trochanter.
p.61
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where does the quadriceps femoris tendon attach?
To the tibial tuberosity of the lower leg.
p.50
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the position of the leg and foot in the Isherwood method for the subtalar joint?
Rotate leg and foot medially on a 30° wedge foam.
p.50
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What does the Isherwood method best demonstrate?
The middle talar articular surface.
p.108
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What part of the femur connects to the hip joint?
The upper (proximal) end.
p.24
Foot Imaging Techniques
How should the opposite foot be positioned during the exposure of the forefoot?
The opposite foot should be placed one step backward.
p.112
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the pelvis?
Lateral recumbent position.
p.105
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is a key difference between the male and female pelvis?
The female pelvis is generally wider and has a larger pelvic inlet compared to the male pelvis.
p.40
Radiographic Projections for Toes
How should the ankle joint be positioned for an AP projection?
In a true AP position by flexing the ankle and foot with a 5-degree medial rotation of the leg and foot.
p.57
Radiographic Projections for Toes
In lateral oblique projections, how is the fibula positioned?
Superimposed by the lateral portion of the tibia.
p.42
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What structures are best visualized in an ankle mortise projection?
The tibia, fibula, and talus, particularly the joint space between them.
p.31
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What does the Kandel method demonstrate?
Sustentaculum talar joint fusion.
p.121
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of the Lauenstein method in hip imaging?
To obtain a lateral projection of the hip joint.
p.88
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What are tangential projections used to demonstrate?
Vertical fractures of the patella and to investigate the articulating surfaces of the femoropatellar articulation.
p.7
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the AP oblique projection?
Perpendicular to the 3rd MTP joint.
p.43
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the primary purpose of the ankle mortise projection?
To visualize the ankle joint and assess its alignment and integrity.
p.30
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What should be done with the uppermost limb during the Kite method?
Flex the uppermost limb, draw it forward, and hold it in place.
p.135
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
In which imaging technique is the Taylor method applied?
In radiographic imaging of the pelvis.
p.40
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What anatomical space should be visible in the ankle joint AP projection?
The tibiotalar joint space.
p.7
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the purpose of the AP oblique projection of the toes?
To provide a different perspective than that of the AP.
p.81
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What does the patella provide an attachment point for?
Both the quadriceps tendon and the patellar ligament.
p.146
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What are the three bones that make up the anterior pelvic bones?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
p.6
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the patient position for the PA projection of the toes?
Patient is prone on the x-ray table with the dorsal aspect in contact with the IR.
p.78
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the Beclere method used for?
To obtain radiographic images of the intercondyloid fossa.
p.135
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the Taylor method used for?
It is used for the pelvic outlet view in AP axial projection.
p.24
Foot Imaging Techniques
What is the angle of the central ray for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
15° posteriorly to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
p.114
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of the femoral neck AP oblique projection?
To visualize the femoral neck and assess for fractures or abnormalities.
p.14
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
Where is the beam directed in the Causton method?
To the prominence of the 1st MTP joint.
p.140
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the acetabulum?
The cup-shaped socket on the lateral aspect of the pelvis.
p.62
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the patient position for the Knee AP projection?
Sitting or supine position.
p.31
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What projection is recommended for a patient with clubfoot?
Dorsoplantar axial projection.
p.37
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What is the primary use of the lateromedial oblique projection of the calcaneus?
To diagnose stress fractures of the calcaneus and tuberosity.
p.23
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
15° posteriorly to the mid-point between feet at the level of the base of the metatarsal.
p.118
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the function of the hip bone?
To support the weight of the body and facilitate movement.
p.9
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
What are sesamoids?
Two pea-shaped bones located in the ball of the foot beneath the big toe joint.
p.98
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What position should the patient be in for a lateral projection of the femur?
Lateral recumbent position.
p.29
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What degree of adduction does the Kite method demonstrate?
The degree of adduction of the forefoot.
p.81
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Where is the patella located?
Anterior to the knee joint within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
p.147
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the ilium?
The uppermost and largest part of the hip bone.
p.63
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is observed regarding the proximal tibia in the Knee AP projection?
Proximal tibia overlaps on the head of the fibula.
p.103
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the ilium?
The broad, flaring portion of the hip bone (the crest of the pelvis).
p.136
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) in the Bridgeman Method?
40 degrees caudad to ASIS.
p.14
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
What is the patient position for the Causton method?
Lateral recumbent position.
p.4
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the central ray (CR) direction for the AP projection of the toes?
Perpendicular to the 3rd MTP, or 10°-15° posteriorly if using a wedge.
p.16
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where does the CR enter in the Foot AP Axial Projection?
At the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
p.78
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the positioning requirement for the Beclere method?
The patient is positioned supine with the knee flexed.
p.38
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the primary function of the subtalar joint?
To allow for inversion and eversion of the foot.
p.87
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What activities involve the patellofemoral joint?
Climbing, walking on an incline, and several other knee movements.
p.118
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What are the main components of the hip bone?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
p.16
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Which joint spaces are best demonstrated in the Foot AP Axial Projection?
TMT joint spaces of the midfoot.
p.116
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the modified Cleaves bilateral projection focus on?
It focuses on the femoral neck and hip joints bilaterally.
p.29
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What degree of inversion does the Kite method demonstrate?
The degree of inversion of the calcaneus.
p.141
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What position should the patient be in for the Teufel method?
Semi-prone position on the affected side.
p.100
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How far is the femoral neck located from the midpoint of the ASIS and symphysis pubis line?
Approximately 2.5 inches distal and at a right angle.
p.78
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of the Beclere method in radiography?
To visualize the knee joint and assess for pathology.
p.21
Foot Imaging Techniques
What is the central ray (CR) direction for the lateral projection of the foot mediolateral?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
p.45
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of the Ankle AP Stress Study?
To demonstrate possible ligament tear or rupture.
p.63
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the primary indication for the Knee AP projection?
Trauma and degenerative disease.
p.55
Radiographic Projections for Toes
How should the femoral epicondyles be positioned for a true AP projection?
They should be parallel to the image receptor (IR).
p.74
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the intercondyloid fossa?
A deep notch located between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
p.51
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the position of the foot and ankle in the Isherwood method for the subtalar joint?
The lateral side of the foot and ankle rests on a 30° wedge foam.
p.46
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What does the ankle mediolateral projection best demonstrate?
Anterior or posterior displacements of bony structures.
p.142
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What does the Teufel method refer to?
An oblique projection technique used to visualize the acetabulum.
p.16
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the CR angle for the Foot AP Axial Projection?
10° posteriorly towards the calcaneus.
p.32
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the largest tarsal bone in the foot?
The calcaneus (heel bone).
p.51
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the angle of the central ray in the Isherwood method?
10° cephalad to 1 inch distal to the medial malleolus.
p.122
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What position should the patient be in for the Axiolateral Projection Friedman Method?
Lateral recumbent on the affected side.
p.35
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) for the calcaneus weight-bearing coalition method?
45° anteriorly to the posterior surface of the flexed ankle.
p.67
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the primary purpose of the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
To visualize the knee joint and surrounding structures in a specific oblique angle.
p.47
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is a drawback of the lateromedial projection of the ankle?
It is uncomfortable for the patient.
p.37
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) in the lateromedial oblique projection of the calcaneus?
45° caudal angle medially.
p.72
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What position is the patient in during the Rosenberg method?
Weight-bearing standing position.
p.1
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What bones are part of the lower extremity?
The bones of the thigh, leg, and foot.
p.35
Calcaneus and Its Projections
At what level should the CR be directed during the calcaneus weight-bearing coalition method?
At the level of the base of the 5th metatarsal.
p.16
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the purpose of the 10° posterior angulation in the Foot AP Axial Projection?
To place the CR more perpendicular to the metatarsals, reducing foreshortening.
p.101
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Where is the femoral head located?
At the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum of the pelvis.
p.128
Foot Imaging Techniques
Where should the cassette be placed in the Leonard-George method?
In a vertical position well up between the thigh and centered to the crease of the groin of the affected side.
p.7
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the angle of medial rotation for the leg in the AP oblique projection for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd digits?
30° - 45° from the plane of the IR.
p.32
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Where is the calcaneus located?
At the back of the foot (hindfoot).
p.142
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the purpose of the axial projection in imaging?
To obtain a view of the acetabulum from a specific angle.
p.112
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
How should the pelvis be positioned for a true lateral projection?
In true lateral position.
p.40
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the ankle joint AP projection?
Perpendicular to the ankle joint, midway between the two malleoli.
p.69
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How should weight be distributed during the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Equally distributed on both feet.
p.10
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
Where are sesamoid bones commonly found?
In areas of high mechanical stress, such as the hands and feet.
p.144
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the AP Oblique Projection?
A radiographic technique used to visualize specific anatomical structures at an angle.
p.41
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the central ray (CR) position for the ankle mortise projection?
Perpendicular midway between the malleoli.
p.27
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What is the first variation from normal alignment in Talipes Equinovarus?
Equinus - plantar flexion and inversion of the calcaneus.
p.104
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the primary function of the pelvis?
It serves as a base for the trunk and a girdle for the attachment of the lower limbs.
p.77
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Beclere method?
Perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia, ½ inch below the patellar apex.
p.85
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What type of projection does the Kuchendorf method produce?
A slightly oblique PA projection of the patella.
p.75
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the Holmblad method demonstrate?
Loose bodies in the joint and the intercondyloid fossa.
p.17
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the medial oblique projection?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal (MT).
p.49
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the position of the foot in the Isherwood method for medial rotation?
The medial border of the foot rests on a 45° wedge foam.
p.27
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What is the third variation in Talipes Equinovarus?
Supination - elevation of the medial border of the foot.
p.82
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the significance of the patella in movement?
It enhances the efficiency of the quadriceps muscle during knee extension.
p.84
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Why should the knee not be flexed more than 10° in a lateral projection?
To prevent fragment separation in new or unhealed patellar fractures.
p.104
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is another name for the hip bone?
Os coxae or innominate bone.
p.52
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the central ray (CR) angle for the Broden method?
10°, 20°, 30°, or 40° cephalad to 2 cm below the lateral malleolus.
p.148
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the purpose of elevating the unaffected side during iliac projections?
To place the affected ilium parallel with the plane of the IR.
p.4
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the significance of placing a 15° wedge under the foot during the AP projection?
It allows for a 15° angle to the CR directed to the 3rd MTP.
p.10
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
What are sesamoid bones?
Small, round bones that are embedded within a tendon.
p.42
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the recommended patient position for an ankle mortise projection?
The patient should be seated or supine with the leg extended and the foot dorsiflexed.
p.18
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the angle of rotation for the lateral oblique projection of the foot?
30° - 45° to the plane of the IR.
p.149
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the purpose of elevating the unaffected side in ilium projections?
To place the affected ilium perpendicular with the plane of the IR.
p.67
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the recommended angle of rotation for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Approximately 45 degrees medially.
p.22
Foot Imaging Techniques
What is the position of the patient for the foot lateral projection weight bearing method?
The patient should stand erect with weight evenly distributed.
p.42
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the central ray location for an ankle mortise projection?
Perpendicular to the ankle joint, midway between the malleoli.
p.30
Clubfoot and Its Variations
How should the infant's toes be held during the Kite method?
With tape or a protected hand.
p.67
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the central ray direction for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Perpendicular to the knee joint at the level of the tibial plateau.
p.22
Foot Imaging Techniques
Where should the X-ray beam be directed in the foot lateral projection?
To a point just above the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
p.114
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Why are oblique projections used in femoral neck imaging?
To provide a clearer view of the femoral neck and reduce superimposition.
p.18
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the purpose of the lateral oblique projection of the foot?
To best demonstrate the 1st and 2nd metatarsals and the navicular bone.
p.107
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What are the main components of the proximal femur?
The head, neck, and greater and lesser trochanters.
p.121
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Which method is specifically designed for better visualization of the hip joint?
Both the Lauenstein and Hickey methods.
p.100
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the second method to locate the femoral neck?
The femoral neck is 1-2 inches medial and 3-4 inches distal to the ASIS.
p.144
Radiographic Projections for Toes
In which imaging technique is the Judet Method commonly used?
In the AP Oblique Projection.
p.70
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Why is the weight-bearing position important in knee imaging?
It helps to visualize joint space narrowing and other pathologies that may not be evident in non-weight-bearing views.
p.107
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the function of the head of the proximal femur?
To articulate with the acetabulum of the pelvis, forming the hip joint.
p.66
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
½ inch inferior to the patellar apex on average patient.
p.64
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What are the purposes of flexing the knee 20° - 30°?
1. Relaxes the muscle. 2. Maximizes the volume of the joint cavity.
p.107
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the significance of the neck of the femur?
It connects the head to the shaft and is a common site for fractures.
p.68
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the knee AP lateral oblique projection?
Perpendicular to ½ inch inferior to the patellar apex on an average patient.
p.17
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What anatomical feature of the 5th metatarsal is well seen in the medial oblique projection?
Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal.
p.110
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
Where should the upper border of the IR be placed for the pelvis AP projection?
1 - 1½ inches above the iliac crest.
p.37
Calcaneus and Its Projections
Where does the central ray enter in the lateromedial oblique projection?
At the lateral malleolus.
p.35
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What does the calcaneus weight-bearing coalition method demonstrate?
The calcaneotalar coalition.
p.38
Subtalar Joint Functionality
Where is the subtalar joint located?
Between the talus and calcaneus bones in the foot.
p.82
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the primary function of the patella?
To protect the knee joint and improve the leverage of the thigh muscles.
p.88
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the Merchant method demonstrate?
Subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures.
What does 'KEEP CALM' suggest?
To maintain composure in stressful situations.
p.69
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What joint space is evaluated in the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Tibio-femoral joint space of the knees.
p.17
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the angle of rotation for the medial oblique projection of the foot?
30° - 45° medially to the plane of the IR.
p.62
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the central ray (CR) angle for the Knee AP projection?
5° - 7° cephalad to ½ inch inferior to patellar apex.
p.117
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What two bones comprise the hip joint?
The femur and the pelvis.
p.34
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What type of projection is the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection?
Axial projection of the calcaneus.
p.52
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the Broden method used for?
To demonstrate the subtalar joint, specifically the posterior articular facet of the calcaneus.
p.41
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the purpose of the ankle mortise projection?
To evaluate pathology of the entire ankle mortise.
p.126
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the name of the modification used for the axiolateral projection of the hip joint?
Clements-Nakayama modification.
p.143
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where is the central ray (CR) directed in the Judet Method?
2 inches inferior to ASIS.
p.107
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What are the greater and lesser trochanters?
Bony prominences on the proximal femur that serve as attachment points for muscles.
p.66
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What joint space is best demonstrated in the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Open proximal tibio-fibular joint space.
p.115
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) enter the patient for this projection?
At the level 1 inch superior to the symphysis pubis.
p.44
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the central ray (CR) be positioned for the Ankle AP Oblique Projection?
Perpendicular midway between the malleoli.
p.120
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What do the Lauenstein and Hickey methods demonstrate?
The hip joint and the relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum.
p.71
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Rosenberg method?
½ inch below the patellar apex.
p.113
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
In which patients is this projection contraindicated?
Patients with suspected hip fractures.
p.114
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the term 'original Cleaves bilateral projection' refer to?
A specific radiographic technique used to view both femoral necks simultaneously.
p.100
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the first method to locate the femoral head and neck?
Determine the midpoint of a line between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis.
p.72
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the significance of weight-bearing in knee assessments?
It helps to evaluate the knee joint under functional load.
p.38
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What movements are facilitated by the subtalar joint?
Inversion, eversion, and some degree of rotation.
p.129
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the CR (central ray) positioning for the PA Oblique Projection Hsieh Method?
Perpendicular midway between the posterior surface of the iliac and the dislocated femoral head.
p.130
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the patient position for the Mediolateral Oblique Projection Lilienfeld Method?
Lateral recumbent position on the affected side.
p.91
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the degree of knee flexion required for the Merchant method?
40° (can range from 30° to 90°).
p.30
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What does the Kite method demonstrate?
Anterior talar subluxation and the degree of plantar flexion (equinus).
p.22
Foot Imaging Techniques
What does the foot lateral projection weight bearing method demonstrate?
The structural status of the longitudinal arches under full weight bearing.
p.93
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is a major disadvantage of the Hughston method?
Image distortion due to film-body part-beam alignment.
p.91
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the CR be directed in the Merchant method?
Midway between the patella at the level of the patellofemoral joint.
p.125
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the angle of the central ray (CR) for the Clements-Nakayama modification?
15° - 20° posteriorly and perpendicular to the femoral neck.
What is the significance of 'PASS THE RETDEM'?
It emphasizes the goal of successfully completing the RETDEM.
p.17
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Which metatarsal bases should be free of superimposition in the medial oblique projection?
3rd to 5th metatarsal bases.
p.144
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is a key characteristic of the AP Oblique Projection?
It involves positioning the patient at an angle to the X-ray beam.
p.19
Foot Imaging Techniques
What interspaces are demonstrated by rotating the foot and heel laterally 20°?
Interspaces between the 2nd & 3rd, 3rd & 4th, and 4th & 5th metatarsals.
p.52
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What does the Broden method best demonstrate?
The anterior and posterior talocalcaneal articulations.
p.36
Calcaneus and Its Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the lateral calcaneus projection?
Perpendicular to 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to the medial malleolus (subtalar joint).
p.115
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the significance of the femoral neck in this projection?
It is shown without superimposition of the greater trochanter.
p.2
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is notable about the 5th metatarsal?
It presents a prominent tuberosity.
p.67
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the typical patient positioning for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
The patient is positioned supine with the knee extended and rotated medially.
p.101
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the anatomical position of the femoral neck?
It is located just below the femoral head, connecting the head to the femoral shaft.
p.122
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the Axiolateral Projection Friedman Method?
35 degrees cephalad to the femoral neck.
p.26
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What is clubfoot?
A deformity where an infant's foot is turned inward, often with the bottom facing sideways or upward.
p.69
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
½ inch below the patellar apex.
p.66
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the patient position for the Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection?
Sitting or supine position.
p.59
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What are the three main components of the knee joint?
1. Patello-femoral joint 2. Lateral tibio-femoral joint 3. Medial tibio-femoral joint.
p.18
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where is the central ray (CR) directed in the lateral oblique projection of the foot?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal (MT).
What is the main message of the phrase 'KEEP CALM, DO YOUR BEST AND PASS THE RETDEM'?
To remain calm, put in effort, and succeed in the RETDEM.
p.10
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
To protect tendons from stress and wear.
p.130
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How should the upper side be positioned during the Mediolateral Oblique Projection?
Roll the upper side forward 15 degrees to separate the pelvis.
p.84
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What position should the patient be in for a lateral projection of the patella?
Lateral recumbent position.
p.95
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is a disadvantage of the Sunrise/Skyline method?
Holding or supporting the cassette if the patient cannot cooperate fully.
p.134
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the angle of the cephalad projection for the pelvic outlet view in the Taylor method for females?
30 - 45 degrees cephalad.
p.48
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What comparison does the Ankle AP Weight Bearing method allow?
Side-to-side comparison of the ankle joint.
p.89
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
When should the Settegast method not be attempted?
Until a lateral projection has been done to rule out transverse fracture.
p.66
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the most common oblique projection of the knee?
Knee AP Medial Oblique Projection.
p.141
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What anatomical feature does the Teufel method best demonstrate?
Fovea capitis and particularly the superoposterior wall of the acetabulum.
p.64
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the direction and degree of the central ray (CR) for a lateral knee projection?
5° - 7° cephalad, 1 inch distal to the medial condyle.
p.125
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
When is the Clements-Nakayama projection performed?
When both routine lateral and axiolateral projections are contraindicated, such as in patients with bilateral hip arthroplasty.
p.143
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the Internal Oblique position visualize?
Suspected fracture in the iliopubic column and posterior rim of acetabulum.
p.113
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
At what angle should the thighs be abducted for the femoral neck AP oblique projection?
45 degrees from the vertical.
p.14
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
How is the sesamoid bone projected in the Causton method?
Axiolaterally with a slight overlap.
p.105
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
Which pelvis has a more pronounced sacrum?
The male pelvis has a more pronounced sacrum compared to the female pelvis.
p.88
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the Settegast method used for?
To demonstrate subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures.
p.32
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the fibula?
The smaller bone in the lower leg.
p.85
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the direction and angle of the central ray (CR) in the Kuchendorf method?
25° - 30° caudad to the joint space between the patella and femoral condyles.
p.105
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the difference in the pelvic arch between males and females?
The pelvic arch is wider in females than in males.
p.48
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Ankle AP Weight Bearing method?
Perpendicular to the center of the image receptor (IR).
p.106
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the function of the greater and lesser trochanters?
They serve as attachment points for muscles.
p.13
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
What is the imaging result of the Holly method?
Sesamoid bone in profile.
p.38
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What role does the subtalar joint play in walking?
It helps adapt the foot to uneven surfaces.
p.130
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Mediolateral Oblique Projection?
Perpendicular to the midpoint of the image receptor (IR).
p.41
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the required rotation of the leg and foot for the ankle mortise projection?
Medially rotate the leg and foot 15° – 20°.
p.110
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
How should the legs and feet be positioned for the pelvis AP projection?
Medially rotate leg and feet 15° - 20°.
p.69
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How should the CR be angled to best demonstrate open knee joint spaces?
Parallel to the tibial plateau.
p.134
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the angle of the cephalad projection for the pelvic outlet view in the Taylor method for males?
20 - 35 degrees cephalad.
p.49
Subtalar Joint Functionality
Where should the central ray be directed in the Isherwood method?
Perpendicular to 1 inch (2.5 cm) distal and 1 inch (2.5 cm) anterior to the lateral malleolus.
p.89
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is a major disadvantage of the Settegast method?
Acute knee flexion makes it impossible to use with knee trauma.
p.41
Radiographic Projections for Toes
When is the ankle mortise projection commonly taken?
During open reduction surgery of the ankle joint.
p.64
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Why is a 5° - 7° cephalad angulation used in the lateral knee projection?
To prevent the joint space from being obscured by the magnified medial condyle.
p.77
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What alternative projection is available for patients who cannot assume the prone position?
Reverse PA axial projection.
p.134
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the purpose of the pelvic outlet view in the Taylor method?
To assess pelvic fractures and displacements.
p.71
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How does the image obtained from the Rosenberg method compare to other projections?
It is similar to those obtained with intercondyloid fossa projections.
p.121
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the Hickey method focus on in hip imaging?
It is used to visualize the femoral head and neck in a lateral projection.
p.43
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What structures are best visualized in an ankle mortise projection?
The tibia, fibula, and talus, particularly the joint space.
p.93
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Hughston method?
45° cephalad to the patellofemoral joint.
p.107
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the proximal femur?
The upper part of the femur that connects to the hip joint.
p.13
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Holly method?
Perpendicular to the head of the 1st metatarsal bone.
p.43
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the typical patient position for an ankle mortise projection?
The patient is usually seated or supine with the leg extended.
p.85
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the goal of the Kuchendorf method regarding the patella?
To have most of the patella free from superimposition.
p.116
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Why are bilateral projections important in imaging?
They allow for comparison between both sides for any asymmetries or injuries.
p.129
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What does the PA Oblique Projection Hsieh Method demonstrate?
Posterior dislocation of the femoral head in cases other than acute fracture dislocation.
p.27
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What does the adduction variation in Talipes Equinovarus refer to?
Medial displacement of the forefoot.
p.119
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How should the leg and feet be positioned for the HIP AP projection?
Medially rotate leg and feet 15° - 20°.
p.13
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
How does the Holly method compare to the Lewis method in terms of patient comfort?
It is more comfortable for the patient.
p.77
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What angle should the knee be flexed to in the Beclere method?
60 degrees to the long axis of the tibia.
p.83
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the CR be directed for the PA projection of the patella?
Perpendicular to the midpopliteal area.
p.44
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What angle should the plantar surface form during the Ankle AP Oblique Projection?
80° - 85° from the IR or 10° - 15° from the vertical.
p.56
Radiographic Projections for Toes
Where should the distal fibula be positioned in relation to the tibia?
Lying posterior over half of the tibia.
p.143
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What are the two 45-degree posterior oblique positions used for?
Diagnosing fractures of the acetabulum and dislocation.
p.125
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is an alternative method to the Clements-Nakayama projection?
The Danelius-Miller method.
p.115
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
In which patients is the modified Cleaves bilateral projection contraindicated?
Patients with suspected hip fractures.
p.48
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the purpose of the Ankle AP Weight Bearing method?
To identify ankle joint space narrowing.
p.101
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the significance of the femoral neck?
It is a common site for fractures and plays a crucial role in weight-bearing.
p.70
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the primary purpose of the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
To assess the alignment and condition of the knee joint under weight-bearing conditions.
p.138
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the relationship between the Pelvic Inlet View PA Axial Projection and the Lilienfield method?
They produce the same image as a superoinferior axial projection.
p.42
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the importance of proper rotation in an ankle mortise projection?
Proper rotation opens the ankle joint space for better visualization.
p.11
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
What does the Lewis method demonstrate?
Possible fracture of the sesamoid bone.
p.89
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Settegast method?
15° - 20° tangential to the patellofemoral space.
p.125
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the position of the legs during the Modified Axiolateral Projection for the hip joint?
Both legs fully extended and in anatomical position.
p.56
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What position should the patient be in for the LEG LATERAL PROJECTION?
Lateral recumbent position.
p.43
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is a key positioning requirement for the ankle mortise projection?
The foot should be internally rotated 15 to 20 degrees.
p.70
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is typically positioned in the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
The patient's knees are positioned with the feet parallel and weight evenly distributed.
p.91
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What type of view does the Merchant method provide?
Tangential view of both patella-femoral joints.
p.56
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is important to ensure about the leg during the LEG LATERAL PROJECTION?
The leg is in a true lateral position.
p.70
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What type of pathology can be evaluated using the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint diseases.
p.49
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What does the Isherwood method best demonstrate?
The anterior talar articular surface.
p.77
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the advantage of the Beclere method for patients?
It is an easier position for the demonstration of the intercondyloid fossa.
p.126
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the modified axiolateral projection help to assess?
Fractures or dislocations of the hip joint.
p.117
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where does the hip joint connect the leg?
To the trunk of the body.
p.52
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the significance of the 20°-30° cephalad angle in the Broden method?
It best demonstrates the anterior articular facet.
p.143
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the External Oblique position focus on?
Fracture in the ilioischial column and anterior rim of acetabulum.
p.33
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What type of projection is the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
Axial projection of the calcaneus.
p.71
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What condition can be best demonstrated using the Rosenberg method?
Joint space narrowing and articular cartilage disease.
p.106
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What are the main features of the proximal femur?
The head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters.
p.11
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Lewis method?
Perpendicular and tangential to the 1st MTP joint.
p.23
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What condition can the Foot AP Axial Projection help to show?
The alignment of the metatarsals and phalanges in cases of hallux valgus.
p.9
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
Where are the sesamoids located in the foot?
In the ball of the foot, beneath the big toe joint.
p.75
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Holmblad method?
Perpendicular to the mid-popliteal area.
p.118
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the significance of the iliac crest?
It serves as an important landmark for muscle attachment and is palpable on the body.
p.34
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection?
40° caudad to the dorsal surface of the ankle joint.
p.69
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What alignment issues can be demonstrated using the Knee AP Weight Bearing method?
Valgus (bow leg) and varus (knock knee).
p.10
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
How do sesamoid bones affect joint movement?
They improve the mechanical advantage of muscles acting on the joint.
p.117
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What are the three bones that make up the pelvis?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
p.130
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Who should not undergo the Mediolateral Oblique Projection?
Patients with acute hip injury due to the danger of fragment displacement.
p.130
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What anatomical structures does the Mediolateral Oblique Projection demonstrate?
Ilium, acetabulum, and proximal femur.
p.126
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
In which type of cases is the Clements-Nakayama modification particularly useful?
In trauma cases involving the hip joint.
p.17
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What bones are best demonstrated in the medial oblique projection of the foot?
Cuboid bone and sinus tarsi.
p.110
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
Where is the central ray (CR) directed for the pelvis AP projection?
Perpendicular midway between ASIS and symphysis pubis, 2 inches inferior to ASIS and 2 inches superior to symphysis pubis.
p.71
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the anterior aspect of the knee be centered in the Rosenberg method?
To the VCH (Vertical Central Ray).
p.120
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
In which patients are the Lauenstein and Hickey methods contraindicated?
Patients with suspected hip fractures.
p.112
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What does the dorsal decubitus lateral projection best demonstrate?
The Gull-Wing sign in cases of fracture dislocation of the acetabular rim and posterior dislocation of the femoral head.
p.118
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Where is the acetabulum located?
On the lateral aspect of the hip bone, where the femur articulates.
p.144
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the purpose of the Judet Method?
To obtain clear images of the acetabulum and surrounding structures.
p.26
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What are the three deviations in typical clubfoot?
Plantar flexion and inversion of the calcaneus, medial displacement of the forefoot, and elevation of the medial border of the foot.
p.88
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the Houghston method used to demonstrate?
Subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures.
p.59
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is one function of the meniscus in the knee joint?
To act as a shock absorber.
p.19
Foot Imaging Techniques
Where is the central ray (CR) directed in the Foot PA Plantodorsal Oblique Grashey Method?
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
What does 'DO YOUR BEST' imply?
To put forth maximum effort in your tasks.
p.121
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is a key feature of the Hickey method?
It includes an angle to better visualize the femoral neck.
p.119
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for the HIP AP projection?
Perpendicular to the femoral neck, approximately 2 ½ inches distal to the midpoint of ASIS and symphysis pubis.
p.119
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Which parts of the femur are included in the HIP AP projection?
Femoral head and neck, proximal 1/3 of the femur.
p.19
Foot Imaging Techniques
Which metatarsal's tuberosity is demonstrated in the lateral oblique projection?
Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal.
p.44
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What does the Ankle AP Oblique Projection best demonstrate?
Fractures at the distal tibiofibular joint.
p.52
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What is the purpose of the lateromedial and mediolateral right-angle oblique projections in the Broden method?
To determine the presence of joint involvement in cases of comminuted fracture.
p.113
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What does the axiolateral projection visualize?
The femoral heads and neck.
p.116
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is a key characteristic of the modified Cleaves projection?
It is performed with the patient in a specific oblique position to enhance visualization.
p.39
Subtalar Joint Functionality
What movements does the subtalar joint allow?
Inversion and eversion of the foot.
p.59
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What are the names of the fibrocartilage disks in the knee joint?
Medial and lateral meniscus.
p.95
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is a major advantage of the Sunrise/Skyline method?
It does not require special equipment and is relatively comfortable for the patient.
p.93
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is a major advantage of the Hughston method?
It is relatively comfortable for the patient and allows relaxation of the quadriceps muscles.
p.48
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What does the Ankle AP Weight Bearing projection demonstrate?
The relationship of the tibia and fibula under weight-bearing conditions.
p.43
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What is the recommended angle for the central ray in an ankle mortise projection?
Perpendicular to the ankle joint.
p.11
Sesamoid Bones and Imaging Techniques
Why is the Lewis method often uncomfortable for patients?
It is an uncomfortable and often painful position.
p.88
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What do the Sunrise/Skyline projections visualize?
The patella and patellofemoral joint.
p.141
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
How far should the CR be positioned from the mid-sagittal plane (MSP) during the Teufel method?
2 inches lateral to MSP towards the side being examined.
p.125
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How is the image receptor (IR) positioned in the Clements-Nakayama modification?
Tilted 15° posterior angle from the vertical and 2 inches below the tabletop.
p.27
Clubfoot and Its Variations
What should be noted regarding the treatment of abnormal alignment in clubfoot?
No attempt should be made to change the abnormal alignment of the foot.
p.134
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
Where should the central ray be positioned for the pelvic outlet view in the Taylor method?
2 inches distal to the upper border of the Symphysis Pubis.
p.115
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
At what angle should the thighs be abducted for the modified Cleaves bilateral projection?
45 degrees from the vertical.
p.26
Clubfoot and Its Variations
Does typical clubfoot have variations?
Yes, it has numerous variations.
p.49
Subtalar Joint Functionality
How is the Isherwood method similar to the Feist-Mankin method?
Both are oblique recumbent projections of the tarsals.
p.113
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where is the lesser trochanter located in this projection?
On the medial side of the femur.
p.2
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Which bones are included in the midfoot?
Cuneiform, navicular, and cuboid.
p.101
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What angle is formed between the femoral neck and the femoral shaft?
The angle of inclination, typically around 125 degrees in adults.
p.82
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where is the patella located?
At the front of the knee joint.
p.41
Radiographic Projections for Toes
How should the intermalleolar plane be positioned in relation to the image receptor (IR)?
It should be parallel to the IR.
p.141
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) in the Teufel method?
12° cephalad to the inferior level of the coccyx.
p.18
Radiographic Projections for Toes
What anatomical space is best visualized in the lateral oblique projection of the foot?
The space between the 1st and 2nd cuneiforms.
p.89
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of the Settegast method?
To demonstrate vertical fractures and evaluate articulating surfaces of the femur and patella.
p.104
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
How many bones make up the pelvis?
Four bones: two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
p.59
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
How does the meniscus contribute to the knee joint?
It provides stability to the knee joint.
p.126
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of the modified axiolateral projection in hip joint imaging?
To visualize the hip joint in cases of trauma.
p.75
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of increasing knee flexion in the Holmblad method?
To better demonstrate the intercondyloid fossa.
p.77
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is another name for the Beclere method?
AP axial projection for the intercondyloid fossa.
p.125
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Why is the Clements-Nakayama projection usually performed?
When the patient has limited movement in both lower limbs.
p.36
Calcaneus and Its Projections
How should the foot be positioned for the lateral projection of the calcaneus?
Dorsiflexed with the plantar surface at a right angle to the leg.
p.71
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the purpose of angling the CR parallel to the tibial plateau?
To best demonstrate open knee joint spaces.
p.34
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What does the calcaneus dorsoplantar projection best demonstrate?
Medial or lateral displacement of the calcaneus.
p.36
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the calcaneus?
Lateral recumbent position with the affected side down.
p.115
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is another name for the bilateral projection in this context?
Bilateral frog leg position.
p.113
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for this projection?
40 degrees cephalad to the femoral shaft.
p.113
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is another name for the bilateral projection in this context?
Bilateral frog leg position.
p.71
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the angle of the CR in the Rosenberg method?
10 degrees caudad to the level of knee joints.
p.120
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
Where should the central ray (CR) be directed in the Lauenstein method?
Perpendicular midway between ASIS and SP.
p.134
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What anatomical structures are demonstrated in the pelvic outlet view using the Taylor method?
Pubic and ischial rami elongated and magnified, free of superimposition.
p.110
Pelvic Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
What does the pelvis AP projection provide a survey of?
The bones of the entire pelvis and proximal femur.
p.33
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What condition can be best assessed using the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
Medial or lateral displacement of the calcaneus.
p.33
Calcaneus and Its Projections
What is the direction of the central ray (CR) for the calcaneus plantodorsal projection?
40° cephalad to the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
p.113
Knee Joint Anatomy and Projections
What is the key feature of the femoral neck in this projection?
Femoral neck without superimposition of the greater trochanter.
p.96
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What are the key landmarks of the femur?
The head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, and the medial and lateral condyles.
p.96
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Where is the femur located?
In the thigh, extending from the hip to the knee.
p.96
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What are the main functions of the femur?
To support the weight of the body and allow for movement of the leg.
p.96
Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
What is the longest bone in the human body?
The femur, also known as the thigh bone.
