p.1
Overview of Cardiovascular Diseases
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
To transport blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
p.1
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are common presentations of cardiovascular diseases?
Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations.
p.28
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is the normal cardiac rhythm rate originating from the sino-atrial node (SAN)?
60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm).
p.26
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What are the signs of cardiac arrest?
No cardiac output, no pulse, no blood pressure, no respiration, and ECG shows no coordinated complexes.
p.16
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What are common types of arrhythmia?
Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular and atrial extrasystoles.
p.16
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What are some causes of arrhythmia?
Underlying structural abnormality, electrolyte imbalance, increased circulating catecholamines, and effects of some drugs.
p.18
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is the role of diuretics in heart failure treatment?
They help reduce fluid overload.
p.9
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What imbalances can contribute to heart failure?
Water and electrolyte imbalance, acid-base disturbance, and over intravenous infusion.
p.3
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
How do the clinical features of LVF and RVF initially differ?
Initially, the clinical features of LVF and RVF are different.
p.18
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
Why is controlling cardiac rhythm important in heart failure treatment?
To improve heart function and reduce symptoms.
p.22
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
Where should a patient in shock be observed?
In an intensive care unit.
p.21
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is the urinary output threshold indicating shock?
Decreased urinary output <20 ml/hour.
p.1
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What can cause cardiovascular diseases?
Risk factors include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and obesity.
p.4
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are some physical signs of Left Heart Failure?
Tachycardia, gallop rhythm, moist sounds in the lung bases, cardiac enlargement, pleural effusion, cyanosis, and pulsus alternans.
p.3
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What does right heart failure (RVF) lead to?
Systemic venous congestion.
p.12
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is the first sign of left heart failure (LVF)?
Dyspnea, caused by pulmonary congestion and edema, especially during exertion.
p.15
Complications of Heart Failure
What causes hypokalemia in heart failure patients?
It can result from treatment with diuretics or intrinsic factors.
p.15
Complications of Heart Failure
What is hyponatremia and how can it occur in heart failure?
A condition caused by diuretic therapy, water retention, or failure of cell membrane ion pumps.
p.15
Complications of Heart Failure
How does heart failure affect liver function?
It can lead to impaired liver function due to congestion and poor perfusion.
p.12
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are some other clinical features of left heart failure?
Fatigue, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, cardiac enlargement, and moist sounds at the lung bases.
p.28
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What aspects can be abnormal in cardiac arrhythmias?
Origin, rate (frequency), regularity, and conduction of impulses.
p.18
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
How does digoxin assist in heart failure management?
It improves heart contractility and controls heart rate.
p.33
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
How does a pacemaker differ from a defibrillator?
A pacemaker regulates slow heart rates, while a defibrillator delivers shocks for fast, life-threatening arrhythmias.
p.4
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
What occurs in Left Heart Failure (LVF) regarding organ perfusion?
Perfusion to the brain and other vital organs is inadequate, leading to congestion in the lungs.
p.7
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What is pressure overload in the context of heart failure?
Conditions like systemic hypertension, aortic stenosis, and pulmonary stenosis.
p.24
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What is a common clinical feature of patients who experience Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)?
Approximately 70% had recently discovered or progressive coronary artery disease.
p.1
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What are some treatment options for cardiovascular diseases?
Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medications, and surgical interventions.
p.33
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is the primary function of an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD)?
To monitor heart rhythms and deliver shocks to restore normal rhythm in case of life-threatening arrhythmias.
p.26
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What does ventricular asystole indicate?
The heart stands still, and the ECG shows a straight line.
p.15
Complications of Heart Failure
What is uremia in the context of heart failure?
A complication resulting from poor renal perfusion.
p.3
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
What is heart failure?
It is the terminal stage of all cardiac diseases, not a disease itself.
p.13
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What can happen to edema in right heart failure?
It can become generalized, leading to pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and peritoneal effusion (ascites).
p.13
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What type of fluid is present in effusions associated with right heart failure?
Low protein content fluid (transudate).
p.8
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What are examples of intra-cardiac shunting?
Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent arterial duct.
p.24
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
Why is the exact time of death often unverifiable in SCD patients?
In many cases, the exact time of death cannot be determined.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is one effect of activating the sympathetic system in heart failure?
Increased heart rate and myocardial contractility.
p.8
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What are mechanical restrictions that can affect ventricular filling?
AV valve stenosis, acute cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis.
p.9
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
How can environmental changes affect heart failure risk?
Environmental and weather changes can contribute.
p.18
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What underlying conditions should be treated to manage heart failure?
Hypertension, valvular heart diseases, ischemic heart diseases, and high output failures.
p.5
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are common signs of Right Heart Failure?
Ankle edema, sacral edema, and raised jugular venous pressure.
p.16
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What are the two main types of thromboembolism mentioned?
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
p.1
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
How can cardiovascular diseases be diagnosed?
Through physical exams, blood tests, imaging tests, and electrocardiograms.
p.6
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
What happens in patients with severe left heart failure?
Features of right heart failure will also appear.
p.3
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What can severe left heart failure (LVF) lead to?
Right heart failure (RVF).
p.33
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What type of heart conditions are typically treated with an implantable cardiac defibrillator?
Life-threatening arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.
p.32
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What does a chest X-ray reveal after pacemaker implantation?
The correct positioning of the implanted pacemaker.
p.6
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What clinical features may be present in severe mitral stenosis?
Clinical features of both left ventricular failure (LVF) and right ventricular failure (RVF).
p.33
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is the typical procedure for implanting an ICD?
It involves a minor surgical procedure where the device is placed under the skin and connected to the heart.
p.5
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is hepato-jugular reflux?
A sign of raised jugular venous pressure in Right Heart Failure.
p.17
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What can a chest X-ray reveal in heart failure diagnosis?
Cardiac enlargement, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and chest infection.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What type of sputum is associated with heart failure?
Cough with pink, frothy sputum.
p.4
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are the features of forward failure in LVF?
Fatigue, weakness, irritability, somnolence, and palpitation.
p.16
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What can lead to systemic embolism?
Atrial fibrillation or intracardiac thrombus.
p.15
Complications of Heart Failure
What are some symptoms of impaired liver function due to heart failure?
Mild jaundice, reduced synthesis of clotting factors, leading to bleeding tendency and prolonged prothrombin time.
p.18
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What are Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) used for in heart failure?
They help relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
p.29
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What are common causes of arrhythmia?
Coronary artery disease, AMI, valvular heart disease, carditis, digoxin toxicity, post heart surgery, electrolyte disturbance, endocrine disorder, anxiety, hypothermia, alcohol, caffeine, and drugs.
p.27
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What are some components of basic life support?
Keeping the airway clear, giving artificial ventilation, and performing external cardiac massage.
p.21
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What respiratory symptoms are associated with shock?
Tachypnea and hyperventilation.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What system is activated alongside the sympathetic system in heart failure?
The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
p.11
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
What does cavity dilatation do to cardiac fibers?
It increases fiber length.
p.11
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What happens to blood flow during cardiac output redistribution?
Blood flow to skin, muscle, and gastrointestinal tract is diverted to vital organs such as the heart and brain.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is sinus node disease?
A condition affecting the heart's natural pacemaker, leading to irregular heart rhythms.
p.7
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What are the basic cardiac causes of heart failure?
Primary myocardial damage, cardiac overload, restricted ventricular filling.
p.7
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What are examples of primary myocardial damage?
Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarct, myocarditis, myopathy, toxicity (drugs, toxins).
p.12
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Sudden shortness of breath that wakes the patient up in the middle of the night.
p.28
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What are the potential origins of arrhythmia?
Sino-atrial node (SAN), atrioventricular node (AVN), or ventricle.
p.9
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
Which arrhythmia is a risk factor for heart failure?
Atrial fibrillation and other tachyarrhythmias.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What happens when the heart is overloaded?
A series of compensatory mechanisms are activated to maintain cardiac output.
p.34
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is the mechanism of action for radiofrequency catheter ablation?
It uses heat to destroy abnormal electrical pathways in the heart.
p.28
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
Can arrhythmias occur in patients without other cardiac abnormalities?
Yes, they can occur in patients without any other cardiac abnormality.
p.24
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What is a key prevention strategy for Sudden Cardiac Death?
Preventing atherosclerosis.
p.17
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is the first step in the diagnosis of heart failure?
History and physical examination.
p.29
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is one method used for diagnosing arrhythmia?
History and physical examination.
p.27
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What additional interventions are included in advanced life support?
Institute positive pressure ventilation, correct acidosis, and normalize electrolytes.
p.17
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What does an ECG assess in the context of heart failure?
Cardiac rhythm, chamber enlargement, pericardial disease, ischemia, and infarction.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are common symptoms of heart failure related to breathing?
Orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
p.4
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are the features of backward failure in LVF?
Dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, sputum, hemoptysis, and central cyanosis in severe cases.
p.9
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What type of infections can contribute to heart failure?
Pulmonary, cardiac, and systemic infections.
p.13
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
How does transudate fluid differ from exudate fluid?
Transudate has low protein content, while exudate has high protein content due to inflammation.
p.6
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is a consequence of pulmonary hypertension?
Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and eventually right ventricular failure (RVF).
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does the sympathetic system affect diastolic filling?
It increases diastolic filling.
p.26
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What are some causes of ventricular asystole?
Hypovolemia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, toxins, myocardial infarction, cardiac tamponade.
p.27
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What is the goal of advanced life support in cardiac arrest?
To restore normal cardiac activity.
p.5
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What happens to urine output in Right Heart Failure?
There is a decrease in urine output.
p.31
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What types of drugs are used to control arrhythmia?
ß blockers, Ca++ blockers, digoxin, membrane stabilizers, and drugs that lengthen action potential.
p.25
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What is one cause of non-cardiac sudden death related to breathing?
Apnea due to respiratory obstruction, such as a foreign body in the trachea, drowning, or asphyxia.
p.31
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
When is a pacemaker implant indicated?
For very slow heart rates.
p.22
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is the prognosis for shock, particularly in certain populations?
Poor, especially in elderly, septicemic & cardiogenic shock.
p.2
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
What is heart failure?
A condition where the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow.
p.25
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What allergic reactions can cause non-cardiac sudden death?
Anaphylaxis to drugs or allergens.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are some signs of fluid retention in heart failure?
Ankle edema, pleural effusion, and ascites.
p.2
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What is sudden non-cardiac death?
An unexpected death due to causes other than heart-related issues.
p.12
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is orthopnea?
Shortness of breath when lying flat.
p.34
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is the purpose of radiofrequency catheter ablation in the left atrium?
To treat atrial fibrillation.
p.7
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What constitutes volume overload in heart failure?
Regurgitation of heart valves, such as aortic regurgitation and mitral regurgitation.
p.26
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest and sudden death?
Ventricular fibrillation.
p.8
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What conditions can lead to whole heart overload?
Thyrotoxicosis, anemia, multiple pregnancy, thiamine deficiency.
p.29
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are the clinical features of arrhythmia?
Palpitation, dizziness, and syncope.
p.18
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What types of cardiac operations may be performed for heart failure?
Valvular operations, dilating stenotic coronary arteries, repairing congenital heart diseases, and heart transplantation.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What are the effects of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation?
Causes vasoconstriction, Na+ and fluid retention, increasing preload and cardiac output.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What are premature atrial and ventricular contractions?
Early heartbeats originating in the atria or ventricles.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is exertional dyspnea?
Difficulty in breathing during physical activity.
p.11
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
What is the effect of myocardial hypertrophy?
It increases muscle mass.
p.17
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is the purpose of 2D echocardiography in diagnosing heart failure?
To evaluate myocardial function, valvular issues, pericardial tamponade, constriction, and congenital heart diseases.
p.31
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is catheter ablation?
A procedure to identify the origin of arrhythmia and ablate the site using radiofrequency energy.
p.23
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What is the definition of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)?
SCD is unexpected death resulting from an abrupt loss of cardiac function within one hour of onset of symptoms.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What physical signs may be observed in heart failure?
Cardiac enlargement, murmurs, and gallop rhythm.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is liver enlargement a sign of in heart failure?
It indicates congestion due to fluid overload.
p.13
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are the clinical features of systemic venous congestion in right heart failure?
Distended neck veins, enlarged liver, and soft tissue edema, especially in the ankles and feet.
p.3
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
What is the definition of heart failure?
The heart cannot maintain cardiac output to supply the body and cannot eject venous blood returning to the heart, resulting in congestion.
p.3
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What does left heart failure (LVF) lead to?
Pulmonary venous congestion.
p.8
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What is an example of extra-cardiac shunting?
Large arterio-venous fistula.
p.6
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What leads to pulmonary hypertension in severe left ventricular failure (LVF)?
Severe pulmonary congestion.
p.22
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What are the initial steps in the diagnosis of shock?
History & physical examination.
p.3
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What eventually happens to the features of heart failure?
Features of whole heart failure set in over time.
p.27
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What methods are used in advanced life support to restore cardiac activity?
Defibrillation or pacing.
p.31
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is electrical cardioversion used for?
To restore normal heart rhythm.
p.27
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What is important to do after initiating life support in cardiac arrest?
Identify treatable causes and treat accordingly.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is atrial flutter?
A type of arrhythmia where the atria beat rapidly but in a more organized manner than in fibrillation.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is supraventricular tachycardia?
A rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is heart block?
A condition where the electrical signals in the heart are partially or completely blocked.
p.20
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What is a cause of neurological shock?
Blood vessels lose tone, leading to severe vasodilatation.
p.28
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
Why is understanding cardiac arrhythmias clinically important?
They are a common complaint and can indicate serious conditions like sudden cardiac death.
p.9
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What lifestyle factors can increase the risk of heart failure?
Overexertion, stress, and emotional disturbance.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What role does vasoconstriction play in heart failure compensation?
It increases afterload and venous return, ultimately increasing cardiac output.
p.17
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What blood chemistry tests are important in diagnosing heart failure?
Electrolytes, liver function, and kidney function.
p.21
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What happens after correcting factors causing low cardiac output in shock?
The shock still persists.
p.11
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What hormone causes fluid retention and increased vasoconstriction?
Vasopressin (Anti-diuretic hormone).
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is ventricular fibrillation?
A life-threatening arrhythmia where the ventricles quiver instead of pumping blood.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is bradycardia?
A slower than normal heart rate.
p.2
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What is sudden cardiac death?
An unexpected death caused by loss of heart function.
p.32
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is the purpose of pacemaker implantation?
To regulate heart rhythms in patients with arrhythmias.
p.26
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What are some causes of cardiac arrest?
Myocardial infarction (MI), ischemia, pre-existing serious heart disease, drugs, electrolyte imbalance, electrocution.
p.27
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What is the first step in the management of cardiac arrest?
Basic life support should be instituted urgently.
p.9
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What iatrogenic factors can lead to heart failure?
Over-medication, under-medication, and wrong medication.
p.25
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What imbalances can lead to non-cardiac sudden death?
Electrolyte and acid-base imbalance.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What does raised jugular venous pressure indicate?
It is a sign of heart failure.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What does decreased urine output indicate in heart failure?
It suggests fluid retention and poor kidney perfusion.
p.21
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are common clinical features of shock related to consciousness?
Fatigue, decreased conscious level, somnolence, irritability, or coma.
p.6
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
In cases of heart failure, which side's features may usually predominate?
Features of one-sided failure may usually predominate.
p.17
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is the primary aim of diagnosing heart failure?
To find the cause of heart failure to treat appropriately.
p.8
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What causes a decrease in myocardial pliability?
Severe myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial tumor, restrictive myopathy, endocardial fibrosis.
p.24
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What intervention may be used in known high-risk patients to prevent Sudden Cardiac Death?
Implantation of an internal cardiac defibrillator.
p.9
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What conditions can complicate heart failure?
Thyrotoxicosis, anemia, and pulmonary embolus.
p.31
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is the function of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator?
To detect cardiac arrhythmia and correct it by delivering a jolt of electricity.
p.20
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What is a consequence of cytokines in anaphylactic shock?
Severe vasodilatation and bronchial constriction.
p.5
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What is a primary symptom of Right Heart Failure (RVF)?
Upper abdominal distending discomfort.
p.33
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
Can an implantable cardiac defibrillator also function as a pacemaker?
Yes, some ICDs have dual functions and can act as both a defibrillator and a pacemaker.
p.21
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are the signs of peripheral circulation in shock?
Peripheral vasoconstriction, pallor, cold and clammy limbs, cyanosis.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is atrial fibrillation?
A common type of arrhythmia characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria.
p.14
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What symptoms indicate fatigue in heart failure patients?
Weakness, dizziness, somnolence/insomnia, and palpitations.
p.20
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What condition can lead to cardiogenic shock?
Acute myocardial infarction.
p.22
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What types of replacement may be necessary in the treatment of shock?
Blood, fluid, electrolyte replacement as appropriate.
p.25
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What medical procedures can lead to non-cardiac sudden death?
Anaesthetic, surgical, or other manipulations.
p.23
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What are some less common causes of Sudden Cardiac Death?
Pump failure and cardiac rupture.
p.20
Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Failure
What triggers anaphylactic shock?
Hypersensitivity reactions.
p.5
Clinical Features of Left and Right Heart Failure
What are late-stage signs of Right Heart Failure?
Ascites and pleural effusion.
p.2
Shock and Cardiogenic Shock
What is shock in the context of cardiovascular diseases?
A critical condition resulting from inadequate blood flow to the body's tissues.
p.2
Shock and Cardiogenic Shock
What is cardiogenic shock?
A type of shock caused by the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.
p.23
Sudden Cardiac Death: Causes and Risks
What are the other causes of Sudden Cardiac Death aside from coronary artery disease?
20% from other cardiac diseases, and a small percentage with no definite cardiac cause found.
p.22
Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure
What is crucial to do in addition to treating shock?
Find out & treat the cause.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is accessory pathway tachycardia?
A type of tachycardia caused by an extra electrical pathway in the heart.
p.30
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is ventricular tachycardia?
A fast heart rate that originates in the ventricles.
p.11
Heart Failure: Definitions and Types
What is the consequence of chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart?
They overwork the heart further, worsening heart failure.
p.2
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Types and Treatments
What is cardiac arrhythmia?
An irregular heartbeat that can affect the heart's ability to pump blood.
p.2
Cardiac Arrest: Management and Causes
What is cardiac arrest?
A sudden loss of heart function, leading to cessation of blood flow.
