p.1
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What is the primary aim of the first lecture in this course?
To introduce key concepts and theories related to human behavior.
p.13
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
Can a 'new normal' be considered non-normative?
Yes, if it arises from unique or unprecedented circumstances that deviate from typical developmental expectations.
p.15
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What is the difference between stage development and continuous development?
Stage development suggests distinct phases, while continuous development implies ongoing growth without clear stages.
p.32
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the process of learning according to Bandura?
Observation leads to learning 'chunks' of behavior, which are then internalized.
p.44
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What are some examples of influences in an exosystem?
Religion, government, system, and policy.
p.24
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What is the focus of Erikson's psychosocial stages?
Human development related to interpersonal, cultural, and historical experiences.
p.42
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What are some examples of microsystems?
Family, school, peer groups, and neighborhood.
p.19
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
How does Freud describe the unconscious mind?
As a reservoir of thoughts, memories, and desires that are not accessible to conscious awareness.
p.37
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
How does Vygotsky view growth?
As a collaborative process between the person and the world.
p.7
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What role do statistics play in investigations?
They help analyze data and support theories.
p.22
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
In the example of being thirsty, what does the ego require you to do?
Wait in a long queue to get a drink.
p.12
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
Can you give an example of a non-normative influence?
Atypical events such as a natural disaster or an unexpected illness.
p.37
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
How do children learn according to Vygotsky?
Through the interaction process with their social environment.
p.2
Comparison of Human Development in Japan and the U.S.
What aspect of family structure differs between Japan and the U.S.?
Japanese families often prioritize extended family ties, while U.S. families may focus more on nuclear family units.
p.11
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
How does history serve as an environmental influence?
It shapes the context in which individuals develop.
p.34
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What method does Piaget use in his research?
The Clinical Method, which combines observation with questioning.
p.45
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What does the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory refer to?
The overarching cultural context that influences development.
p.45
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What are dominant societal values and beliefs?
The widely accepted norms and principles that shape a culture.
p.8
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What are sensory capacities in the context of physical development?
The abilities related to the senses, such as sight, hearing, and touch.
p.46
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
How does the chronosystem affect relationships?
It influences the relationship with parents as time progresses.
p.5
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What prediction can be made about a secure child?
A secure child would not cry when he sees his mother.
p.7
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What is one method used in investigations?
Observation and document study.
p.36
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What is assimilation in the context of Piaget's theory?
Incorporating new information into existing knowledge.
p.9
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What are the mental abilities involved in cognitive development?
Learning, attention, memory, language, reasoning, and creativity.
p.10
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What does subjective well-being refer to?
An individual's self-assessment of their happiness and life satisfaction.
p.47
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
How may the sub-domains within a developmental stage differ for Chinese individuals?
They may develop slower or faster than originally proposed in the West.
p.1
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What is the focus of the course 'Human Behavior and the Social Environment'?
The interaction between human behavior and social environments.
p.30
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What is the role of reinforcement in children's behavior?
Reinforcement can encourage or discourage specific behaviors, such as tantrums for attention.
p.19
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What role does the unconscious play in human behavior according to Freud?
It drives actions and influences decisions without conscious awareness.
p.10
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What is psychological well-being?
A component of psychosocial development that refers to an individual's mental health and happiness.
p.6
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What does 'empirical' refer to in the context of human development?
It refers to what is happening in the process of development.
p.27
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What is a key principle of the second wave of behaviorism?
It emphasizes observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.
p.46
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What does the chronosystem refer to in human development?
The stability and change of systems over time.
p.46
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What change occurs in peer patterns according to the chronosystem?
Peer patterns change as a person grows up.
p.10
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What domain of development focuses on emotions and interpersonal relationships?
Psychosocial development.
p.32
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the main concept of Bandura's social learning theory?
We observe, learn, remember, and perform behaviors.
p.41
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What is Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory?
The most comprehensive view of the interaction between the individual and the environment.
p.31
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What is an example of reinforcement in an educational setting?
Receiving praise after doing a presentation.
p.13
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What is the difference between normative and non-normative influences?
Normative influences are typical or expected events in development, while non-normative influences are unusual or unique events that can impact an individual's development.
p.44
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What is an exosystem?
A linkage between two or more settings, where at least one setting does not contain the developing person.
p.8
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What are motor skills?
The abilities that enable movement and coordination of the body.
p.44
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
How can a father's experience at work influence his behavior at home?
For example, if a father is scolded by his boss, he may scold his child at home, reflecting the exosystem influence.
p.20
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What type of thinking is associated with the Id?
Primary process thinking.
p.27
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What does behaviorism focus on?
The observation of behaviors.
p.34
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What does Piaget's Cognitive Stage Theory focus on?
Thought processes and behavior that reflects those processes.
p.17
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is a theory in the context of behavior?
A set of logically related concepts that seek to describe, explain, and predict behavior under specific conditions.
p.31
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What is an example of punishment in an educational setting?
Being laughed at by peers after doing a presentation.
p.30
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What might happen if a child's tantrum is consistently reinforced?
The child may continue to use tantrums as a strategy to gain attention.
p.29
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?
A reward that is pleasurable.
p.29
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What is punishment in the context of operant conditioning?
A treatment that one wants to avoid, associated with pain.
p.15
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What influences our development according to the text?
Culturally and biologically related stages that are normatively expected.
p.13
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What does the term 'new normal' refer to?
A new standard or typical way of life that emerges after significant changes or events.
p.5
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
How do parenting styles relate to attachment?
Parenting styles suit the attachment pattern.
p.21
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What are the main components of the superego?
Conscience and moral ideals.
p.20
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What principle does the Id operate on?
The pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.
p.7
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
Which physiological responses are commonly measured in investigations?
Eye movement, heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension.
p.33
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What was the main focus of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?
To study observational learning and aggression in children.
p.17
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
How does a theory frame our understanding of behavior?
It influences how we view situations, such as interpreting a girl cutting her wrist.
p.36
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What is adaptation in Piagetian cognitive growth?
How children handle familiar information.
p.20
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What governs human development according to Freud?
Unconsciousness and death.
p.31
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
How does punishment affect future behavior regarding presentations?
It discourages individuals from wanting to do presentations again.
p.19
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is one method Freud used to explore the unconscious?
Psychoanalysis, including techniques like free association.
p.21
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
How might the superego influence behavior in a social situation?
It may prompt you to give up your seat for an elderly woman on the bus.
p.2
Comparison of Human Development in Japan and the U.S.
What is a key similarity between Japan and the U.S. in terms of development?
Both countries have advanced economies and high standards of living.
p.7
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What is the significance of theories in investigations?
They provide frameworks for understanding observations and data.
p.18
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the basic premise of Psychoanalytic theory?
Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern human development.
p.40
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What is the relationship between development and the environment?
Development occurs between an individual and the environment, which includes society and culture.
p.18
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What do Cognitive theories emphasize?
Thoughts and mental processes.
p.48
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What is the purpose of the survey?
To gather information or feedback from participants.
p.19
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the primary focus of Freud's theory?
The unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
p.14
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What does the unfolding of natural events refer to?
The natural progression of life experiences and changes.
p.17
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What are the three perspectives mentioned in the text?
Developmental perspective, Behavioral perspective, Psychoanalytic perspective.
p.30
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
How can tantrums be understood in the context of behaviorism?
As a learned behavior that is reinforced by the attention received.
p.12
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What is a normative influence?
An influence that is similar for most people, often age-graded or history-graded.
p.41
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
How do individuals interact with their environment according to Bronfenbrenner's theory?
People are shapers of their environment.
p.22
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What part of the personality is the ego?
The conscious, executive part of personality.
p.32
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is reciprocal determinism?
The concept that development is bidirectional between the person and the environment.
p.22
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What happens when you run out of time in the context of the ego?
You decide not to wait for the drink.
p.22
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
Is the decision made by the ego considered actual behavior?
No, it is NOT actual behavior.
p.40
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What type of learning does the environment facilitate?
A sophisticated way to learn new things.
p.21
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What does the superego represent in Freud's theory?
The internalization of moral ideals.
p.45
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
How does culture impact human development according to the macrosystem?
It provides the framework within which individuals develop and interact.
p.29
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What is operant conditioning based on?
Learning based on positive or negative consequences.
p.47
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
Do developmental stages apply to Chinese people?
Yes, the overall trajectory is the same.
p.21
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What conflict does the superego have?
It conflicts with the id.
p.16
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What does Baltes suggest about the allocation of resources in development?
Development involves a changing allocation of resources.
p.29
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What is extinction in operant conditioning?
The absence of reinforcement to the extent that the behavior does not exist.
p.29
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What does shaping mean in operant conditioning?
Practice makes perfect through successive approximation.
p.18
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the core idea of Humanistic theory?
Humans are free, rational beings with full potential for personal growth.
p.14
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
How is the life span viewed in terms of stages?
It is not divided by stages but is considered a social construction.
p.1
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the significance of theories in understanding human behavior?
Theories provide frameworks for analyzing and interpreting human behavior.
p.8
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What does the physical domain of development encompass?
Body growth and brain development.
p.36
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What are the two processes involved in adaptation?
Assimilation and Accommodation.
p.6
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What are the three domains of human development?
Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial.
p.20
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What is the Id?
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that satisfies biological drives.
p.6
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What are the stages of human development?
Birth, Toddler, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Old Age, Death.
p.8
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
How does health relate to physical development?
Health impacts growth, development, and overall physical capabilities.
p.3
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What does the scientific study of human development encompass?
Processes from conception to death.
p.41
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What influences can affect individuals according to Bronfenbrenner's theory?
Environmental influences such as peer influence and drug use.
p.16
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What influences development according to Baltes?
Historical and cultural context.
p.43
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
How does watching a movie with friends illustrate a mesosystem?
It shows interaction between my family and my peers when my little brother wants to join.
p.11
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What is the impact of social economic status (SES) on development?
It affects access to resources and opportunities.
p.38
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What can be gained with assistance in the context of ZPD?
Knowledge and skills that are just beyond the current capabilities of the learner.
p.42
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What is a microsystem in the context of human development?
Patterns of activities, roles, and relationships within a setting.
p.31
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
How does reinforcement affect future behavior regarding presentations?
It makes individuals more likely to want to do presentations in the future.
p.39
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is scaffolding in the context of learning?
A method that helps learners gain independence through guided support.
p.36
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What is accommodation in Piaget's cognitive growth?
Changing structures to include new information.
p.39
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is an example of scaffolding in learning to ride a bicycle?
Progressing from a 4-wheel bike to a 3-wheel bike, and then to a 2-wheel bike.
p.15
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What does 'organismic' development imply?
An active and continuously growing person who develops according to their own pace.
p.3
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
How is development characterized in terms of organization?
Development is systematic: coherent and organized.
p.24
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What do individuals face during different stages of Erikson's theory?
Different crises that represent moments of decision between progress or regress.
p.11
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
How does society influence individual development?
Through cultural norms and values.
p.38
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What does ZPD stand for?
Zone of Proximal Development.
p.15
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What does 'passive' development refer to?
Development according to a grand floor plan, where individuals are seen as passive participants.
p.37
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasize about children's learning?
Children's active interaction with social environments.
p.12
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What are history-graded influences?
Influences that result from historical events that affect a cohort of people.
p.33
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What did children observe in Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?
An adult behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll.
p.37
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory?
Support provided to children to help them achieve tasks within their ZPD.
p.12
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What are age-graded influences?
Influences that are linked to specific ages and are experienced by most individuals in a particular culture.
p.39
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
How does scaffolding apply to learning addition?
It involves providing support and gradually reducing assistance as the learner becomes more proficient.
p.29
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What does a reward schedule refer to?
How we deliver timely and appropriate rewards or punishments.
p.39
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the goal of early intervention programs in relation to the ZPD?
To expand the zone of proximal development.
p.18
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What does Behavioral theory focus on?
The effects of environments on the overt behavior of human development.
p.35
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What cognitive abilities are developed during the concrete operational stage?
Ability to solve problems logically but cannot think abstractly.
p.4
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
How does developmental psychology contribute to professional communication among disciplines?
It provides a foundation for collaboration among psychologists, psychiatrists, and therapists.
p.32
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What does self-efficacy refer to in Bandura's theory?
The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations.
p.20
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What is an example of the Id's immediate impulse?
Feeling an immediate impulse when stepped on by someone.
p.43
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
What is a mesosystem?
Interaction between two or more microsystems.
p.2
Comparison of Human Development in Japan and the U.S.
How do educational systems differ between Japan and the U.S.?
Japan has a more rigorous and standardized education system compared to the U.S.
p.24
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
How does resolving crises affect the ego in Erikson's theory?
Resolved crises strengthen the ego.
p.35
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What are some characteristics of the pre-operational stage?
Development of a representation system, use of symbols, language, imaginative play, and illogical thinking.
p.18
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
How does Contextual theory explain behavior?
All behaviors are domain and situation specific.
p.3
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
What patterns does the study of human development focus on?
Patterns of change and stability.
p.12
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What is a non-normative influence?
An influence that involves atypical events that do not occur in a predictable way.
p.3
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What does it mean that development is adaptive?
We deal with internal and external conditions.
p.24
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What is the epigenetic principle in Erikson's theory?
A series of stages universal to humankind that unfold in a predetermined manner.
p.33
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What concept did Bandura's experiment help to illustrate?
The concept of social learning theory.
p.22
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What does the ego provide in terms of personality?
A reality check and reference to the outside world.
p.15
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What does it mean to violate normative stages of development?
It refers to not adhering to the expected cultural and biological stages of development.
p.33
Behaviorism and Operant Conditioning
What was the outcome for children who observed aggressive behavior?
They were more likely to imitate the aggressive actions.
p.18
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the main assertion of Behavioral theory?
Only observable events can be studied scientifically.
p.38
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is meant by 'overlap' in the context of ZPD?
It refers to what is already known and what can be gained with assistance.
p.4
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What is a developmental group in the context of social work?
A group focused on developmental tasks.
p.26
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What do individuals aged 35 to 60 strive for in Erikson's psychosocial development?
Generativity vs. stagnation.
p.26
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What is the key development task for adolescents (12-18 years) according to Erikson?
Develop a sense of self and roles.
p.16
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
How is development characterized in Baltes' lifespan perspective?
Development is modifiable.
p.37
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance.
p.47
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What plays a significant role in developmental differences among Chinese ethnic groups?
The importance of local culture.
p.40
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
Is there a limit to individual development?
Yes, there is a limit for each person.
p.35
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What is the final stage of Piaget's cognitive stage theory?
Formal operations (11 years through adulthood).
p.26
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What is the psychosocial challenge during the ages of 12 to 18 according to Erikson?
Identity vs. identity confusion.
p.47
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What concept should be considered instead of an all-or-none approach in development?
The continuity of change.
p.11
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
What role does school play in development?
It provides education and socialization.
p.43
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
Give an example of a mesosystem interaction.
My mother joining the Parent-Teacher Association at my school.
p.35
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What key activities are organized during the sensorimotor stage?
Activities are organized in relation to the environment through sensory and motor activity.
p.40
Domains of Human Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
How does the environment contribute to individual development?
The environment provides interaction that allows individuals to learn and grow.
p.25
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What is the age range for the Autonomy vs. shame stage?
12 to 18 months to 3 years old.
p.18
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What is the focus of Biological theory?
Physiological bases of human behavior.
p.26
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What does generativity involve in Erikson's stages for those aged 35 to 60?
Guiding the next generation and helping others.
p.23
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What is the primary focus during the phallic stage?
Attachment to the opposite-sex parent and then the same-sex parent.
p.11
Normative vs. Non-Normative Influences on Development
How do peer relationships influence development?
They provide social support and shape identity.
p.2
Comparison of Human Development in Japan and the U.S.
What is a significant difference in cultural values between Japan and the U.S.?
Japan emphasizes collectivism, while the U.S. values individualism.
p.35
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What is the first stage of Piaget's cognitive stage theory?
Sensorimotor stage (Birth – 2 years).
p.2
Comparison of Human Development in Japan and the U.S.
In terms of work culture, how do Japan and the U.S. differ?
Japan often has a culture of long working hours and loyalty to the company, while the U.S. promotes work-life balance and job mobility.
p.38
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What is the purpose of early intervention programs in relation to ZPD?
To expand the Zone of Proximal Development.
p.26
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What does ego integrity entail for individuals over 60 in Erikson's framework?
Acceptance of one's life with few regrets.
p.4
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
Why is normalization of development important for social workers?
It helps with adjustment and adaptation.
p.26
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What is the main goal for young adults (18-35 years) in Erikson's theory?
Form intimate relationships.
p.4
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What role does casework normalization play in social work?
It helps understand changes in clients' development.
p.4
Importance of Developmental Psychology for Social Workers
What is the purpose of preventive talks in social work?
To address potential developmental issues before they arise.
p.18
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
What do Cognitive theories suggest about information?
People acquire, store, and process information.
p.23
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What is the primary source of pleasure in the oral stage?
Mouth-oriented activities such as sucking and feeding.
p.23
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What is the primary focus during the anal stage?
Withholding and expelling stool.
p.35
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
What cognitive abilities are characteristic of the formal operations stage?
Ability to think abstractly, deal with hypothetical situations, and consider choices and possibilities.
p.26
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
What is the psychosocial challenge faced by individuals aged 60 and above?
Ego integrity vs. despair.
p.23
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What fixation might occur during the anal stage?
Cleanliness or messiness.
p.23
Freud's Psychosexual Development Stages
What does fixation refer to in Freud's theory?
Focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier stage where conflicts are unresolved.
