p.50
Extraction and Purification Methods
What type of drugs are suitable for spray drying?
Highly sensitive drugs to atmospheric conditions, such as papaya latex, pectin, and tannins.
p.56
Extraction and Purification Methods
What is the most common method for stabilizing plant materials?
Brief exposure to ethanol vapor under pressure (0.5 atm).
p.52
Extraction and Purification Methods
What is the purpose of using desiccators in chemical drying?
To remove moisture from drugs.
p.57
Extraction and Purification Methods
What conditions are used to accelerate enzymatic processes during fermentation?
Raised temperatures (30 - 40 °C) and humidity.
p.38
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is included in the official title of a crude drug?
Synonyms or vernacular names.
p.43
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is propagation by seed?
A method of plant reproduction involving the use of seeds.
p.38
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What are the morphological characters of crude drugs?
Physical characters such as dimensions, surface characters, fracture, and sensory characters like colour, odour, and taste.
p.4
Historical Context of Pharmacognosy
What methods did early humans use to acquire knowledge of medicinal properties of plants?
Guesswork or trial & error, searching for food, superficial resemblance, and observing animals.
p.10
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is the focus of pharmacology?
The study of how drugs interact with biological systems.
p.11
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What are semisynthetic sources of drugs?
Drugs created by altering the structures of naturally occurring drugs.
p.48
Extraction and Purification Methods
Give an example of a plant that can be dried in a shed.
Digitalis, clove senna, or peppermint.
p.59
Definition and Historical Context
What does the number 59 represent?
It could refer to a quantity, age, or specific identifier, but more context is needed.
p.43
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is vegetative propagation?
A method of plant reproduction that involves the use of plant parts other than seeds.
p.36
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is the basis for the chemical classification of drugs?
According to their principal chemical constituents.
p.45
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is Gibberellin known for?
Gibberellin promotes stem elongation and seed germination.
p.29
Classification of Crude Drugs
Give an example of a crude drug that can be classified alphabetically.
Acacia, Agar, Benzoin, Beeswax, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Digitalis, Datura, Jalap, Kino, Ephedra, Linseed, Fennel, Ginger, Isapagol, Mustard.
p.52
Extraction and Purification Methods
What happens to an absolutely dried drug when exposed to air?
It absorbs 8 - 10% of moisture.
p.11
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What types of synthetic sources exist?
Inorganic source, organic source, and a combination of organic and inorganic sources.
p.25
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is a crude drug?
A natural product obtained from a natural source, which can be in different forms.
p.57
Extraction and Purification Methods
What is fermentation in the context of plant constituents?
Enzymatic transformation of the original plant constituents.
p.24
Biosynthetic Sources and Genetic Engineering
What technologies are involved in developing biosynthetic sources?
Molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alteration, gene splicing, immunology, and immunopharmacology.
p.24
Biosynthetic Sources and Genetic Engineering
What is Recombinex HB?
A genetically engineered hepatitis-B vaccine.
p.7
Classification of Crude Drugs
What did Charaka do with herbs in India?
He made 50 groups of 10 herbs each for particular illnesses.
p.59
Definition and Historical Context
What is the significance of the date 9/8/2024?
It may refer to a specific event or deadline, but context is needed for clarity.
p.38
Natural Sources of Drugs
What aspects are covered under the origin of crude drugs?
Biological and geographical sources, along with the history and name of the drug.
p.45
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is the role of Auxin in plants?
Auxin regulates plant growth and development.
p.26
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are some examples of plant sources of crude drugs?
Senna, Digitalis, Datura, Cascara, Cinchona, Clove, Opium.
p.47
Extraction and Purification Methods
What factors determine the harvesting method of drugs?
The type of drug and pharmacopoeial standards that need to be achieved.
p.53
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What is garbling in the context of pharmacognosy?
The process of removing undesirable materials such as sand, dirt, and foreign organic parts from crude drugs.
p.57
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
Why must the fermented product be dried afterwards?
To prevent attack by microorganisms, such as moulds.
p.29
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is the method of classification that arranges crude drugs in alphabetical order?
Alphabetical classification.
p.46
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are the sources of medicinal plants?
They can be collected from wild or cultivated plants.
p.48
Extraction and Purification Methods
What are the two main methods of drying?
Natural and artificial methods.
p.29
Classification of Crude Drugs
For which type of drugs is alphabetical classification particularly suitable?
Drugs having no connecting features of a scientific nature.
p.26
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are some examples of animal sources of crude drugs?
Cochineal, cantharidin, honey, cod liver oil, musk, thyroxin.
p.10
Natural Sources of Drugs
What does phytochemistry study?
The chemistry of plants and plant products.
Who wrote the herbal document 'Pen-ts'ao' and when?
Shen nung around 3000 BC.
p.4
Definition and Historical Context
What is pharmacognosy regarded as?
The mother of all sciences.
p.13
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is Reserpine derived from?
Rauwolfia serpentina root bark.
p.42
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What is one advantage of cultivating medicinal plants?
Ensures quality and purity of medicinal plants.
p.49
Extraction and Purification Methods
What is tray drying used for?
For materials that do not contain volatile oil and are stable to heat.
p.48
Extraction and Purification Methods
Which plants are typically dried directly in the sun?
Gum acacia, seeds, and fruits.
p.10
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What is the importance of quality control in pharmacognosy?
To ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of crude drugs.
p.49
Extraction and Purification Methods
When is enzyme deactivation required in drying?
For materials like belladonna roots, cinchona bark, tea, and gums.
p.51
Extraction and Purification Methods
What types of substances are typically dried using lyophilization?
Heat-sensitive substances and biological fluids, such as antibiotics, proteins, and enzymes.
p.13
Natural Sources of Drugs
From which plant is Atropine derived?
Atropa belladonna leaves.
p.26
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are crude drugs?
Products of plant, animal, and mineral origin found in raw form and pharmaceutical products.
p.25
Classification of Crude Drugs
Give an example of a crude drug.
Senna, Cascara, or Cinchona.
p.12
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is lime juice used for?
To obtain Ascorbic acid/Vitamin C, which is used for scurvy and gum bleeding.
p.56
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What is the purpose of stabilization in the context of plant material storage?
To avoid degradation by destroying enzymes before drying.
p.46
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What affects the active constituents of medicinal plants?
Many factors, including the course of plant growth.
p.4
Historical Context of Pharmacognosy
What was one way early humans learned about plants?
By observing other animals' instinctive discrimination between toxic and palatable plants.
p.9
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are primary and secondary metabolites?
Medicinally active compounds formed through biogenetic pathways.
p.51
Extraction and Purification Methods
What happens to water vapor during the lyophilization process?
It passes rapidly to the cold surface.
p.11
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
How can plant sources be utilized in drug development?
By searing as a plant source and then synthesizing it in a lab.
p.37
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is an example of a chemotaxonomic marker?
Tropane alkaloids, which generally occur among members of the Solanaceae family.
p.33
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are organized drugs derived from leaves?
Datura, Senna, Digitalis.
p.42
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
How does cultivation contribute to industrialization?
It leads to industrialization.
p.37
Classification of Crude Drugs
What does the latest system of classification in chemotaxonomy aim to understand?
The relationship between chemical constituents, their biosynthesis, and their possible actions.
p.39
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What are chemical identity tests based on?
The nature of constituents.
p.28
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is chemotaxonomic classification?
A classification system based on the chemical composition of organisms.
p.15
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is the role of gum acacia and gum tragacanth?
They are used as suspending agents.
p.8
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What subjects are included in the study of drugs from plants?
Botany, chemistry, and pharmacology.
p.29
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is the simplest method of arranging crude drugs?
Alphabetical order using their English or Latin names.
p.16
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are oleoresins?
A type of resin, an example is aspidium.
p.8
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What is involved in chemical characterization of plant materials?
Isolation, identification, and quantification of constituents.
p.8
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What does pharmacology study in relation to medicinal plants?
The biological effects of chemicals on cell cultures, animals, and humans.
p.19
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are microbiological sources of drugs?
Drugs obtained from fungi, moulds, and bacteria.
p.52
Extraction and Purification Methods
What is an air-dry drug?
A drug that has absorbed 8 - 10% moisture after being absolutely dried.
p.42
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What does cultivation ensure regarding the supply of medicinal plants?
It ensures a regular supply.
p.55
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What effect does excessive moisture have on digitalis and wild cherry bark?
It facilitates enzymatic degradation.
p.31
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is an example of a morphological characteristic?
Leaf shape or flower structure.
p.40
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What is a monograph in pharmacognosy?
The descriptive material pertaining to any drug or therapeutic agent included in the pharmacopoeia.
p.23
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What is the current trend in drug production?
Most drugs are synthetics produced in laboratories, with few from natural extractions.
p.40
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What information is included in the monograph of a drug?
Official title, synonyms, definition, description, collection or preparation, identity tests, tests for adulterants, method of assay, storage, uses, and doses.
p.39
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What does quality control of drugs involve?
Evaluation of the physical and chemical characters of the drug.
p.39
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is the significance of evaluating the uses and applications of a drug?
To understand its role in medicine.
p.14
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is lard?
Fat obtained from pigs, used in cooking and baking.
p.34
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are drugs from underground organs?
Drugs derived from parts of plants that grow below the ground.
p.7
Classification of Crude Drugs
How did Sushrutha classify the herbs?
In 7 groups based on their common properties.
p.50
Extraction and Purification Methods
What is a vacuum dryer used for?
For drying thermolabile drugs like tannic acid and digitalis.
p.56
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What happens to constituents during long storage of plant materials?
Enzymatic reactions slowly destroy the constituents.
p.38
Extraction and Purification Methods
What details are included in the cultivation and preparation of medicinal plants?
Cultivation methods, collection, drying, packing, and treatment of the drug for market preparation.
p.9
Extraction and Purification Methods
Why is the extraction, isolation, purification, and characterization of phytochemicals important?
It is important for the advancement of the medicine system.
p.11
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are the four natural sources of drugs?
Vegetable source, animal source, mineral source, and microbiological source.
p.43
Extraction and Purification Methods
What are aseptic methods of micropropagation?
Techniques used to grow plants in a sterile environment to prevent contamination.
p.52
Extraction and Purification Methods
What defines an absolutely dried drug?
A drug that is completely freed from water.
p.2
Definition and Historical Context
What has contributed to the development of today's modern medicine system?
Knowledge and experience accumulated over thousands of years.
p.13
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is Morphine obtained from?
Dried latex of Papaver somniferum.
p.24
Biosynthetic Sources and Genetic Engineering
What are interferon-alpha-2a and interferon-alpha-2b used for?
Treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.
p.16
Classification of Crude Drugs
Name a type of balsam.
Tolubalsam, Perubalsam, or Benzoin.
p.12
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are some sources of primitive medicine?
Folklore, witchcraft, dreams, trances, and observing animal reactions to herbs.
p.23
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What knowledge is essential for the preparation of synthetic drugs?
Knowledge of phytochemical investigation.
p.12
Natural Sources of Drugs
What significant drug was discovered through primitive medicine?
Quinine, used for malaria.
p.21
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
How do semi-synthetic methods improve drugs?
By chemically modifying substances from natural sources to enhance potency, efficacy, and reduce side effects.
What roles did 'De Materia Medica' play in science?
It played an important role in pharmacology and botany.
p.14
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is Digitalis used for?
It is used in the treatment of heart conditions.
p.30
Classification of Crude Drugs
What does taxonomical classification reflect?
The natural relationship or phylogeny of the sources.
p.54
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What type of container is suitable for Cod liver oil?
Light resistant container.
p.21
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What is another example of a semi-synthetic compound?
6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives.
p.42
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What ecological issue can arise from the cultivation of medicinal plants?
Losses due to ecological imbalances.
p.25
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What is an example of a semisynthetic product?
Etoposide or hyoscine butyl bromide.
p.35
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is the basis for the pharmacological or therapeutic classification of crude drugs?
Based on the pharmacological actions and therapeutic properties of the crude drugs.
p.53
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
Why is garbling necessary for plants like lobelia and stramonium?
To remove excessive stems.
p.24
Biosynthetic Sources and Genetic Engineering
What is the focus of biosynthetic sources in pharmacognosy?
Genetically engineered drugs.
p.8
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What does botany encompass in the context of pharmacognosy?
Identification (taxonomy), genetics, and cultivation of plants.
p.10
Introduction to Pharmacognosy
What is pharmacognosy?
The study of medicinal drugs derived from plants and other natural sources.
p.48
Extraction and Purification Methods
What is natural drying?
Drying by natural air in sun or shade.
p.46
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
Why is the proper time of collection important?
To obtain a drug of good quality.
p.36
Classification of Crude Drugs
What type of drugs are grouped together in the alkaloid category?
Alkaloid-containing drugs.
p.31
Classification of Crude Drugs
Why is morphological classification important?
It helps in identifying and categorizing different species for study and use.
p.32
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are unorganized (acellular) drugs?
Drugs that are products of plant, animal, and mineral sources, including dried latex, dried juice, dried extracts, gums, resins, fixed oils, fats, waxes, volatile oils, animal products, and minerals.
p.45
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is the role of growth inhibitors like ABA?
ABA (Abscisic Acid) inhibits growth and promotes dormancy.
p.41
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
Why is storage important in the handling of crude drugs?
To maintain their quality and efficacy.
p.40
Natural Sources of Drugs
How are secondary metabolites described in relation to plant metabolism?
They are waste products of metabolism, usually accumulated in some parts of the plant and are physiologically active on living organisms.
p.54
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
How should Asafoetida be stored?
In a well-closed container to prevent loss of volatile oils.
p.25
Extraction and Purification Methods
What are galenicals?
Preparations of crude drugs, such as extracts and tinctures.
p.22
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What is a semi-synthetic drug derived from animal sources?
Animal insulin changed to be like human insulin.
p.40
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is the significance of resin in pharmacognosy?
Resin is a type of secondary metabolite that can have therapeutic properties.
p.33
Classification of Crude Drugs
Which unorganized drugs are classified as volatile oils?
Coriander, Cinnamon, Clove.
p.17
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are sera used for?
Sera such as antidiphtheria and antitetanus are used for prophylaxis/treatment.
p.38
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What are microscopical characters in pharmacognostic studies?
Histological characters that help in the identification of the drug in powdered form.
p.9
Definition and Historical Context
What knowledge is essential for a complete understanding of Pharmacognosy?
Knowledge of chemotaxonomy, biogenetic pathways, plant tissue culture, and related fields.
p.24
Biosynthetic Sources and Genetic Engineering
What is Humulin?
A recombinant DNA engineered insulin for diabetes.
p.31
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are the key criteria used in morphological classification?
Physical characteristics such as shape, size, and structure.
p.45
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What function does Cytokinin serve in plants?
Cytokinin promotes cell division and growth.
p.41
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What is the purpose of garbling in the processing of crude drugs?
To remove impurities and unwanted materials.
p.2
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
How do people use natural products in relation to healthcare?
Directly or indirectly for their primary healthcare needs.
p.5
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What has pharmacognosy become in modern times?
A multidisciplinary subject encompassing various fields.
p.14
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are glycosides?
Compounds that yield one or more sugars upon hydrolysis.
p.37
Classification of Crude Drugs
How can plant secondary metabolites be used in pharmacognosy?
They can serve as the basis for the classification of crude drugs.
p.42
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What modern technological aspects can be applied in the cultivation of medicinal plants?
Mutation, polyploidy, and hybridization.
p.44
Natural Sources of Drugs
What environmental condition relates to the duration of sunlight exposure?
Day length and radiation characteristics.
p.18
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What types of minerals are used for the diagnosis/treatment of malignant conditions?
Radioactive isotopes of iodine, phosphorus, and gold.
p.55
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What are some examples of fumigants used for drug storage?
Methyl bromide, carbon disulphide, HCN.
p.17
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is the use of liver extracts?
Liver extracts are used for treating anemia.
p.35
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What are examples of cardio-tonics?
Digitalis, Squill, and Stropanthus.
p.31
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is morphological classification?
A system of classifying organisms based on their physical form and structure.
p.43
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
Why is the quality of plants important in propagation?
Quality affects growth, yield, and resistance to diseases.
p.23
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
Name three examples of synthetic drugs.
Aspirin, antihistamines, and paracetamol.
p.26
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are some examples of marine sources of crude drugs?
Sponges, red algae, agar.
p.37
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is chemotaxonomic classification based on?
The chemical similarity of taxa, specifically the relationship between constituents in various plants.
p.23
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
How are most synthetic drugs prepared?
By chemical processes in the laboratory.
p.40
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are secondary metabolites?
Substances synthesized or produced as by-products by plants during their metabolic activities, with no primary use.
p.5
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What fields are included in modern pharmacognosy?
Phytochemistry, analytical pharmacognosy, pharmacotherapy, medicinal plant biotechnology, herbal formulations, and nutraceuticals.
p.39
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What do Co constituents include?
Reputed active constituents and other constituents, including reserve food materials.
p.3
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What are the key areas of study in pharmacognosy?
Medicinal uses, history, sources, distributions, methods of cultivation, active constituents, identification tests, preservation methods, substituents, and adulterants.
p.23
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
Why are alterations made to the naturally found structure of drugs?
To improve their effect and the finances of pharmaceutical companies.
p.17
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is thyroid powder used for?
Thyroid powder is used for treating hypothyroidism.
p.22
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What are 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives used for?
They are used as anticholinergic drugs.
p.1
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are crude drugs?
Crude drugs are natural substances used in the preparation of medicinal products.
p.3
Definition and Historical Context
What does the term 'pharmacognosy' derive from?
Two Greek words: 'pharmakon' meaning drug or medicine, and 'gignosco' meaning to acquire knowledge.
p.9
Biosynthetic Sources and Genetic Engineering
What role does plant tissue culture play in Pharmacognosy?
It is essential for understanding the production of medicinally active compounds.
p.26
Natural Sources of Drugs
What are some examples of mineral sources of crude drugs?
Talc, kaolin, kieselguhr.
p.21
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What are semi-synthetic processes used for in drug preparation?
To prepare drugs when synthesis may be difficult, expensive, or when natural sources yield impure compounds.
p.10
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is the role of botany in pharmacognosy?
Botany studies plants, which are primary sources of many medicinal compounds.
p.19
Natural Sources of Drugs
Which drug is derived from Penicillium griseofulvum?
Griseofulvin (an anti-fungal drug).
p.5
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is zoopharmacognosy?
A branch of pharmacognosy that studies animal behavior for drug discovery and development.
p.21
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What is an example of a semi-synthetic drug?
Semi-synthetic human insulin.
p.27
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are examples of unorganized substances derived from plants or animals?
Opium, aloes, tragacanth, resins.
p.18
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is kaolin used for in pharmacotherapy?
As an adsorbent in antidiarrheal mixtures.
p.55
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
How should drugs be stored to ensure their quality?
In sealed containers in cool, dark places.
p.14
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is castor oil primarily used for?
As a laxative and for skin care.
p.54
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What is the significance of packaging Asafoetida properly?
To prevent the loss of volatile oils.
p.34
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are unorganized crude drugs?
Drugs that do not have a defined structure or organization.
p.1
Introduction to Pharmacognosy
What is the basic concept of Pharmacognosy?
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs derived from natural sources.
p.2
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
What has nature provided for human health?
Medicines for better health, including cures for almost all types of ailments.
p.47
Extraction and Purification Methods
Which drugs are harvested by hand rather than by machine?
Digitalis, Senna, Tea, and Vinca.
p.42
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
How does cultivation affect the yield of medicinal plants?
Better yield can be achieved by skilled persons from cultivated plants.
p.45
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is the significance of Ethylene in plant growth?
Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and flower wilting.
p.31
Classification of Crude Drugs
Can morphological classification be applied to both plants and animals?
Yes, it can be applied to both plants and animals.
p.47
Extraction and Purification Methods
How is the Cochineal insect collected?
By brushing it off trees.
p.18
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
Which minerals are used as antacids for hyperacidity and peptic ulcer?
Magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.
p.39
Quality Control and Preservation of Crude Drugs
What are substitutes and adulterants in pharmacognosy?
Materials added fraudulently and matter associated with the drug due to carelessness in handling.
p.17
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is heparin used for?
Heparin is used as an anticoagulant.
p.14
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is croton oil derived from?
The seeds of the Croton tiglium plant.
p.14
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is shark liver oil known for?
Its potential health benefits and use in supplements.
p.34
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are organized crude drugs?
Drugs derived from overground organs.
p.32
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are organized (cellular) drugs?
Drugs that are direct parts of the plant, divided into leaves, barks, wood, root, rhizome, seed, fruit, flower, stem, hair, and fibers.
p.3
Definition and Historical Context
Who coined the term pharmacognosy?
Prof. John Schimidt in his book 'Lehrbuch der Materia Medica'.
p.30
Classification of Crude Drugs
What is the basis for taxonomical classification in pharmacognosy?
According to the natural groups (e.g., families) of their sources.
p.10
Definition and Historical Context
How does biology relate to pharmacognosy?
Biology provides the foundational understanding of living organisms from which drugs are derived.
p.49
Extraction and Purification Methods
What happens if enzymes are not destroyed during drying?
The plant can still metabolize.
p.32
Classification of Crude Drugs
Give examples of organized drugs.
Leaves, barks, wood, root, rhizome, seed, fruit, flower, stem, hair, and fibers.
p.28
Classification of Crude Drugs
What classification system is based on the therapeutic effects of drugs?
Pharmacological or therapeutic system.
p.32
Classification of Crude Drugs
What types of substances are included in unorganized drugs?
Dried latex, dried juice, dried extracts, gums, resins, fixed oils, fats, waxes, volatile oils, animal products, and minerals.
p.37
Classification of Crude Drugs
What does the term 'chemotaxonomic grouping' refer to?
Grouping based on chemical similarities, even if the plants are different.
p.25
Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Sources
What is a pure compound in pharmacognosy?
A substance like morphine, atropine, or digoxin.
p.18
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What are some examples of minerals mentioned that have therapeutic uses?
Chalk, bentonite, potassium chloride, and various acids and bases.
p.27
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are examples of entire organs from plants used as crude drugs?
Senna, Clove, Fennel, Linseed.
p.18
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is the therapeutic use of magnesium sulfate?
It is employed as a purgative.
p.16
Classification of Crude Drugs
What are pyrogallol tannins?
Glycosides of glucose that occur in oak galls.
p.17
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is insulin derived from and what is its use?
Insulin is derived from the pancreases of pigs and cattle and is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
p.3
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
What is the significance of studying active constituents in pharmacognosy?
To understand the medicinal uses of naturally occurring drugs.
p.39
Extraction and Purification Methods
What are extractives?
Crude mixtures of chemical constituents removed from plants or animals by various extraction processes.
p.14
Natural Sources of Drugs
What is a common use for cod liver oil?
As a dietary supplement rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
p.35
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications
Which substances are classified as expectorants?
Liquorice, Vasaka, and Ipecac.
p.12
Natural Sources of Drugs
From which parts of plants can drugs be obtained?
Roots, rhizomes, stem, bark, sap, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, etc.
p.17
Natural Sources of Drugs
What types of therapies utilize hormones and vitamins?
Hormones and vitamins are used as replacement therapy.
p.17
Natural Sources of Drugs
Name some vaccines derived from animal sources.
Vaccines for cholera, T.B., smallpox, polio, and antirabic.
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Natural Sources of Drugs
What are some other animal-derived products mentioned?
Honey, beeswax, and shark liver oil.
