Soft data, often known as qualitative data, focuses on describing the qualities or characteristics of an object or situation, often collected through interviews.
Business information systems serve as an organizational control mechanism.
Hard data, also known as quantitative data, uses figures like statistics to measure or quantify an object or situation.
Interdependence means that a change to one part of a system leads to or results from changes to one or more other parts.
Many organizations have adapted by adopting new structures and creating new roles for managers.
ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning, which integrates core business processes in real-time.
Data that have been interpreted and understood by the recipient.
Computer-based information systems help organizations analyze data, streamline processes, and enhance decision-making, leading to a competitive edge in the market.
The work of a knowledge engineer focuses on eliciting knowledge from experts so that it can be recorded and shared with others within the organization.
Managers can maximize an organization's use of technology by understanding Business Information Systems (BIS).
Data are raw facts or observations that are considered to have little or no value until they have been processed and transformed into information.
Decision characteristics refer to the specific traits or factors that influence decision-making processes at different levels of management.
The interface describes exchanges between a system and its environment or other systems.
Increased production results in higher output and revenue, which can be measured in financial terms, showcasing a tangible value of information.
A Business Information System is a group of interrelated components that work collectively to carry out input, processing, output, storage, and control actions to convert data into information products that support forecasting, planning, control, coordination, decision making, and operational activities in an organization.
A subsystem is a smaller system that is part of a larger system.
The types of information processing involved include data collection, data analysis, data summarization, and reporting.
Information is data that have been processed so that they are meaningful.
A system that uses feedback to control its operation, ensuring that the output meets the desired performance criteria.
A framework for a decision table typically includes conditions, actions, and rules that guide decision-making processes.
Information helps to reduce uncertainty, thereby improving decision behavior.
BIS can streamline operations, reduce overhead costs, and enhance efficiency, allowing businesses to offer lower prices than competitors.
(a) a series of non-random symbols, numbers, values or words (b) a series of facts obtained by observation or research and recorded (c) a collection of non-random facts (d) the record of an event or fact
Cognitive style
A bank statement.
Greater customer loyalty fosters repeat business and positive word-of-mouth, which enhances brand reputation and market position, representing an intangible value.
An open system is one that interacts with elements beyond its system boundary, accepting input and reacting to it.
Sales data, inventory data, customer data.
CRM focuses on marketing and sales processes.
A decision tree is used to visually represent the decision-making process for approving or denying loan applications based on various criteria.
Systems are hierarchical, meaning they are made up of subsystems that may themselves consist of other subsystems, indicating interdependence among parts.
A business rule is a rule describing what action the organization should take when a particular situation arises.
Business Information Systems (BIS) can help organizations achieve competitive advantage by optimizing processes and decision-making.
BIS supports innovation by providing data analytics, fostering collaboration, and enabling rapid prototyping and feedback loops.
Data resources describe all of the data that an organization has access to, regardless of its form.
E-business refers to all electronically mediated information exchanges, both within an organization and with external stakeholders, supporting the range of business processes.
Information.
Loose coupling means that the modules pass only the minimum of information between them and do not share data and program code.
A suprasystem is a larger system made up of one or more smaller systems, known as subsystems.
Computer-based information systems often operate twenty-four hours a day, only halted for repairs or routine maintenance.
A powerful means of analyzing and improving business processes.
Knowledge can be thought of as the combined result of a person’s experiences and the information they possess.
Data that have been processed for a purpose.
A decision tree is used to visually represent the process of checking loan applications, helping to make decisions based on various criteria.
Intangible value refers to improvements in decision behavior associated with the cost of gathering information.
All components of a system should be related to one another by a common objective.
Hardware resources refer to all types of machines, not just computer hardware.
The objective of a subsystem is to support the larger objective of the suprasystem.
The environment is the surroundings of a system, beyond its boundary.
Sell-side e-commerce refers to e-commerce transactions between a supplier organization and its customers.
Data.
Cashiers, inventory managers, customer service representatives.
Rearranging/sorting involves organizing data so that items are grouped together or placed into a particular order, like sorting employee data by last name or payroll number.
SCM is concerned with the flow of materials, information, and customers through the supply chain.
The three phases are: 1. Visibility, where companies use information to examine the physical value chain; 2. Mirroring capability, where physical processes are replaced by virtual processes; 3. New customer relationships, where information is used to create new customer relationships.
Tacit knowledge is characterized by perceptions, beliefs, values, intuition, and experience, and is often held unconsciously.
A basic model of a transformation process involves the conversion of inputs into outputs through various processes.
A knowledge worker is a person whose role is based around creating, using, sharing, and applying knowledge.
Systems theory helps in understanding problems and situations more easily, allowing for the development of Business Information Systems (BIS) to support them.
Subsystems are smaller systems that make up a larger system.
Structured decisions
Analytical and intuitive styles
Enhanced customer service builds customer satisfaction and loyalty, which are difficult to quantify but significantly contribute to long-term business success, representing an intangible value.
An enhanced public image can lead to increased trust and credibility, which are not easily quantifiable but can significantly affect customer perceptions and business success, illustrating an intangible value.
A closed system is characterized by no or limited interaction with its environment.
To support the business processes of an organization across functional boundaries using internet technology.
They can handle highly repetitive tasks without boredom or fatigue, reducing errors and freeing employees for other tasks.
To receive inputs and transform these into outputs.
Knowledge management involves collecting (eliciting) knowledge and converting (codifying) it into a form that allows it to be shared across the organization.
The levels of managerial decision making typically include strategic, tactical, and operational levels.
The primary goal of e-business is to make day-to-day business activities more efficient by improving information exchanges within the organization and with its partners.
An example of a system objective is a car's objective to transport people and goods to a specified location.
BIS can provide insights into customer preferences, enable customization, and enhance product features, helping businesses stand out in the market.
Communications resources are required to enable different systems to transfer data.
Subsystems in an information system interact by exchanging information, which is crucial for the overall functionality of the system.
Improved inventory control leads to reduced waste and lower holding costs, which directly impacts the bottom line, illustrating a tangible value of information.
Close-coupled systems are those that are highly dependent on one another, where the outputs of one system are the direct inputs of another.
Point of Sale (POS) system, Inventory Management System, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system.
Classification involves placing data into categories, such as categorizing an expense as either a fixed or a variable cost.
It allows for the modification of software, providing flexibility to fulfill various functions.
A collection of interrelated components that work together towards a collective goal.
Explicit knowledge is often stored in the form of manuals, documents, procedures, and database files.
Knowledge Management (KM) is a deliberate, systematic business optimisation strategy that selects, distils, stores, organises, packages, and communicates information essential to the business of a company in a manner that improves employee performance and corporate.
E-business covers both e-commerce (buying and selling online) and the restructuring of business processes to optimize the use of digital technologies.
An example of a business rule is that a bank might specify that customers applying for a loan will only be considered if they have held an account for three years or more.
People resources include the users of an information system and those who develop, maintain, and operate the system.
Enterprise systems provide a unified approach to managing business processes, whereas separate functional applications operate independently, which can lead to data silos and inefficiencies.
The boundary defines the scope of a system.
Buy-side e-commerce refers to e-commerce transactions between a purchasing organization and its suppliers.
Data.
Computers lack creativity and cannot think abstractly, limiting their ability to discover new solutions.
POS software, inventory management software, CRM software.
Selection involves choosing or discarding items of data based on a set of selection criteria, such as creating a list of potential customers with incomes above a certain level.
E-commerce is the online transaction of goods and services, a subset of e-business.
The two types of knowledge are explicit and tacit.
The process involves organizing, analyzing, and interpreting raw data to create meaningful information.
Information supports managers by aiding in forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
The attributes of information quality include accuracy, completeness, consistency, timeliness, relevance, and accessibility.
Information characteristics vary by management levels, influencing decision-making processes.
A system that uses feedback to control its operation and improve performance by anticipating changes.
A decision table is a structured way to represent and analyze decision-making scenarios, outlining various conditions and corresponding actions.
Information involves transforming data using a defined process, placing data in a meaningful context, produced in response to an information need, and helps reduce uncertainty to improve decision behavior.
Information is produced in response to an information need, thereby serving a specific purpose.
Formal communication involves presenting information in a structured and consistent manner.
Informal communication describes less well-structured information that is transmitted by informal means, such as casual conversations between members of staff.
An enterprise system is a software platform that integrates various functional applications within an organization to streamline processes and information across departments.
A suprasystem is a system composed of one or more subsystems.
Clearly defined interfaces are important for efficient organization as they ensure that subsystems can interact by exchanging information without losing or delaying orders, which affects customer service.
Unstructured decisions
The boundary marks the interface between a system and its environment.
Organizational levels use computer-based information systems to enhance decision-making, improve communication, and streamline operations, as indicated by varying levels of usage.
The number 1355.76.
Reduced administration costs can be directly calculated and lead to increased profitability, making it a clear tangible value of information.
Decoupled systems are less dependent on one another than coupled systems, allowing for higher levels of autonomy and flexibility.
The traditional method of production where material is held 'in-hand' as inventory is considered decoupled.
Human intuition can gauge emotional states in social situations, which BIS cannot replicate.
BIS cannot act upon qualitative information that influences unstructured decisions.
Aggregating involves summarizing data, for example, by calculating averages, totals, or subtotals.
The result of a calculation carried out by a computer is likely to be completely accurate, reducing or eliminating human errors.
SRM focuses on sourcing, purchasing, and the warehousing of goods and services.
The behavior of systems refers to how the components interact and function together to produce outcomes.
Tangible value refers to the value of information measured by the cost of gathering that information.
The objective of a system is a collective goal that all components work towards, often expressed in a single sentence.
The information is used to support decision making within the organization, allowing it to respond more effectively to competition.
Decision behaviour
If sales orders are not passed clearly, they may be lost or delayed, negatively impacting customer service.
E-commerce involves all electronically mediated information exchanges between an organization and its external stakeholders.
The degree of coupling defines how closely linked different subsystems are.
They are generally unable to react to unexpected situations and events.
Internet connection, telephone systems, internal communication tools.
ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning, focusing on internal production, distribution, and financial processes.
E-business refers to conducting business processes over the internet, including buying and selling goods and services.
The virtual value chain helps create new customer relationships by using information to deliver value in new ways.
CI involves collecting data from various sources and converting it into useful information about an organization’s competitors.
Software resources include computer programs, the media on which they are stored, and the procedures used by people.
Customers, sales channels/distributors, suppliers, competitors, partners, government and legislation, and the economy.
Computer-based processing can face issues such as data security risks, system failures, and dependency on technology, which can hinder efficiency and reliability.
A balance sheet.
Computer-based information systems cannot solve problems using their own judgement and experience.
POS terminals, barcode scanners, computers, printers.
Performing calculations involves computing values, such as calculating an employee’s gross pay by multiplying hours worked by the hourly rate.
BIS can be categorized based on their function and the organizational level at which they are used.
Mirroring capability refers to the replacement of physical processes with virtual processes, creating a parallel value chain in the marketspace.
Computers can process millions of instructions each second, allowing them to complete tasks in a very short time.
Systems consist of various components that interact with each other to achieve a specific goal.
During the visibility phase, companies use information to closely examine the physical value chain and manage activities more efficiently.
A key part of the knowledge management process involves gathering tacit knowledge and converting it into explicit knowledge.
The virtual value chain (VVC) explains how information can help create competitive advantage by examining the physical marketplace and its virtual counterpart, the marketspace.
Explicit knowledge is easily captured and stored within documents and other media; it is highly detailed, formal, and systematic.
Organizations can gain competitive advantage by implementing effective strategies and methods using Business Information Systems.
Tacit knowledge is difficult to elicit, describe, or record because it is often held unconsciously.
