p.24
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the essence of Newton's 1st Law?
Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or moving uniformly straight unless compelled to change by forces.
p.19
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
How is Quantity of Motion defined by Newton?
A measure of motion that arises from the velocity and the quantity of matter jointly.
p.24
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Newton's 3rd Law state?
To any action, there is always an opposite and equal reaction.
p.12
Newton's Contributions to Science
What is the primary focus of Books 1 and 2?
To discover gravitational force and deduce general propositions from the phenomena of motions.
p.10
Historical Context of Natural Philosophy
What was Newton's intention with his work in relation to Descartes?
To be in dialogue with Descartes’s Principles of Philosophy.
p.3
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
Who is considered one of the greatest philosophers in history?
Aristotle (384 – 322 BC).
p.8
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What does Alexander Pope's epitaph suggest about Newton's impact on science?
It suggests that Newton brought light to nature's laws.
p.23
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What perspective does Newton use to consider forces like attraction and impulse?
From a mathematical point of view.
p.2
Newton's Thoughts on God and Nature
What does the 'General Scholium' in Newton's work address?
Newton's thoughts on God and the nature of the universe.
p.2
Rules for the Study of Natural Philosophy
What are the 'Rules of Reasoning' in Newton's work?
Guidelines for conducting scientific inquiry and reasoning.
p.22
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is centripetal force?
The force by which bodies are drawn from all sides toward a center.
p.27
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the difference between a definition and a law in Newton's work?
A definition describes a concept, while a law states a universal principle governing behavior.
p.26
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
定律二的主要內容是什麼？
運動的變化與所施加的力成正比，運動的變化方向與所施加的力的方向相同。
p.12
Newton's Contributions to Science
How does Newton propose to explain other phenomena of nature?
By using mathematically deduced gravitational force and general propositions.
p.22
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the definition of impressed force?
The action exerted on a body to change its state of resting or moving uniformly straight forward.
p.27
Newton's Contributions to Science
How did Newton formulate his definitions?
Newton formulated his definitions through careful observation and logical reasoning.
p.8
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
How is Isaac Newton often regarded in the scientific community?
As the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived.
p.6
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
What must happen to a planet's speed as it gets closer to the sun?
The planet has to move faster.
p.16
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the definition of a point in Euclidean Geometry?
A point is that which has no part.
p.7
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
What does Kepler's Third Law state?
P²/a³ = K, where P is the orbital period and a is the semi-major axis of the orbit.
p.23
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What warning does Newton give to the reader regarding his terminology?
Not to think he is defining a species or mode of action or attributing physical causes to centers.
p.5
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What astronomical model did Galileo support?
Copernican heliocentrism.
p.2
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the significance of the 'Structure of General Scholium'?
It provides insights into Newton's philosophical views and conclusions.
p.29
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What axioms did Newton establish in his work?
Axioms related to the motion of bodies and the effects of forces.
p.27
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Definition 3 state?
It states that the inherent force of matter is the power of resisting by which every body perseveres in its state of resting or moving uniformly straight forward.
p.7
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
What is the relationship described by Kepler's Third Law?
The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its elliptical orbit.
p.2
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the primary focus of Newton's 'Principia'?
To outline the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
p.29
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
What type of reasoning did Newton employ to derive Proposition 1?
Deductive reasoning based on definitions and axioms.
p.5
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
In which work did Galileo defend his views on heliocentrism?
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
p.3
Introduction to Natural Philosophy
What major philosophical issues did Aristotle address?
Physics, chemistry, biology, cosmology, metaphysics, psychology, and ethics.
p.6
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
What does Kepler's second law state about the movement of planets?
A line from the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.
p.18
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
What is deduction?
A reasoning process that involves deriving specific conclusions from general principles.
How is a circle defined in Euclidean Geometry?
A plane figure contained by one line such that all straight lines falling upon it from one point within the figure are equal.
p.23
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
How does Newton define attractions and impulses?
As accelerative and motive.
p.19
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Inherent Force of Matter refer to?
The power of resisting by which every body perseveres in its state of resting or moving uniformly straight forward.
p.19
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is Impressed Force?
The action exerted on a body to change its state of resting or moving uniformly straight forward.
p.11
Historical Context of Natural Philosophy
What have modern thinkers rejected in their study of nature?
Substantial forms and occult qualities.
p.18
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
What is induction?
A reasoning process that involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations.
What is Proposition 1 in Euclidean Geometry?
To construct an equilateral triangle on a given finite straight line.
p.11
Historical Context of Natural Philosophy
How did the ancients divide mechanics?
Into two parts, focusing on rational mechanics and neglecting gravity.
p.11
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What aspects of mechanics does Newton's work concentrate on?
Gravity, levity, elastic forces, resistance of fluids, and similar forces.
p.13
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the significance of the structure of 'Principia'?
It organizes Newton's scientific principles and theories systematically.
p.13
Historical Context of Natural Philosophy
What does the 'Background' section of Newton's work typically cover?
The historical and scientific context leading to Newton's theories.
p.16
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the fifth Common Notion?
The whole is greater than the part.
p.4
Historical Context of Natural Philosophy
What approach did natural philosophers primarily use during the Scholasticism period?
Studying texts rather than conducting experiments or observations.
When are the PASS sessions held?
Fridays, from 3:30 to 4:30.
Where can you find the timetable for other PASS sessions?
At http://pass.oge.cuhk.edu.hk.
p.24
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Newton's 2nd Law describe?
A change in motion is proportional to the motive force impressed and occurs along the straight line of that force.
p.29
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is Proposition 1 in Newton's work?
It refers to the foundational principles that Newton derived in his scientific theories.
p.12
Newton's Thoughts on God and Nature
What is considered the basic problem of philosophy according to Newton?
To discover the forces of nature from the phenomena of motions and demonstrate other phenomena from these forces.
p.22
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is an example of centripetal force?
Newton's thought experiment with the cannonball.
p.5
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What was the focus of Galileo's investigations?
The motions of the earth.
p.13
Newton's Thoughts on God and Nature
What does the 'General Scholium' in Newton's work address?
Newton's thoughts on God and nature.
p.14
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What does Book II of the Principia focus on?
Of the Motion of Bodies (Motion through resisting medium).
p.28
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Newton's first proposition state about the areas described by bodies in orbit?
They lie in unmoving planes and are proportional to the times.
What is the process to construct an equilateral triangle on line AB?
Describe circles with centers A and B, then join the intersection point C to points A and B.
Why is line BC equal to line AB in the construction?
Because point B is the center of circle CAE.
p.16
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the first Postulate in Euclidean Geometry?
To draw a straight line from any point to any point.
p.9
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What significant mathematical development is associated with Newton?
Early development of calculus.
p.7
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
What does Kepler's Third Law imply about the planets?
It indicates that all planets obey some common rules in their motion around the Sun.
p.29
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What are some key definitions used by Newton in his propositions?
Definitions of mass, force, and motion.
p.2
Rules for the Study of Natural Philosophy
What is the purpose of the 'Rules for the Study of Natural Philosophy'?
To establish a framework for scientific investigation.
p.5
Historical Context of Natural Philosophy
What are the two models compared in Galileo's work?
Ptolemy's model and Copernicus' model.
What is the first postulate in Euclidean Geometry?
To draw a straight line from any point to any point.
p.16
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
How is a line defined in Euclidean Geometry?
A line is breadthless length.
p.16
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the definition of a circle in Euclidean Geometry?
A circle is a plane figure contained by one line such that all the straight lines falling upon it from one point among those lying within the figure equal one another.
p.16
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What does the first Common Notion state?
Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.
p.20
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the definition of 'Quantity of motion'?
A measure of motion that arises from the velocity and the quantity of matter jointly.
p.4
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
Which natural philosophers began to reject Aristotelian doctrines in the 17th century?
Galileo, Boyle, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton.
p.19
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the definition of Quantity of Matter according to Newton?
A measure of matter that arises from its density and volume jointly.
p.23
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Newton mean by 'centers' in his discussion?
Mathematical points, not physical entities.
p.23
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Newton caution against when using terms like 'attract' or 'forces'?
Attributing true and physical sense to centers.
p.6
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
What is the shape of each planet's orbit according to Kepler's first law?
An ellipse with the sun located at one focus.
p.5
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
Who was Simplicio in Galileo's dialogue?
A dedicated follower of Ptolemy and Aristotle.
p.3
Introduction to Natural Philosophy
What is a natural philosopher interested in?
The sensible world and particularly in change and things that can change.
p.29
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
How did Newton's definitions contribute to his propositions?
They provided a clear framework for understanding motion and forces.
p.21
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the definition of Inherent Force?
The power of resisting by which every body perseveres in its state of resting or moving uniformly straight forward.
p.1
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the title of Newton's work that discusses natural philosophy?
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
p.14
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the focus of Book III in Newton's Principia?
On the System of the World.
p.14
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What do the Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy pertain to in the Principia?
They guide the reasoning process in understanding natural phenomena.
p.14
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the General Scholium in the context of the Principia?
It is a concluding section that discusses general propositions and gravity.
What are the characteristics of scientific understanding?
Scientific understanding is characterized by empirical evidence, reproducibility, predictive power, and the ability to be tested and falsified.
p.4
Historical Context of Natural Philosophy
How did natural philosophy in Aristotelian circles differ from fields like optics or astronomy?
It did not prioritize mathematics and focused on the nature of objects and causation.
p.9
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What position did Newton hold in 1669?
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.
p.25
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Newton's First Law of Motion state?
Every object maintains its state of rest or uniform straight-line motion unless acted upon by an external force.
p.18
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
What is a deductive demonstration?
A logical process where conclusions are drawn from general principles to specific cases.
p.19
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
Define Centripetal Force according to Newton.
The force by which bodies are drawn from all sides toward some point as to a center.
p.11
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the focus of Newton's treatise?
Concentrating on mathematics as it relates to natural philosophy.
p.10
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
How many further editions of Principia did Newton publish?
Two editions, in 1713 and 1726.
p.10
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the full title of Newton's work commonly known as Principia?
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
p.15
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
How are propositions and theorems derived in the Principia?
From definitions and axioms according to Euclid.
p.30
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
What is the relationship between inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific understanding?
Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations, while deductive reasoning applies general principles to predict specific outcomes, both essential for scientific inquiry.
Who leads the PASS sessions?
PASS Leaders, who are students that excelled in the same course.
p.13
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the main focus of Newton's 'Principia'?
The laws of motion and universal gravitation.
p.11
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What are the five mechanical powers studied by the ancients?
Lever, compound pulley, wedge, screw, and wheel and axle.
p.28
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the relationship between the radius drawn to the center of forces and the area described by a moving body?
The area described is proportional to the time taken to describe that area.
p.28
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
How does Newton demonstrate the motion of a body under centripetal force?
By dividing time into equal parts and showing how the body deviates from a straight line due to centripetal force.
p.21
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What are some sources of Impressed Force?
Percussion, pressure, or centripetal force.
p.4
Historical Context of Natural Philosophy
What was the main focus of natural philosophy between the 13th and 16th centuries?
The analysis of Aristotle’s ideas about the natural world.
What is the main purpose of PASS sessions?
To improve understanding of texts, develop reading strategies, and prepare for tutorials, quizzes, and assignments.
p.14
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the title of the first book in Newton's Principia?
Book I: Of the Motion of Bodies (Motion without resisting medium).
p.27
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Law 1 state?
It states that every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or moving uniformly straight forward unless compelled to change by impressed forces.
p.18
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
What is the relationship between deductive proof and Kepler's laws?
Deductive proof can be used to validate Kepler's laws through logical reasoning.
What is the third postulate in Euclidean Geometry?
To describe a circle with any center and distance.
p.15
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What are the components of the axiomatic system in the Principia?
Definitions, axioms/laws, and propositions.
Why is line AC equal to line AB in the construction?
Because point A is the center of circle CDB.
What does PASS stand for?
PASS stands for Peer Assisted Study Sessions.
What conclusion can be drawn about lines CA and CB?
Each of the straight lines CA and CB is equal to AB.
p.16
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the third Postulate?
To describe a circle with any centre and distance.
p.9
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What area of study first gained Newton attention?
His work on light and color.
p.18
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
How did Newton use deductive reasoning?
He applied deductive reasoning to demonstrate Kepler's laws.
p.22
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What analogy is made regarding the moon in relation to centripetal force?
The moon is similarly affected by centripetal force as a projectile is by gravity.
p.13
Rules of Reasoning in Science
What are the 'Rules of Reasoning' in the context of Natural Philosophy?
Guidelines established by Newton for scientific inquiry.
p.20
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the definition of 'Quantity of matter'?
A measure of matter that arises from its density and volume jointly.
p.21
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What happens to Impressed Force after the action has ceased?
It does not remain in a body; a body perseveres in any new state solely by the force of inertia.
p.28
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the significance of increasing the number of triangles in Newton's demonstration?
It leads to the conclusion that the ultimate perimeter forms a curved line.
p.16
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What does the second Postulate state?
To produce a finite straight line continuously in a straight line.
p.21
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What does Inherent Force relate to in terms of mass?
It is always proportional to the body and does not differ from the inertia of the mass.
p.11
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What does Newton's work aim to set forth?
Mathematical principles of natural philosophy.
p.30
Newton's Contributions to Science
How did Newton study and describe nature, especially motion?
As a natural philosopher, Newton used observation, experimentation, and mathematical analysis to understand and describe motion.
p.28
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What happens to the body when a centripetal force acts on it at point B?
It deviates from the straight line Bc and proceeds in the straight line BC.
p.14
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is the significance of deriving general propositions from phenomena in the Principia?
It helps in discovering gravity and explaining various natural phenomena.
p.20
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
How is 'Quantity of motion' mathematically expressed?
Quantity of motion ∝ velocity x quantity of matter.
p.9
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
Where did Isaac Newton attend college?
Trinity College, Cambridge.
p.14
Structure and Content of Newton's Principia
What is included in the layout of the Principia after the Author's Preface?
Definitions, Axiom or Laws of motion, Propositions.
p.21
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the definition of Impressed Force?
The action exerted on a body to change its state of resting or moving uniformly straight forward.
p.20
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
How is 'Quantity of matter' mathematically expressed?
Quantity of matter ∝ density x volume.
p.20
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What happens to the quantity of air if the density is doubled and the space is also doubled?
There is four times as much air.
p.20
Laws of Motion and Definitions by Newton
What is the relationship between a body's weight and its quantity of matter?
The quantity of matter is proportional to the weight.
p.28
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
What does Q.E.D. signify in Newton's demonstration?
It stands for 'quod erat demonstrandum,' meaning 'which was to be demonstrated.'
p.4
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What new methods did 17th-century natural philosophers develop?
New mathematical, conceptual, and experimental methods.
p.9
Key Figures in Natural Philosophy
What was published in 1672 related to Newton's discoveries?
His discoveries in optics, including the prism experiment.
