p.5
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What is the texture of Hyrtios erecta?
Compressible and somewhat difficult to tear.
p.4
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What are Sycon sponges known for?
They are intermediate sponges with folds (incurrent canals).
p.7
Allergic Reactions and Toxicity of Sponges
What is irritant dermatitis?
A reaction caused by sponge spicules of calcium carbonate or silica, requiring treatment, with symptoms like fever, chills, nausea, malaise, muscle cramps, and dizziness.
p.7
Allergic Reactions and Toxicity of Sponges
What respiratory issues can arise from sponge handling?
Respiratory irritation from inhalation of fine sponge particles and potential occupational lung diseases from prolonged exposure to airborne particles.
p.4
Classification of Porifera
What are the three types of sponges classified in Phylum Porifera?
Ascon, Sycon, and Leucon.
p.7
Allergic Reactions and Toxicity of Sponges
What is sponge dermatitis?
An allergic reaction that occurs 5 minutes to 2 hours after sponge contact, usually seen on the hand, with symptoms lasting 3 to 7 days without treatment.
p.4
Reproductive Strategies of Sponges
What is the outcome of fertilization in sponges?
The zygote develops into ciliated larvae that are released into the water.
p.6
Habitat and Distribution of Sponges
What type of habitat does Chalinula nematifera prefer?
Coral reefs, often attached to hard substrates or within crevices.
p.6
Allergic Reactions and Toxicity of Sponges
What symptoms can result from ingestion or prolonged skin contact with certain sponges?
Nausea, vomiting, or dermatitis.
p.3
Cell Types and Functions in Sponges
What is the function of porocytes?
They are specialized cells that form the ostia and regulate water flow into the sponge by controlling the size of these pores.
p.2
Cell Types and Functions in Sponges
What type of digestion do Porifera perform?
Intracellular digestion, as they lack a gut and internal organs.
p.4
Reproductive Strategies of Sponges
How do sponges reproduce sexually?
Through spawning, where sperm is secreted into water and captured by another sponge.
p.1
Reproductive Strategies of Sponges
What reproductive strategy do sponges exhibit?
They are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs.
p.4
Reproductive Strategies of Sponges
What is fragmentation in sponge reproduction?
A process where parts of the sponge body are thrown off and can develop into new individuals.
p.1
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What type of symmetry do most sponges exhibit?
Most sponges do not have symmetry, but some exhibit radial symmetry.
p.3
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What are ostia in sponges?
Tiny openings on the sponge's surface that allow water to enter from the surrounding environment.
p.5
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What is the form of Spongia zimocca?
Massive, 70 mm high x 82 mm wide.
p.4
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What distinguishes Leucon sponges?
They are complex sponges with thick walls and many complex canals.
p.7
Allergic Reactions and Toxicity of Sponges
What is anaphylaxis in relation to sponges?
An allergic reaction that affects airways, potentially leading to swelling and closure, and can occur in individuals with severe allergies to marine organisms.
p.7
Classification of Porifera
What is the scientific classification of sponges?
Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Porifera.
p.1
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What is the shape of simple sponges?
They are typically hollow cylinders with a large opening at the top.
p.6
Allergic Reactions and Toxicity of Sponges
What is the primary purpose of harmful secondary metabolites released by sponges?
To protect themselves from predators.
p.3
Cell Types and Functions in Sponges
What do pinacocytes do?
They cover the outer surface and line the internal chambers, providing structural support and regulating water flow.
p.7
Allergic Reactions and Toxicity of Sponges
What are the symptoms of contact dermatitis caused by sponges?
Burning, stinging, itching, pain, inflammation, redness, joint pain, and swelling.
p.2
Classification of Porifera
What characterizes the skeleton of Calcarea sponges?
It is composed of calcareous spicules made of calcium carbonate.
p.4
Reproductive Strategies of Sponges
What are gemmules in sponges?
Tiny survival pods produced under unfavorable conditions that can remain dormant.
p.3
Cell Types and Functions in Sponges
What are the functions of amoebocytes?
They are mobile cells that function in nutrient distribution, waste removal, and the formation of spongin and spicules.
p.2
Feeding Mechanisms in Porifera
How do Porifera ingest food and oxygen?
Through their pores (ostia) where water enters and the osculum where water is pumped out.
p.6
Classification of Porifera
What is the scientific name of the sponge species commonly known as Spheciospongia vagabunda?
Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884).
p.1
Feeding Mechanisms in Porifera
What is the primary feeding mechanism of sponges?
Filter-feeding, using a holozoic mode of nutrition.
p.6
Medical Conditions Related to Sponges
What medical conditions can be associated with contact with sponges?
Irritation and dermatitis, especially from species containing crinitoxins.
p.1
Overview of Phylum Porifera
What does the term 'Porifera' mean?
It translates to 'pore bearers', highlighting their distinctive feature of possessing a pore-bearing body.
p.5
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What is the texture of Haliclona cymiformis?
Firm, incompressible, tough, and somewhat difficult to tear.
p.2
Classification of Porifera
What are the four living classes of Phylum Porifera?
Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae, and Homoscleromorpha.
p.1
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What structures do sponges lack?
Typical organs such as heads, eyes, brain, arms, legs, and specialized body parts.
p.2
Classification of Porifera
What are Archaeocyatha known for?
Their massive, double-walled, calcareous skeletons that are vase-like in shape.
p.3
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What is the function of the spongocoel?
It is the central cavity within the sponge where water flows through, aiding in filtering and waste expulsion.
p.5
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What color variations can Hyrtios erecta exhibit?
Brown to black ectosome; light to dark brown endosome.
p.5
Habitat and Distribution of Sponges
What type of substrates does Haliclona cymiformis inhabit?
Hard substrates in intertidal muddy areas.
p.2
Feeding Mechanisms in Porifera
What is the primary feeding mechanism of Porifera?
They are primarily filter feeders, capturing food particles suspended in water.
p.2
Feeding Mechanisms in Porifera
What unique feeding behavior do some sea sponges exhibit?
They are carnivores and feed on other organisms.
p.6
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What is the shape of Chalinula nematifera?
Massive or irregularly lobed.
p.1
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What materials compose the skeleton of sponges?
Interlocking spicules of calcium carbonate, silica, or spongin.
p.3
Habitat and Distribution of Sponges
What is the depth range in which sponges thrive in the ocean?
Between 250 and 1300 meters.
p.3
Cell Types and Functions in Sponges
What do sclerocytes produce?
They are responsible for producing spicules, contributing to the sponge's structural support and defense.
p.4
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What characterizes Ascon sponges?
They are the simplest sponges with thin walls and short canals.
p.4
Reproductive Strategies of Sponges
What role do Archaeocytes play in sponge reproduction?
They help transfer sperm to the egg for fertilization.
p.6
Habitat and Distribution of Sponges
Where is Spheciospongia vagabunda distributed?
Indonesia, Fiji Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines.
p.2
Classification of Porifera
What materials make up the skeleton of Demospongiae?
Spongin fibers and siliceous spicules, which can be monoaxon and triaxon.
p.2
Environmental Impact and Ecological Role of Sponges
What role did Stromatoporoidea play in ancient ecosystems?
They were primary reef-building organisms.
p.3
Cell Types and Functions in Sponges
What is the role of choanocytes?
They line the inner chambers and spongocoel, creating water flow and capturing food particles.
p.7
Allergic Reactions and Toxicity of Sponges
Which sponge species can cause contact dermatitis?
Red-beard sponge (Micronia prolifera), fire sponge (Tedania ignis), and poison-bun sponge (Fibula nolitangere).
p.1
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What type of lifestyle do adult sponges exhibit?
A sessile lifestyle, being non-motile and attached to a substratum.
p.2
Classification of Porifera
What is unique about Hexactinellida sponges?
Their skeleton is made up of six-rayed siliceous spicules.
p.6
Medical Conditions Related to Sponges
What can sponges harbor that may cause infections?
Various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
p.3
Habitat and Distribution of Sponges
Where do most sponges live?
In the ocean, although some, like Spongillidae, are found in freshwater lakes, rivers, and streams.
p.3
Morphological Characteristics of Sponges
What is the mesohyl in sponges?
A gel-like, flexible matrix located between the inner and outer layers of the sponge, containing various cells.
p.4
Reproductive Strategies of Sponges
What is budding in sponge reproduction?
An outgrowth from the sponge body that can develop into an adult individual.
p.2
Habitat and Distribution of Sponges
What is the habitat preference of Porifera?
They are found in both freshwater and saltwater environments, predominantly in saltwater.
