p.35
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What role do the two strands of DNA play in replication?
Each strand acts as a template for building a new strand.
p.1
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
How do unicellular organisms reproduce?
By the division of one cell, which reproduces the entire organism.
What occurs during early prophase I of meiosis?
Each chromosome pairs with its homolog and crossing over occurs.
p.6
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What happens if a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G checkpoint?
It will usually complete the S, G, and M phases and divide.
p.45
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What are mutations?
Changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus.
p.28
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Why do linked genes tend to be inherited together?
Because they are located near each other on the same chromosome.
p.14
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What does the 'particulate' hypothesis propose?
That parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes).
p.43
Transcription and Translation
What is the function of tRNA molecules?
Each carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon that base-pairs with mRNA codons.
p.1
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
What do multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell division for?
Development from a fertilized cell, growth, and repair.
What are chiasmata?
X-shaped regions that are sites of crossover during prophase I.
p.6
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What occurs if a cell does not receive the go-ahead signal at the G checkpoint?
It exits the cycle and switches into a nondividing state called the G phase.
p.22
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What does an organism's phenotype reflect?
Its overall genotype and unique environmental history.
p.32
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What type of viruses provided additional evidence for DNA as the genetic material?
Viruses that infect bacteria.
p.36
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is a replication fork?
A Y-shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating at the end of each replication bubble.
p.23
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
In which individuals do recessive genetic disorders show up?
In individuals who are homozygous for the allele.
p.14
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is a 'character' in genetics?
A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color.
p.1
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
What is the cell cycle?
The life of a cell from formation to its own division.
What happens during anaphase I?
Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate, with one chromosome of each pair moving toward opposite poles.
p.29
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What are offspring with nonparental phenotypes called?
Recombinant types, or recombinants.
p.34
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What structure does a DNA molecule form?
A double helix made up of two strands.
p.14
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What are some advantages of using garden peas in Mendel's experiments?
Short generation time, large numbers of offspring, controlled mating, and ability to self-pollinate or cross-pollinate.
p.37
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
In which direction can a new DNA strand elongate?
Only in the 5' to 3' direction.
p.32
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is transformation in the context of Griffith's experiment?
The process by which living cells become pathogenic after mixing with heat-killed pathogenic cells.
p.24
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Are dominant alleles that cause lethal diseases common or rare?
They are rare and arise by mutation.
p.21
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is epistasis?
A phenomenon where a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus.
p.38
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What can damage DNA?
Exposure to harmful chemical or physical agents such as cigarette smoke and X-rays, as well as spontaneous changes.
p.42
Transcription and Translation
In which direction are mRNA codons read?
In the 5' to 3' direction.
p.46
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon, leading to a nonfunctional protein.
p.30
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What often results from large-scale chromosomal alterations in humans?
Spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) or developmental disorders.
What happens to the centrosome during interphase?
It replicates, forming two centrosomes.
What is the chromosome composition at the beginning of telophase I?
Each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids.
p.25
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What were Mendel's 'hereditary factors' initially considered to be?
Purely abstract concepts.
p.33
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is DNA known as?
The substance of inheritance.
p.23
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Who are considered carriers of recessive genetic disorders?
Heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal.
p.38
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is mismatch repair in DNA?
A process where repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing.
p.23
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is albinism?
A recessive condition characterized by a lack of pigmentation in skin and hair.
p.41
Transcription and Translation
What happens to pre-mRNA in the eukaryotic nucleus?
It is modified through RNA processing before being sent to the cytoplasm.
p.1
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
What is the typical result of cell division?
Daughter cells with identical genetic information, DNA.
p.16
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What does a Punnett square show?
Possible combinations of sperm and egg.
p.27
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is the primary function of most Y-linked genes?
Related to sex determination.
p.6
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What do cancer cells fail to respond to?
The body's control mechanisms.
p.21
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is polygenic inheritance?
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype.
p.45
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is referred to as a genetic disorder?
A mutation that has an adverse effect on the phenotype of the organism.
p.42
Transcription and Translation
What is translation in the context of protein synthesis?
A complex process that translates an mRNA message into protein.
p.45
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is a nucleotide-pair substitution?
It replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides.
How do microtubules shorten during anaphase?
By depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends.
p.46
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is a frameshift mutation?
A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame.
p.9
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
What is the result of meiosis in terms of daughter cells?
Non-identical daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
p.1
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
What is the basis for the continuity of life?
The reproduction of cells, or cell division.
p.35
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What happens to the parent molecule during DNA replication?
The parent molecule unwinds, and two new daughter strands are built.
p.14
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Who documented the particulate mechanism of inheritance?
Gregor Mendel through his experiments with garden peas.
p.32
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What experiment did Frederick Griffith perform?
He mixed heat-killed pathogenic strain with living harmless strain, leading to transformation.
p.31
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What is cri du chat syndrome?
A genetic disorder resulting from a specific deletion in chromosome 5.
p.32
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What did Erwin Chargaff discover about DNA composition?
DNA composition varies by species; A and T bases are equal, and G and C bases are equal.
p.26
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What trait did Morgan discover that was key to the chromosome theory of inheritance?
A trait that correlated with the sex of flies.
p.21
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What do the alleles E and e determine in the given example?
E determines color and e determines no color.
p.41
Transcription and Translation
What modification is added to the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule?
A modified nucleotide 5' cap.
What is meiosis?
A special type of cell division that produces sperm and egg cells.
p.20
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Are dominant alleles necessarily more common than recessive alleles in populations?
No, dominant alleles are not necessarily more common.
p.30
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is aneuploidy?
A condition resulting from the fertilization of gametes where nondisjunction occurred, leading to an abnormal number of a particular chromosome.
p.27
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Why are X-linked recessive disorders more common in males?
Because males have only one X chromosome.
p.10
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
What is fertilization?
The union of gametes (the sperm and the egg).
p.30
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What are the four types of changes in chromosome structure due to breakage?
Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, and Translocation.
Why are sister chromatids no longer genetically identical in metaphase II?
Due to crossing over in meiosis I.
p.45
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What are silent mutations?
Mutations that have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon due to redundancy in the genetic code.
p.33
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Who introduced the double-helical model for the structure of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick.
p.29
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What do the genetic findings of Mendel and Morgan relate to?
The chromosomal basis of recombination.
p.40
Transcription and Translation
What happens during the elongation stage of transcription?
RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA by adding nucleotides complementary to the DNA template.
p.34
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.
p.14
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is a 'trait'?
Each variant for a character, such as purple or white color for flowers.
p.35
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What are the base-pairing rules in DNA replication?
They dictate how new strands are built based on the complementary nature of the DNA strands.
p.43
Transcription and Translation
What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?
They facilitate the specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons.
p.31
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What is the typical intellectual outcome for a child with cri du chat syndrome?
Severely intellectually disabled.
p.42
Transcription and Translation
What do codons specify in the process of translation?
The amino acid to be placed at the corresponding position along a polypeptide.
p.39
Transcription and Translation
What is the role of RNA in the cell?
RNA is the bridge between genes and the proteins for which they code.
p.37
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is the direction of synthesis for the lagging strand?
Away from the replication fork.
p.29
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What mechanism explains the incomplete linkage of genes discovered by Morgan?
Crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
p.18
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What happens to genes located near each other on the same chromosome?
They tend to be inherited together.
p.10
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
What does a zygote produce to develop into an adult?
Somatic cells by mitosis.
p.18
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What can a dihybrid cross determine?
Whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently.
p.17
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is a monohybrid cross?
A cross between heterozygotes following one character.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is incomplete dominance?
The phenotype of hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties.
p.14
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is the 'blending' hypothesis in genetics?
The idea that genetic material from two parents blends together.
p.40
Transcription and Translation
What occurs during the initiation stage of transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA.
p.38
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is the role of DNA polymerases in DNA replication?
They proofread newly made DNA, replacing any incorrect nucleotides.
p.36
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is the function of primase in DNA replication?
Primase starts from scratch and adds nucleotides one at a time using the parental DNA as a template.
p.33
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What does the DNA program direct?
The development of biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral traits.
p.42
Transcription and Translation
What is the role of spliceosomes in RNA processing?
They carry out RNA splicing.
p.46
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is a missense mutation?
A mutation that codes for an amino acid, but not the correct one.
p.24
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Can lifestyle affect phenotype regardless of genotype?
Yes, lifestyle has a tremendous effect on phenotype.
p.38
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What happens in nucleotide excision repair?
A nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA.
p.18
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation.
p.8
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
What is asexual reproduction?
A process where a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
p.29
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What did Morgan discover about genes?
Genes can be linked, but the linkage is incomplete.
p.26
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What combination of chromosomes leads to the development of a male in humans?
One X and one Y chromosome.
What does the spindle include?
Centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters.
p.8
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is heredity?
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
What are kinetochores?
Protein complexes associated with centromeres.
p.30
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is Turner syndrome?
Monosomy X, producing XO females who are sterile; it is the only known viable monosomy in humans.
p.3
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
What are the three phases of Interphase?
G1 Phase, S Phase, and G2 Phase.
p.7
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What do malignant tumors do?
They invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body.
p.23
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is the range of severity for genetic disorders inherited recessively?
They range from relatively mild to life-threatening.
p.25
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
How can the location of a particular gene be visualized?
By tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye.
p.35
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What are origins of replication?
Particular sites where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication bubble.
p.21
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What are the alleles for pigment color in the example provided?
B for black and b for brown.
p.17
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What do an organism's traits not always reveal?
Its genetic composition due to the effects of dominant and recessive alleles.
How do sister chromatids behave during anaphase I?
Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole.
p.26
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What are the two varieties of sex chromosomes in humans?
A larger X chromosome and a smaller Y chromosome.
What happens to chromosomes in late prophase II?
They move toward the metaphase plate.
p.17
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is the definition of genotype?
Genetic makeup of an organism.
p.39
Transcription and Translation
What is transcription?
The synthesis of RNA using information in DNA.
p.17
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
In pea plants, what is an example of a trait that can have different genotypes?
Flower color, where PP and Pp plants have the same phenotype (purple) but different genotypes.
p.18
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What do dihybrids in the F1 generation represent?
They are heterozygous for both characters.
p.17
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What indicates that a mystery parent is heterozygous in a Testcross?
If any offspring display the recessive phenotype.
p.20
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
How do heterozygotes for Sickle-Cell Disease differ from homozygous individuals?
Heterozygotes are usually healthy but may suffer some symptoms and are less susceptible to malaria.
p.5
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What directs the sequential events of the cell cycle?
A distinct cell cycle control system, similar to a clock.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
How do dominant alleles interact with recessive alleles?
A dominant allele does not subdue a recessive allele; alleles don't interact that way.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What do dominance/recessiveness relationships of alleles depend on?
The level at which we examine the phenotype.
p.44
Transcription and Translation
What occurs during the elongation stage of translation?
The peptide chain is elongated.
p.7
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
How can localized tumors be treated?
With high-energy radiation that damages the DNA in the cancer cells.
p.7
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What type of treatment is used for metastatic cancers?
Chemotherapies that target the cell cycle.
p.24
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is achondroplasia?
A form of dwarfism caused by a rare dominant allele.
p.25
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What parallels did biologists observe between Mendel's hereditary factors and chromosomes?
The behavior of Mendel's factors and chromosomes showed similarities.
p.6
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
How are normal cells converted into cancerous cells?
Through a process called transformation.
What happens to sister chromatids during cell division?
They separate and move into two nuclei.
p.17
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is the definition of phenotype?
Physical appearance of an organism.
p.18
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
When does the Law of Independent Assortment apply?
It applies only to genes on different, non-homologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome.
p.9
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
What are homologous chromosomes?
The two chromosomes in each pair that are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters.
p.8
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
What distinguishes sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction?
In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring with unique combinations of genes.
What do the kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to in metaphase II?
Microtubules extending from opposite poles.
p.20
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is pleiotropy?
The property of most genes having multiple phenotypic effects.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What occurs during complete dominance?
The phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical.
p.39
Transcription and Translation
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
The concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command: DNA → RNA → protein.
p.8
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
How are genes passed to the next generation?
Via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs).
p.9
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
What sex chromosomes can be found in a sperm cell?
Either X or Y chromosome.
p.1
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
What distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?
The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind.
p.36
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What role do helicases play in DNA replication?
Helicases are enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks.
p.32
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Who conducted the research that began the discovery of the genetic role of DNA?
Frederick Griffith in 1928.
p.35
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What does the semiconservative model of replication predict?
Each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one newly made strand.
p.22
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What does an organism's phenotype include?
Physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior.
p.24
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What are multifactorial disorders?
Diseases that have both genetic and environmental components.
p.45
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What are point mutations?
Chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene.
p.40
Transcription and Translation
What occurs during the termination stage of transcription?
RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal and releases the newly synthesized RNA.
p.33
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA?
Adenine (A) with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with cytosine (C).
p.34
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is the complementary base pairing in DNA?
A-T (or A-U in RNA) and G-C.
p.22
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is a pedigree?
A family tree that describes the inter-relationships of parents and children across generations.
p.9
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
What is a karyotype?
An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.
p.2
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
What is the difference in genome structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells have a single DNA molecule, while eukaryotic cells have multiple DNA molecules.
p.31
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What type of genetic alteration can cause certain cancers like chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?
Translocations of chromosomes.
p.27
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is an example of a disorder caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome?
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
p.37
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What are Okazaki fragments?
Segments of the lagging strand synthesized by DNA polymerase.
p.30
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is Klinefelter syndrome?
A condition resulting from an extra chromosome in a male, producing XXY individuals.
p.2
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
What is characteristic about the number of chromosomes in eukaryotic species?
Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus.
p.5
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
How do cancer cells behave in relation to the cell cycle controls?
They manage to escape the usual controls.
p.9
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
What does each set of 23 chromosomes consist of?
22 autosomes and a single sex chromosome.
p.26
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What did Morgan's early experiments demonstrate about chromosomes?
They are the location of Mendel's heritable factors.
p.27
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What types of genes do X chromosomes carry?
Genes for many characters unrelated to sex.
p.37
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What is the role of DNA polymerases?
They catalyze the elongation of new DNA.
p.45
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What can a change of a single nucleotide in a DNA template strand lead to?
The production of an abnormal protein.
p.37
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
How does DNA polymerase synthesize the leading strand?
Continuously moving toward the replication fork.
p.31
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What is the usual lifespan for individuals with cri du chat syndrome?
They usually die in infancy or early childhood.
p.20
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is an example of a dominant allele that is rare in the population?
The allele for extra fingers or toes, which occurs in one out of 400 births in the U.S.
p.46
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
How do insertions and deletions affect proteins compared to substitutions?
They have a more disastrous effect on the resulting protein.
p.30
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What is Down syndrome?
An aneuploid condition resulting from three copies of chromosome 21.
p.17
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is a Testcross used for?
To determine if a dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
p.3
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
What are the two main phases of the Cell Cycle?
Mitotic (M) Phase and Interphase.
p.2
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
How many chromosomes do gametes have compared to somatic cells?
Gametes have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is codominance?
Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What are alleles?
Variations in a gene's nucleotide sequence.
p.22
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What patterns do many human traits follow?
Mendelian patterns of inheritance.
p.24
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Name some diseases that have multifactorial components.
Heart disease, diabetes, alcoholism, mental illnesses, and cancer.
p.43
Transcription and Translation
What are the two components that make up ribosomal subunits?
Proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase?
They separate and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell.
p.34
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
How does each nucleotide attach in a DNA molecule?
To the 3-prime end via the phosphate group.
What occurs simultaneously with telophase I?
Cytokinesis usually occurs, forming two haploid daughter cells.
p.16
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is a homozygous organism?
An organism with two identical alleles for a character.
p.16
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is a heterozygous organism?
An organism that has two different alleles for the gene controlling that character.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Are many heritable characters determined by only one gene?
No, many heritable characters are not determined by only one gene with two alleles.
p.8
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What does variation refer to in genetics?
The differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings.
p.9
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
What is a gamete and its chromosome set?
A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of chromosomes and is haploid (n).
p.39
Transcription and Translation
What is a primary transcript?
The initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing.
p.5
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What regulates the cell cycle control system?
Both internal and external controls.
What is the centromere?
The narrow 'waist' of the duplicated chromosome where the two chromatids are most closely attached.
p.39
Transcription and Translation
Is a primer needed for RNA synthesis?
No, RNA polymerase does not need any primer.
p.46
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What are insertions and deletions in genetic mutations?
Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene.
p.26
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What determines the development of a female in humans?
Having two X chromosomes.
What is an aster?
A radial array of short microtubules extending from each centrosome.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
How do inheritance patterns compare to simple Mendelian genetics?
Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics.
p.6
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What is a benign tumor?
A lump of abnormal cells that remain only at the original site.
p.42
Transcription and Translation
What role does transfer RNA (tRNA) play in translation?
tRNAs transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome.
What process occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?
Cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow.
p.39
Transcription and Translation
What is translation?
The synthesis of a polypeptide using information in the mRNA.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What basic principles still apply to complex inheritance patterns?
The basic principles of segregation and independent assortment.
p.5
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What causes variations in the frequency of cell division?
The type of cell and regulation at the molecular level.
p.10
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
How do fertilization and meiosis relate in sexual life cycles?
They alternate to maintain chromosome number.
What happens to DNA in preparation for cell division?
DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense.
p.39
Transcription and Translation
How does RNA polymerase function during transcription?
It pries the DNA strands apart and joins together the RNA nucleotides.
p.6
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What forms when cancer cells are not eliminated by the immune system?
Tumors, which are masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue.
p.8
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
What is a clone?
A group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent.
p.20
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
How many allelic forms do most genes exist in populations?
More than two allelic forms.
p.19
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype in inheritance?
It is rarely as simple as in the pea plant characters.
What occurs during prometaphase regarding spindle microtubules?
Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and begin to move them.
Where are chromosomes lined up during metaphase?
At the metaphase plate, a plane midway between the spindle's two poles.
p.8
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
What is genetics?
The scientific study of heredity and variation.
p.39
Transcription and Translation
What are the base-pairing rules for RNA synthesis?
RNA synthesis follows the same base-pairing rules as DNA, except that uracil substitutes for thymine.
p.2
Chromosomes and Genetic Information
What do eukaryotic chromosomes consist of?
Chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein.
p.5
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What regulates the eukaryotic cell cycle?
A molecular control system.
p.41
Transcription and Translation
What is created after RNA splicing?
An mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence.
p.8
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
What are genes?
Units of heredity made up of segments of DNA.
How many cell divisions occur during meiosis?
Two consecutive cell divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).
p.8
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
What is the locus of a gene?
A gene's specific position along a chromosome.
What occurs in telophase II of meiosis?
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and nuclei form.
p.20
Mutations and Genetic Disorders
What are some symptoms of Sickle-Cell Disease in homozygous individuals?
Physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and paralysis.
What precedes meiosis?
The replication of chromosomes.
What are sister chromatids?
Joined copies of the original chromosome.
How many chromosomes does each daughter cell have compared to the parent cell?
Half as many chromosomes.
p.5
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer
What are checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Specific points where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received.
