p.3
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the first step in the mechanism of alcohol formation?
Protonation of alkene by attack of H3O+.
What type of reaction is the Reimer-Tiemann reaction?
An electrophilic substitution reaction.
p.22
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What type of alkyl halides react with sodium alkoxide to give ethers?
Only primary alkyl halides.
p.14
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the process of sulphonation?
A chemical reaction that introduces a sulfonyl group into an organic compound.
p.18
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
What is the appearance and taste of glycerol?
It is a colorless, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste.
p.24
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What type of reactions do ethers undergo?
Electrophilic substitution reactions.
p.4
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is the Bouveault-Blanc reduction?
Reduction of aldehydes, ketones, and esters without alcohol.
What is Diethyl Ether commonly used for?
As an anaesthesia in surgery.
p.6
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
How can phenols be prepared from benzene?
From benzene sulphonic acid.
p.22
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
How do the boiling points of ethers compare to alcohols of comparable molecular masses?
Ethers have lower boiling points than alcohols.
p.2
Structure of Alcohols and Phenols
How is the –OH group in phenols attached?
To an Sp2 hybridized carbon.
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What are the components of pyroligneous acid?
Contains acetic acid (10%), methyl alcohol (25%), and acetone (0.5%).
p.8
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the effect of an electron-releasing group on phenol's acidity?
It decreases acidity by destabilizing the phenoxide ion.
p.24
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
How does -OR affect the aromatic ring?
It activates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution reactions.
p.10
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the general reaction formula for converting alcohols to haloalkanes?
R – OH + HX → R -X + H2O.
p.3
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is another method mentioned for forming alcohols?
By hydroboration-oxidation.
p.14
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
Why is o-nitrophenol steam volatile?
Due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
p.19
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
Is glycerol soluble in water or ether?
Soluble in water but insoluble in ether.
p.1
Structure of Alcohols and Phenols
What characterizes allylic alcohols?
The -OH group is attached to an sp3 hybridised carbon next to a C=C bond.
p.7
Physical Properties of Alcohols
What happens to the physical state of alcohols as the molecular mass increases?
Members from C5 to C11 are oily liquids, and higher members are waxy solids.
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is the first and most important member of the dihydric alcohol series?
Ethylene glycol (CH2OH–CH2OH).
p.7
Physical Properties of Phenols
What are the physical properties of phenols?
Phenols are colorless liquids or crystalline solids that become colored due to slow oxidation with air.
p.24
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the directing effect of -OR groups in ethers?
-OR is an ortho, para directing group.
p.10
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the Lucas test used for?
To determine the reactivity of alcohols.
p.1
Classification of Alcohols and Phenols
How are phenols classified based on the number of hydroxyl groups?
Monohydric, dihydric, etc.
p.23
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What happens when one of the alkyl groups in ethers is tertiary?
The halide formed is a tertiary halide by SN1 mechanism.
p.9
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the purpose of using concentrated H2SO4 in the reaction with R'COOH and (R'CO)2O?
To remove water, as the reaction is reversible.
p.21
Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
What is the general formula for ethers?
R – O – R', where R may be alkyl or aryl groups.
p.10
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the order of reactivity of alcohols with halogen acids?
Tertiary > Secondary > Primary.
p.5
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the reaction for the hydrolysis of alkyl halides?
R – X + KOH(aq) → ROH + KX.
p.5
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What type of alkalies should be used to avoid dehydrohalogenation of RX?
Mild alkalies like moist KOH.
p.1
Classification of Alcohols and Phenols
What are the types of dihydric phenols?
Ortho, meta, or para derivatives.
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is grain alcohol?
Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) used in the preparation of various beverages.
p.10
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
How can alcohols be converted into haloalkanes?
By the action of halogen acids (HX).
p.21
Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
What type of isomerism do ethers exhibit?
Ethers exhibit functional isomerism, chain isomerism, and metamerism.
p.11
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the major product in a dehydration reaction?
Highly substituted alkene.
p.11
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What are the oxidizing reagents used for the oxidation of alcohols?
Neutral, acidic or alkaline KMnO4 and acidified K2Cr2O7.
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is wood spirit?
Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) obtained by destructive distillation of wood.
p.7
Physical Properties of Phenols
How do phenols interact with water?
Phenols form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with other phenol molecules and with water due to the polar -OH bond.
How does the -OH group affect the benzene ring in phenols?
It activates the ring towards electrophilic substitution at ortho and para positions.
What is one use of Dimethyl ether?
As a refrigerant and as a solvent at low temperature.
p.12
Distinction Among Alcohol Types
How are 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohols distinguished?
By Lucas test, oxidation, and reduced copper.
p.22
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
Why are ethers insoluble in water?
Because they do not form hydrogen bonds with water.
p.19
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
What are the physical properties of glycerol?
It is a colorless, odorless, viscous, and hygroscopic liquid.
p.14
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
Why is p-nitrophenol less volatile than o-nitrophenol?
Because of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which causes the association of molecules.
p.5
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
How can primary amines be converted to alcohols?
By treatment with nitrous acid.
What type of reactions do phenols undergo?
Electrophilic substitution reactions.
What is the result of halogenation of phenols?
It gives ortho and para products.
What reagents are used for the halogenation of phenols?
Calculated amount of Br2 in CS2 or CHCl3.
p.21
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What products are formed when glycerol reacts with HIO4?
HCOOH (formic acid) and HCHO (formaldehyde).
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is absolute alcohol?
Alcohol containing no water, i.e., 100% C2H5OH.
p.2
Structure of Alcohols and Phenols
What character does the C–O bond in phenols acquire?
Partial double bond character.
p.7
Physical Properties of Alcohols
Why are alcohols miscible with water?
Because the hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with water.
p.8
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the increasing order of acidic strength for o-cresol, p-cresol, m-cresol, phenol, o-nitrophenol, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol?
o-cresol < p-cresol < m-cresol < phenol < o-nitrophenol < 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid).
p.22
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What do tertiary alkyl halides produce when reacted with sodium alkoxide?
Alkene, due to steric hindrance.
p.11
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What occurs in the third step of the dehydration mechanism?
Formation of ethene by elimination of a proton.
p.18
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
With which substances is glycerol miscible?
It is miscible with water (H2O) and ethanol, but not with ether.
p.18
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What type of reactions does glycerol undergo?
It gives all the general reactions of the -OH group.
p.10
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What intermediate is formed during the dehydration of alcohols?
Carbonium ion (carbocation).
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is methylated spirit?
Rectified spirit rendered poisonous by adding 4-5% methyl alcohol, traces of pyridine, and some copper sulfate.
p.2
Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
How are alcohols named in the IUPAC system?
By replacing the last 'e' of the corresponding alkane with 'ol'.
p.2
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is one method for preparing alcohols from alkenes?
By acid-catalyzed hydration according to Markownikoff’s rule.
p.8
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
How does the presence of an electron-withdrawing group affect phenol's acidity?
It increases acidity by stabilizing the phenoxide ion.
p.20
Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
What is the significance of the number 20 in the context provided?
It appears to be a page number from a document.
What products are obtained from the reaction of carbon tetrachloride and alkali?
c- and p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
p.11
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is formed in the second step of the dehydration mechanism?
Formation of carbocation.
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is rectified spirit?
It contains 95% ethyl alcohol and 5% water, and is an azeotrope that boils at 74°C.
p.19
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
Why does glycerol have a high boiling point?
Due to excessive hydrogen bonding.
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What is power alcohol?
Alcohol mixed with petrol or fuel used in internal combustion engines.
p.9
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the reactivity order of different alcohols based on?
The +I effect of alkyl groups increases electron density on the C-OH bond, facilitating bond cleavage.
p.7
Physical Properties of Alcohols
What is the boiling point trend among alcohols?
Boiling points decrease in the order 1° > 2° > 3° due to decreasing van der Waals' forces.
p.20
Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
What type of content can be found on www.ncerthelp.com?
NCERT solutions in text and videos, CBSE syllabus, notes, and more.
p.12
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What reagent selectively oxidizes a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
Pyridinium chlorochromate (pCC).
p.14
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is nitration in organic chemistry?
A process that introduces a nitro group into an organic compound.
p.1
Classification of Alcohols and Phenols
How are alcohols classified based on the number of hydroxyl groups?
Monohydric (one -OR group), dihydric (two -OR groups), and polyhydric (three or more -OR groups).
p.10
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What role does the acidic catalyst play in the dehydration of alcohols?
It converts the hydroxyl group into a good leaving group.
p.10
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What determines the ease of dehydration in alcohols?
The formation of carbocation (rate determining step).
p.8
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
Why is phenol more acidic than alcohols?
Due to the stabilization of the phenoxide ion through resonance.
p.8
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What do higher K_a and lower pK_a values indicate?
They correspond to stronger acids.
p.11
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the first step in the dehydration mechanism of alcohols?
Formation of protonated alcohol.
p.4
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What compounds can be reduced to form alcohols?
Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters.
p.2
Structure of Alcohols and Phenols
What is the bond angle of methyl alcohol (LROH)?
108.9° due to lone pair repulsion.
p.7
Physical Properties of Alcohols
How does solubility of alcohols change with molecular mass?
Solubility decreases with an increase in molecular mass.
What is Kolbe's reaction?
A reaction involving the electrolysis of sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic acids.
p.21
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What happens when solid KMnO4 oxidizes glycerol?
It produces VII, CO2, and H2O.
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
How is absolute alcohol prepared?
By the quick lime process and the azeotropic method.
p.19
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
How does the reactivity of 2° OR compare to 1° OR?
2° OR is less reactive compared to 1° OR.
p.7
Physical Properties of Alcohols
What are the physical states of lower alcohols?
Lower alcohols are colorless liquids.
p.17
Preparation Methods of Alcohols
What are dihydric alcohols commonly called?
Glycols, due to their sweet taste.
p.23
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the reaction of ethers with hydrogen halides (HX)?
Ethers are cleaved to form a primary halide by SN2 mechanism.
p.18
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the Malaprade reaction?
It refers to the periodic acid cleavage of 1,2-glycols.
p.8
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
Why are alcohols weaker acids than water?
Due to the +1 group present in alcohols, which decreases the polarity of the -O-H bond.
p.8
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What effect does an electron-releasing group have on the acidity of alcohols?
It increases electron density on oxygen, decreasing the polarity of the -OH bond.
p.9
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
Why is pyridine used in the reaction with R'COCl?
To neutralize HCl formed during the reaction.
p.7
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols
What is the significance of the O-H bond in alcohols and phenols?
It is involved in the acidity of alcohols and phenols.
p.8
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
What is the order of acidity among RCOOH, H2CO3, C6H5OH, H2O, and R-OH?
RCOOH > H2CO3 > C6H5OH > H2O > R-OH.
p.9
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
How does the number of alkyl groups affect the reactivity of alcohols?
Greater the number of alkyl groups, more reactive the alcohol.
