p.12
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Where does the inferior gluteal artery arise from?
The internal iliac artery.
p.9
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What is the origin of the Inferior Gluteal Nerve?
It arises from the sacral plexus.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Where does the posterior tibial artery arise from?
It arises from the popliteal artery at the lower border of the popliteus, between the tibia and the fibula.
p.8
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What does injury to the superior gluteal nerve affect?
It causes weakened abduction of the thigh and a gluteus medius limp.
p.13
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is corona mortis?
It is the vascular anastomoses between the obturator and external iliac systems, which can lead to massive bleeding if injured during surgery.
p.7
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
Why is the Spring ligament called 'spring'?
Because it contains a considerable number of elastic fibers that provide elasticity to the arch and spring to the foot.
p.11
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
Where does the Lateral Plantar Nerve run?
Distally and laterally between the quadratus plantae and the flexor digitorum brevis.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
Where does the Superficial Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve arise from?
From the common peroneal (fibular) nerve in the substance of the peroneus longus.
p.13
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What are the branches of the femoral artery?
Superficial epigastric artery, superficial circumflex iliac artery, superficial external pudendal artery, deep external pudendal artery, profunda femoris artery, and medial femoral circumflex artery.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What muscles does the Superficial Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve innervate?
The peroneus longus and brevis muscles.
p.13
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What does the profunda femoris artery supply?
It supplies the adductor magnus and hamstring muscles through its perforating arteries.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What happens if the Superficial Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve is damaged?
Causes loss of eversion of the foot but no foot drop.
p.4
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What structure forms the tarsal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum and tarsal bones.
p.9
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What happens when the Sciatic Nerve is damaged?
It causes impaired extension at the hip, impaired flexion at the knee, and loss of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion at the ankle.
p.7
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the function of the Spring (Plantar Calcaneonavicular) Ligament?
It supports the head of the talus and the medial longitudinal arch.
p.2
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the origin of the Tibialis anterior muscle?
Lateral tibial condyle and interosseous membrane.
p.4
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the origin of the Extensor digitorum brevis?
Dorsal surface of calcaneus.
p.12
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What is the relationship of the inferior gluteal artery to the sciatic nerve?
It descends on the medial side of the sciatic nerve.
p.11
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What muscles does the Lateral Plantar Nerve innervate?
Quadratus plantae and abductor digiti minimi muscles.
p.9
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What is the function of the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve?
It innervates the skin of the buttock, thigh, calf, and scrotum or labium majus.
p.4
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the insertion point of the Flexor hallucis brevis?
Proximal phalanx of big toe.
p.12
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the significance of the cruciate anastomosis?
It provides collateral circulation around the hip joint.
p.9
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What are the two divisions of the Sciatic Nerve?
Tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve.
p.2
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What causes anterior tibial compartment syndrome?
Compression of the anterior tibial artery and its branches by swollen muscles.
p.13
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What does the posterior branch of the femoral artery supply?
It supplies the adductor muscles.
p.12
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What does the obturator artery supply?
Muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh.
p.2
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What nerve innervates the Extensor hallucis longus?
Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve.
p.6
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What forms the Distal Arch of the foot?
The heads of five metatarsal bones.
p.2
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What action does the Extensor digitorum longus perform?
Extends toes, dorsiflexes and everts foot.
p.8
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the role of the anterior tibial artery?
It supplies blood to the anterior compartment of the leg.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What does the peroneal artery supply?
The lateral muscles in the posterior compartment.
p.13
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Where does the medial femoral circumflex artery run?
It runs between the pectineus and iliopsoas muscles and enters the gluteal region between the adductor magnus and quadratus femoris muscles.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What is the consequence of damage to the Deep Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve?
Results in foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion) and a characteristic high-stepping gait.
p.12
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the role of the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle?
It helps in foot inversion and supports the arch.
p.13
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the clinical significance of the aberrant obturator artery?
It may arise from the external iliac or inferior epigastric artery and is vulnerable during surgical repair of a femoral hernia.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What does damage to the tibial nerve cause?
Loss of plantar flexion, impaired inversion, and characteristic clawing of the toes.
p.6
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What are the muscles innervated by the Common Peroneal nerve?
Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis, Extensor digitorum brevis, Peroneus tertius, Extensor hallucis longus, Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus.
p.7
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What are the branches of the obturator nerve?
It divides into anterior and posterior branches, innervating various adductor muscles.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What does the lateral plantar artery form?
The plantar arch by joining the deep plantar branch of the dorsalis pedis artery.
p.1
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the gracilis muscle used for in surgery?
It is often transplanted to replace a damaged muscle in the hand.
p.12
Foot Anatomy and Conditions
What is the function of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament?
It supports the arch of the foot.
p.13
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the acetabular branch and its significance?
It enters the hip joint through the acetabular notch and supplies blood to the head of the femur, which is crucial for the viability of the femoral head in children.
p.11
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What is the Lateral Plantar Nerve?
The smaller terminal branch of the tibial nerve.
p.8
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the significance of the profunda femoris artery?
It supplies deep structures of the thigh.
p.4
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the action of the Flexor digitorum brevis?
Flexes middle phalanges of lateral four toes.
p.12
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What are the branches of the obturator artery?
Anterior and posterior branches.
p.6
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
Which muscle maintains the Distal Arch?
The transverse head of the adductor hallucis.
p.12
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Which muscles does the inferior gluteal artery supply?
Gluteus maximus, lateral rotators of the hips, and hamstrings (upper part).
p.7
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What nerve damage causes weakness of adduction and lateral swinging of the limb during walking?
Damage to the obturator nerve.
p.6
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What does the Long Plantar Ligament support?
The lateral side of the longitudinal arch of the foot.
p.6
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
Where does the Long Plantar Ligament extend from and to?
From the plantar aspect of the calcaneus to the tuberosity of the cuboid bone and the base of the metatarsals.
p.11
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What does the deep branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve innervate?
Plantar and dorsal interossei, lateral three lumbricals, and adductor hallucis.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What are the terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery?
The medial and lateral plantar arteries.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What does the ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery form a vascular circle with?
Branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery around the femoral neck.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Where does the medial plantar artery run?
Between the abductor hallucis and the flexor digitorum brevis muscles.
p.4
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the action of the Dorsal interossei?
Abduct toes, flex proximal, and extend distal phalanges.
p.9
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What condition results from damage to the Common Peroneal Nerve?
Foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion).
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What are the two branches of the descending genicular artery?
Articular branch and saphenous branch.
p.1
Groin Injuries and Muscle Strains
In which sports are groin injuries commonly seen?
Sports that require quick starts, such as a 100-m dash and football.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What are the terminal branches of the Tibial Nerve?
The medial and lateral plantar nerves.
p.3
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the function of the Popliteus muscle?
Flexes by unlocking knee and rotates leg medially.
p.8
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the function of the inferior epigastric artery?
It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall.
p.8
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Which artery is responsible for the blood supply to the lateral aspect of the thigh?
Lateral femoral circumflex artery.
p.13
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Why is the femoral artery vulnerable to injury?
Because of its relatively superficial position in the femoral triangle.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What accompanies the posterior tibial artery?
Two venae comitantes and the tibial nerve on the posterior surface of the tibialis posterior muscle.
p.11
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What are the two branches of the Lateral Plantar Nerve?
Superficial branch and deep branch.
p.2
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What is the floor of the popliteal fossa composed of?
Femur, oblique popliteal ligament, and popliteus muscle.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What artery does the lateral femoral circumflex artery arise from?
The femoral or profunda femoris artery.
p.11
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What does the superficial branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve innervate?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis.
p.2
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the Pes Anserinus?
The combined tendinous expansions of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What are the three branches of the lateral femoral circumflex artery?
Ascending branch, transverse branch, and descending branch.
p.8
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What is the clinical significance of the gluteal gait?
It indicates weakness in the gluteus medius due to superior gluteal nerve injury.
p.2
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What is a common symptom of shin splints?
Pain along the shin bone (tibia), particularly in the tibialis anterior muscle.
p.11
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
How does the Superior Gluteal Artery enter the buttock?
Through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis muscle.
p.2
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What is intermittent claudication?
A condition of limping caused by ischemia of the muscles in the lower limbs.
p.11
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What anatomical structures does the Superior Gluteal Artery pass between?
The lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve.
p.6
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the role of the Adductor muscles?
They assist in the adduction of the thigh.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What does the Medial Plantar Nerve innervate?
The abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles, as well as the skin of the medial three and one-half toes.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the clinical significance of the medial femoral circumflex artery?
It supplies most of the blood to the neck and head of the femur.
p.3
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What does the Tibialis posterior muscle do?
Plantar flexes and inverts foot.
p.3
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the function of the Superior Extensor Retinaculum?
It is a broad band of deep fascia extending between the tibia and fibula above the ankle.
p.5
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What is flat foot also known as?
Pes planus or talipes planus.
p.5
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the function of the plantar aponeurosis?
It invests the plantar muscles and provides attachment to the short flexor muscles of the toes.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What artery does the posterior tibial artery give rise to?
The peroneal (fibular) artery.
p.8
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the function of the popliteal artery?
It supplies blood to the knee and lower leg.
p.6
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the function of the Short Plantar Ligament?
It supports the lateral longitudinal arch and lies deep to the long plantar ligament.
p.7
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What are the effects of damage to the femoral nerve?
It causes impaired flexion of the hip and impaired extension of the leg due to paralysis of the quadriceps femoris.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Where does the descending genicular artery arise?
From the femoral artery in the adductor canal just before it passes through the adductor hiatus.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery?
The lateral plantar artery.
p.4
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
Which muscles aid in flexing the toes in the second layer of the foot?
Quadratus plantae and Lumbricals.
p.2
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What can cause muscle cramps in the lower limb?
Muscle fatigue, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Why is the femoral artery vulnerable to injury?
Due to its superficial position in the femoral triangle.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What supplies blood to the thigh and leg if the femoral artery is ligated?
The cruciate anastomosis.
p.1
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
Where are the proximal muscle attachments of the adductors located?
In the inguinal region or groin.
p.5
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What muscles insert into the Tendo Calcaneus?
Triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus).
p.5
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What can cause tarsal tunnel syndrome?
Repetitive stress, flat feet, or excess weight.
p.5
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What injury results from forced inversion of the foot?
Ankle sprain, rupture of calcaneofibular and talofibular ligaments, and a fracture of the lateral malleolus.
p.5
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What forms the proximal (metatarsal) arch?
Navicular bone, three cuneiform bones, cuboid bone, and the bases of the five metatarsal bones.
p.9
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
Where does the Common Peroneal Nerve arise?
As the smaller terminal portion of the Sciatic Nerve at the apex of the popliteal fossa.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
Where does the Deep Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve enter the anterior compartment?
By passing through the extensor digitorum longus muscle.
p.1
Groin Injuries and Muscle Strains
What is a groin injury?
A strain, stretching, or tearing of the origin of the flexor and adductor muscles of the thigh.
p.10
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What does the Tibial Nerve give rise to in the popliteal fossa?
Three articular branches to the knee joint.
p.7
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
Where does the femoral nerve arise from?
From the lumbar plexus within the substance of the psoas major.
p.4
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What does the Flexor retinaculum hold in place?
Tendons, blood vessels, and a nerve.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What does the popliteal artery continue from?
The femoral artery at the adductor hiatus.
p.14
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What are the five genicular arteries that arise from the popliteal artery?
Superior lateral, superior medial, inferior lateral, inferior medial, and middle genicular arteries.
p.1
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What does the femoral canal contain?
Fat, areolar connective tissue, and lymph nodes and vessels.
p.1
Adductor Canal and Hiatus
What does the adductor hiatus allow?
The passage of the femoral vessels into the popliteal fossa.
p.11
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What is the origin of the Superior Gluteal Artery?
Arises from the internal iliac artery.
p.3
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What are the origins of the Gastrocnemius muscle?
Lateral and medial femoral condyles.
p.7
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What is clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)?
A congenital deformity of the foot where it is plantar-flexed, inverted, and adducted.
p.9
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What is a clinical correlate associated with phantom limb pain?
It is pain perceived as originating in an absent (amputated) limb.
p.4
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the origin of the Plantar interossei?
Medial sides of metatarsals 3–5.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
Where does the anterior tibial artery arise from?
It arises from the popliteal artery.
p.6
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
Which muscles are part of the Quadriceps group?
Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis.
p.5
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What are the symptoms of tarsal tunnel syndrome?
Pain, numbness, and tingling sensations on the ankle, heel, and sole of the foot.
p.1
Adductor Canal and Hiatus
What is the adductor canal?
A passage that begins at the apex of the femoral triangle and ends at the adductor hiatus.
p.1
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What is the saphenous opening?
An oval gap in the fascia lata below the inguinal ligament that provides a pathway for the greater saphenous vein.
p.5
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What bones form the medial longitudinal arch?
Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuneiform, and three medial metatarsal bones.
p.5
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What supports the lateral longitudinal arch?
Peroneus longus tendon and the long and short plantar ligaments.
p.7
Nerve Supply of the Lower Limb
What muscles does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?
It innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, and the hip joint.
p.3
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What is the origin of the Flexor hallucis longus?
Lower two-thirds of fibula, interosseous membrane, intermuscular septa.
p.3
Reflexes and Their Clinical Significance
Which spinal nerves are tested by the knee-jerk reflex?
L2 to L4 spinal (femoral) nerves.
p.3
Reflexes and Their Clinical Significance
What is the result of tapping the tendo calcaneus?
A reflex twitch of the triceps surae, causing plantar flexion of the foot.
p.5
Common Conditions Affecting the Lower Limb
What happens if the Achilles tendon is avulsed or ruptured?
The patient is unable to plantar flex the foot.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What does the dorsalis pedis artery give rise to?
The medial tarsal, lateral tarsal, arcuate, and first dorsal metatarsal arteries.
p.15
Blood Supply to the Lower Limb
What are the deep veins of the leg associated with?
They are the venae comitantes to the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
p.3
Reflexes and Their Clinical Significance
What triggers the knee-jerk (patellar) reflex?
Tapping the patellar ligament.
p.1
Anatomy of the Femoral Ring and Canal
What is the femoral ring?
The abdominal opening of the femoral canal.
p.3
Muscle Anatomy of the Lower Limb
What does the Inferior Extensor Retinaculum form?
A Y-shaped band of deep fascia that forms a loop for the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius.
