Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
To produce ATP and NADH from glucose.
Through metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
In muscle cells of animals and certain bacteria.
Energy-conserving phase.
A net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
The oxidative phase and the non-oxidative phase.
By providing reducing power (NADPH) and ribose sugars for nucleic acids.
An anaerobic process that converts sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol, producing energy without oxygen.
2 ATP molecules.
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water.
The movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane, driving ATP synthesis.
Two ATP molecules.
It is converted into lactate or ethanol, depending on the organism.
To generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
It is converted into acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle.
Sunlight (in photosynthesis) and chemical energy (from food).
To provide energy during intense exercise when oxygen levels are low.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
Energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
Acetyl-CoA, carbon dioxide, and NADH.
A biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
Two ATP molecules.
They carry electrons to the electron transport chain, facilitating ATP production.
Two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH.
In the cytoplasm.
The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
It is converted into lactate or ethanol, depending on the organism.
They act as electron carriers, being reduced to NADH and FADH2.
It is converted into lactate or ethanol, depending on the organism.
The process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
Pyruvate can move into the mitochondria after glycolysis, when oxygen is present.
Mitochondria have a double membrane, consisting of an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane.
It is used in the production of alcoholic beverages and bread.
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Lactic acid and energy.
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
In the mitochondria.
They serve as electron carriers for the electron transport chain.
To generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2.
In the cytoplasm.
ATP and NADH.
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and releasing CO2.
Oxygen is used to help convert glucose into energy during aerobic respiration.
NADPH and ribulose-5-phosphate.
A biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Fermentation yields less energy than respiration.
Ethanol, carbon dioxide, and energy.
Approximately 26 to 28 ATP molecules.
Two ATP molecules.
It is converted into acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle.
It is converted into acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle.
Twice.
Two ATP molecules.
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes.
A metabolic process that converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide using yeast.
To produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration, including the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
In the mitochondria.
Mitochondria release cytochrome c, which triggers the apoptotic pathway.
Under anaerobic conditions, where oxygen is not available.
2 ATP molecules.
To generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Acetyl-CoA.
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
In the mitochondria.
Acetyl-CoA.
Two ATP molecules.
To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.
It acts as an electron carrier for further energy production.
The major products are ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide.
Energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
A biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Anaerobic conditions, where oxygen is not present.
To prepare glucose for breakdown and energy extraction.
Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.
Oxidative phosphorylation.
In the cytoplasm.
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
It is converted into acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle.
It acts as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADH.
They act as electron carriers, being reduced to NADH and FADH2.
Two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH.
Fermentation occurs when oxygen is not available, allowing cells to convert pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol.
It supports growth, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms, and drives ecological interactions.
In the making of yogurt and sauerkraut.
It is the process where pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and producing NADH.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The folds, called cristae, increase the surface area for ATP production.
Hexokinase.
In the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2.
It acts as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADH.
It is converted into lactate or ethanol, depending on the organism.
Acetyl-CoA.
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
The transfer of energy through biological systems, primarily through metabolic processes.
A metabolic process that converts glucose into lactic acid when oxygen is scarce.
Lactic acid.
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, allowing for the production of ATP.
It acts as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
It is a precursor for nucleotide synthesis.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
The initial phase where ATP is consumed to phosphorylate glucose and its derivatives.
Electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
In the cytoplasm.
Two ATP molecules.
Twice.
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2.
Twice.
It acts as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADH.
To oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2 while generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
A biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
It links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle by converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
Phosphorylation of glucose, conversion to glucose-6-phosphate, and isomerization to fructose-6-phosphate.
A metabolic process that uses oxygen to produce ATP through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
ATP, water, and heat.
Two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH.
It acts as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADH.
It plays a crucial role in the metabolic pathway that generates ATP.
In the mitochondria.
To generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for biosynthetic reactions.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without it.
Energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without it.
Approximately 30 to 32 ATP molecules.
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
Two ATP molecules.
2 ATP molecules.
Hexokinase.
Citrate synthase.
It provides high-energy electron carriers for the electron transport chain.
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
