Primitive streak.
An intrinsic abnormal development of an organ or body part during embryogenesis. Examples include congenital heart defects and cleft lip.
A disruption is a morphological defect resulting from the destruction or interruption of a normal developmental process. An example is limb defects due to amniotic bands.
The critical period of human development for teratogen exposure is weeks 3 to 8 of gestation.
Cataracts and heart defects.
Intellectual disability, facial anomalies, and heart defects.
Sacrococcygeal teratomas.
Numerical chromosomal anomalies like Trisomies (13, 18, 21) and monosomy X, and single gene defects such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
Neurodevelopmental damage.
A teratogen is an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo. Substances are categorized as teratogens based on their ability to cause anomalies, with timing playing a crucial role in their effects.
Neurodevelopmental damage and sensorineural hearing loss.
The most common etiologies for birth defects include genetic factors such as numerical chromosomal anomalies and single gene defects.
By providing guidance on folic acid supplementation, alcohol avoidance, rubella immunization, chronic disease management, and public health education.
Promoting awareness about preventable congenital malformations and their environmental, nutritional, and genetic risk factors.
An external agent causing malformations during prenatal development.
Microcephaly and growth retardation.
Examples of teratogens include drugs like thalidomide, and infectious agents like rubella and cytomegalovirus, which can cause significant birth defects.
Growth deficiencies, developmental disabilities, and structural defects such as congenital heart defects.
It is the interaction of environmental factors and multiple genes, leading to conditions like cleft lip and neural tube defects.
A sequence is a pattern of multiple defects originating from a single structural defect or mechanical factor. An example is Potter sequence from oligohydramnios.
Maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol use can lead to various birth defects and developmental issues in the fetus.
Counseling on the avoidance of alcohol during pregnancy.
A deformation is an abnormal form or position of a body part due to mechanical forces, usually occurring in the fetal period. An example is clubfoot from oligohydramnios.
Benign and malignant tumors originating from embryonic tissues.
Folic acid fortification of food products.
Limb defects such as amelia and phocomelia.
Increased risk of spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, and SIDS.
They can be gonadal or extragonadal.
Due to its potential teratogenic effects.
Weeks 3-8, during organogenesis.
A syndrome is a group of anomalies that are pathogenetically related. An example is Down syndrome.
Three germ layers.
A malignant neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal, epithelial, and nondifferentiated blastemous elements that mimics embryonic development of the particular organ.
Dysplasia is the abnormal organization of cells in tissues. An example is congenital ectodermal dysplasia.
Retinoblastoma and Wilms tumor.
It can reduce the risk of congenital malformations.
0.4 mg/day.
By providing anticipatory guidance.
4 mg/day.
It can prevent congenital rubella syndrome, which leads to serious malformations such as deafness and heart defects.
