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Sacral spinal nerves exit as ventral and dorsal rami via ___ and ___ sacral foramina, respectively.
anterior, posterior
The skin receives somatic sensory innervation such as ___, ___, and ___.
pain, temperature, touch
1/38
p.2
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

Sacral spinal nerves exit as ventral and dorsal rami via ___ and ___ sacral foramina, respectively.

anterior, posterior

p.2
Understanding Dermatomes

The skin receives somatic sensory innervation such as ___, ___, and ___.

pain, temperature, touch

p.3
Herniated Intervertebral Discs

Herniations occur when the ___ pushes through structural weakness in the anulus fibrosus.

nucleus pulposus

p.2
Differences Between Dermatomes and Peripheral Nerves

The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh receives contributions from both ___ and ___ spinal nerves.

L2, L3

p.4
Lumbar Punctures and Epidural Anesthesia

Punctures typically occur around ___ or ___ in adults.

L2/L3, L3/L4

p.4
Variations in Vertebral Numbers

Lumbarization of the S1 vertebra involves ___ fusion of the S1 vertebra to the sacrum.

incomplete

p.2
Sympathetic Innervation Pathways

The pathway of sympathetic innervation to the back starts at the lateral horn of the spinal cord and follows the route: lateral horn > ventral root > spinal nerve > ___ ramus > white ramus communicans > paravertebral ganglion > gray ramus communicans > spinal nerve > dorsal ramus > skin.

ventral

p.4
Lumbar Punctures and Epidural Anesthesia

Caudal epidural anesthesia involves needle insertion through the ___ hiatus.

sacral

p.4
Variations in Vertebral Numbers

Klippel-Feil Syndrome is characterized by reduced neck mobility due to vertebral body ___.

fusions

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

Coccygeal spinal nerves number ___, while there are approximately ___ coccygeal vertebrae.

1, 4

p.3
Lumbar Punctures and Epidural Anesthesia

The end of the spinal cord is around ___ in most adults.

L1/L2

p.4
Lumbar Punctures and Epidural Anesthesia

The ligamentum flavum is often described as having a '___' sensation when pierced.

popping

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

Cervical spinal nerves exit ___ the vertebra of the same number, except for C8.

above

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

The number of lumbar spinal nerves is ___.

5

p.2
Differences Between Dermatomes and Peripheral Nerves

Peripheral nerves have their own cutaneous distributions which can be mapped onto the body, but these are not the same as ___ distributions.

dermatomal

p.3
Lumbar Punctures and Epidural Anesthesia

Large gaps between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae allow insertion of a needle into the ___ canal.

vertebral

p.4
Lumbar Punctures and Epidural Anesthesia

Surface landmarks of the back indicate that the iliac crests correspond to the ___ vertebral level.

L4

p.4
Variations in Vertebral Numbers

Sacralization of the L5 vertebra refers to the total or partial fusion of L5 to the ___.

sacrum

p.4
Variations in Vertebral Numbers

Supernumerary ribs can arise due to the presence of costal primordia on all ___.

vertebrae

p.4
Clinical Implications of Nerve Injury

Difficulty with turning the head against resistance is due to the effect on ___ neck muscles.

ventral

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

Lower thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves have long roots that extend inferiorly, forming the ___ ___ .

cauda equina

p.2
Understanding Dermatomes

There are two generally accepted dermatome maps, with variations most significant in the ___ and ___ limbs.

upper, lower

p.4
Clinical Implications of Nerve Injury

Injury to the spinal accessory nerve can cause deficits in ___ mobility.

scapular

p.3
Herniated Intervertebral Discs

Cervical herniations are the ___ most common behind lumbar herniations.

second

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

Spinal nerves pass through ___ foramina.

intervertebral

p.2
Understanding Dermatomes

A dermatome is defined as the cutaneous territory of a single ___ nerve.

spinal

p.2
Understanding Dermatomes

A myotome refers to the muscle(s) supplied by a single ___ nerve.

spinal

p.3
Herniated Intervertebral Discs

Spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramina immediately ___ to the IV disc.

superior

p.3
Lumbar Punctures and Epidural Anesthesia

During lumbar puncture, the needle penetrates several layers of soft tissue, including skin, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, and ___ mater.

dura

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

The slower growth of the CNS relative to the vertebral column creates an inferior disparity between the intervertebral foramina and the corresponding level of the ___ ___ .

spinal cord

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

The number of cervical spinal nerves is ___, while there are only ___ cervical vertebrae.

8, 7

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

The number of sacral spinal nerves is ___.

5

p.3
Herniated Intervertebral Discs

The most common types of herniation occur at the ___ and ___ discs.

L4/L5, L5/S1

p.2
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

The coccygeal spinal nerve pair exits via the ___ ___ .

sacral hiatus

p.1
Spinal Nerve Exit Patterns

Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves exit ___ the vertebra of the same number.

below

p.3
Herniated Intervertebral Discs

Typically, herniations occur in a ___ direction.

posterolateral

p.3
Herniated Intervertebral Discs

Herniation of the C6/C7 disc would most likely affect the spinal nerve emerging at that level, which would be the ___ nerve.

C7

p.3
Herniated Intervertebral Discs

In lumbar herniations, the descending roots of the spinal nerve at the level ___ the herniation are most frequently affected.

below

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