p.9
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Why are potassium-sparing diuretics prescribed in combination with other diuretics?
To reduce potassium loss caused by loop and thiazide diuretics.
What is Aliskiren?
A renin inhibitor used in hypertension treatment.
How are loop diuretics used in treating hypertension?
In combination therapy to treat hypertension.
What is the mechanism of action of Aliskiren?
It directly and selectively inhibits renin.
p.1
β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What are some examples of β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents?
Propranolol, atenolol, and metoprolol.
p.6
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What are examples of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
Nifedipine and Amlodipine.
p.6
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
Is Nifedipine safe for use in pregnancy?
Yes, Nifedipine is safe for use in pregnancy.
p.6
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
Why might Verapamil or Diltiazem be preferred in patients with hypertension and a rapid heart rate?
They slow heart rate and reduce cardiac workload.
p.15
α-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
In what cases is Doxazosin used therapeutically?
Only in refractory hypertension cases due to its side effect profile.
What are two examples of thiazide diuretics?
Hydrochlorothiazide and Chlorthalidone.
p.15
α-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What effect does α1 activation have on blood pressure?
It increases blood pressure.
What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?
They increase Na and H2O elimination, causing a decrease in blood volume and cardiac output.
p.5
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What are the potential side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)?
Dizziness, headache, flushing, and swelling of the ankles.
What effect do loop diuretics have on renal vascular resistance?
They decrease renal vascular resistance.
p.2
β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What are examples of non-selective β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents?
Propranolol, Labetalol, and Carvedilol.
In which patients are loop diuretics most likely used?
Patients with both hypertension and edema due to heart failure.
p.2
β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What receptors does Labetalol block?
α 1, β 1, and β 2 receptors.
p.5
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What are Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) primarily used for?
To treat hypertension and certain heart conditions.
p.15
α-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What is the effect of α1 blocking and α2 activation on blood pressure?
It decreases blood pressure.
What is the mechanism of action of vasodilators like Hydralazine?
They relax vascular smooth muscle, leading to decreased peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
What is a key mechanism of action for loop diuretics?
They block Na and Cl reabsorption even in patients with poor renal function.
p.5
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
Can Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) be used in combination with other antihypertensive medications?
Yes, they are often used in combination with other antihypertensive agents for better control.
p.13
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Why are ARBs often preferred over ACE inhibitors?
They have fewer cases of cough as an adverse effect.
p.2
β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What specific condition is Labetalol used for?
Gestational hypertension and hypertensive emergencies.
p.15
α-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What is the mechanism of action of Doxazosin?
It blocks α1-adrenoceptors, causing relaxation of both arterial and venous smooth muscle.
p.1
β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
How do β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents work?
They block the effects of adrenaline on β-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.
Why should Aliskiren not be combined with an ACE inhibitor or ARB?
It should not be routinely combined due to increased risk of adverse effects.
p.13
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
What is the mechanism of action of ARBs?
They block angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), producing arteriolar and venous dilation, blocking aldosterone secretion, decreasing Na and H2O retention, and lowering blood pressure.
With which class of drugs are thiazide diuretics often used in combination for treating hypertension?
All of the above (Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, Calcium channel blockers).
p.4
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
In which condition is Clonidine particularly useful?
In the treatment of hypertension complicated by renal disease.
p.11
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What increased risks are associated with Aliskiren?
Increased risk of cough and angioedema.
p.2
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
Why are β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents considered safer in asthma?
They are less likely to cause bronchoconstriction compared to non-selective agents.
p.12
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
What are the therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors?
Hypertension with diabetic nephropathy and as first-line agents in hypertension with chronic kidney disease.
p.1
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What are some common side effects of β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents?
Fatigue, cold hands and feet, and potential respiratory issues.
p.13
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
In which conditions are ARBs used as an alternative to ACE inhibitors?
Hypertension with diabetes, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease.
p.4
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
What is the mechanism of action of Clonidine?
Acts centrally as an α2 agonist.
p.13
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What are the adverse effects of ARBs compared to ACE inhibitors?
Adverse effects are similar to those of ACE inhibitors, but cough is less common.
p.3
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
Why is Methyldopa preferred for treating hypertension in pregnancy?
Because it is effective and associated with significant sedation.
p.6
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What is a notable characteristic of Amlodipine?
It has a very long half-life.
p.5
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
How do Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) work?
They inhibit calcium ions from entering cardiac and smooth muscle cells, leading to relaxation and dilation of blood vessels.
p.9
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What are some adverse effects of potassium-sparing diuretics?
Hyperkalemia, mental confusion, gynecomastia, and menstrual irregularities.
What is a therapeutic use of Hydralazine?
Controlling blood pressure in pregnancy-induced hypertension.
p.4
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
What is a therapeutic use of Clonidine?
Used for hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with two or more drugs.
p.7
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What are common adverse effects of loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia and increased Ca²⁺ content of urine.
p.4
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
What are some common adverse effects of Clonidine?
Sedation, dry mouth, and constipation.
p.1
β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What are β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents commonly used for?
They are primarily used to treat hypertension and heart-related conditions.
What are two examples of loop diuretics?
Furosemide and Bumetanide.
p.9
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
What is the mechanism of action of potassium-sparing diuretics?
They decrease Na reabsorption and do not promote the secretion of K into the urine.
p.5
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What are some common examples of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)?
Amlodipine, diltiazem, and verapamil.
p.1
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
Can β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents be used in patients with asthma?
They should be used with caution, as they can exacerbate asthma symptoms.
p.3
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
What is a therapeutic use of Methyldopa?
Management of hypertension in pregnancy.
p.11
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What are some adverse effects of Aliskiren?
Diarrhea, cough, and angioedema.
p.11
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What is a significant concern regarding Aliskiren and drug interactions?
It is subject to many drug interactions.
p.3
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
What are examples of Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs?
Methyldopa and Clonidine.
p.6
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What is a favorable characteristic of Diltiazem?
It has a favorable side effect profile.
p.9
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
What are two examples of potassium-sparing diuretics?
Amiloride and Triamterene (Na channel blockers), Spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist).
p.12
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
They block the enzyme ACE, which cleaves angiotensin I to form angiotensin II.
In which patients are thiazide diuretics not effective?
Patients with inadequate kidney function.
p.3
Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs
What is the mechanism of action of Methyldopa?
Acts centrally as an α2 agonist.
p.8
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What are some adverse effects of thiazide diuretics?
Hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and decreased Ca2+ content of urine.
p.14
Adverse Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
What are some adverse effects of Hydralazine?
Fatigue, rash, joint aches, and effusions.
p.2
β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
In which patients are β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents commonly used?
Hypertensive patients with concomitant heart disease.
p.2
β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents
What is the mechanism of action of β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents?
They block β-adrenoceptors, decreasing cardiac output and inhibiting the release of renin.
