p.1
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What type of medication is an H2 receptor antagonist used for?
Itchiness associated with gastric issues.
p.1
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What is the role of H1 receptor antagonists?
They are used to treat allergic reactions and itchiness.
p.1
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What symptoms do NSAIDs help alleviate?
Pain and inflammation that may cause itchiness.
p.81
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What organization provided information on the risk of transmission in 2008?
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
p.113
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What do the 2025 AIDS targets aim for in terms of diagnosis?
95% of people living with HIV should know their status.
p.114
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the Cascade of Care?
A model that outlines the steps patients go through from diagnosis to successful treatment and management of a health condition.
p.40
Viral Infections and Warts
What are some provider-applied treatments for warts?
Cryotherapy, podophyllin, trichloroacetic acid, bichloroacetic acid, or surgical removal.
p.17
Syphilis and Its Stages
What is the purpose of dark field microscopy in the context of Syphilis?
To visualize Treponema pallidum, the bacterium causing Syphilis.
p.54
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is one of the CDC's strategies for managing sexually transmitted infections?
Education and counselling.
p.46
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What is pediculosis?
An infestation of lice on the scalp or body.
p.46
Miscellaneous Skin Diseases
What is vitiligo?
A skin condition characterized by loss of pigment, resulting in white patches.
p.36
Types of Medications for Itchiness
Who can receive the Nobel Prize for Medicine?
Individuals or groups who have made significant advancements in medical science.
p.62
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the goal of UNAIDS regarding HIV in Australia?
Towards elimination of HIV.
p.85
HIV Transmission and Prevention
In which journal was the study on rapid HIV screening published?
Journal of Clinical Virology.
p.7
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
Which virus is linked to cervical cancer?
Human papillomavirus (HPV).
p.50
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What should be done after completing treatment for scabies?
Change clothes and linen.
p.46
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What is scabies?
A skin infestation caused by mites.
p.47
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
How does the scabies mite affect the skin?
It burrows tunnels downwards into the epidermis.
p.19
Syphilis and Its Stages
How do RPR and VDRL tests function?
They detect non-treponemal antibodies in the blood.
p.36
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What is the Nobel Prize for Medicine awarded for?
Outstanding contributions in the field of medicine.
p.3
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What type of resource is provided by Jordon, K. (2008) regarding STIs?
An article in the Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal.
p.96
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What treatment did Timothy Brown receive that contributed to his HIV cure?
A stem cell transplant from a donor with a rare genetic mutation resistant to HIV.
p.29
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is Trichomonas vaginalis associated with in pregnancy?
Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature rupture of membranes, pre-term delivery, and low birth weight (LBW) infants.
p.65
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What global goal is associated with the projection of new HIV infections by 2030?
To end the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat.
p.18
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
How is a colposcopy performed?
Using a colposcope to magnify the view of the cervix and vagina.
p.101
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is PrEP in the context of HIV prevention?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis.
p.9
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does STI stand for?
Sexually Transmitted Infection.
p.84
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?
It converts viral RNA into DNA.
p.54
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What does the CDC recommend for prevention if available?
Pre-exposure vaccination.
p.39
Viral Infections and Warts
What precautions should be taken when using Podophyllin?
Avoid normal skin and wash adjacent skin after 4 hours; repeat once a week.
p.8
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does STI stand for?
Sexually Transmitted Infection.
p.8
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What organization reported new cases of STIs in Hong Kong?
The Department of Health (DH).
p.85
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the focus of the study by Patel et al. regarding HIV?
Missed opportunities for HIV diagnosis and prevention.
p.113
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the third target of the 2025 AIDS objectives?
95% of people receiving antiretroviral therapy should achieve viral suppression.
p.110
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What does the phrase 'There really can't be anymore anonymous sex' imply?
It suggests a shift in attitudes or circumstances regarding anonymous sexual encounters.
p.18
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is the purpose of a high vaginal swab?
To collect samples from the vagina for testing infections or other conditions.
p.52
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What are the symptoms of scabies?
Intense itching, rash, and burrows in the skin.
p.23
Syphilis and Its Stages
What is the recommended treatment for neurosyphilis using aqueous crystalline penicillin G?
18 - 24 million units, 3 - 4 million units IV every 4 hours or continuous infusion for 10 - 14 days.
p.3
Syphilis and Its Stages
What type of information can be found in the Medscape overview on syphilis?
Comprehensive information about syphilis.
p.88
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does the HIV RNA level / Plasma viral load (PVL) indicate?
It measures the amount of HIV in the blood, with levels below 40/50 copies/ml being barely detectable.
p.23
Syphilis and Its Stages
What is the dosage of Procaine penicillin G for treating neurosyphilis?
2.4 million units IM once daily for 10 - 14 days.
p.88
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the purpose of the Antigen/Antibody combo quick test?
To quickly detect the presence of HIV antigens and antibodies.
p.69
HIV Transmission and Prevention
Who are some of the authors of the study on global HIV prevalence in MSM?
Chris B., Baral S. D., van Griensven F., Goodreau S. M., Chariyalertsak S., Wirtz A. L., & Brookmeyer R.
p.104
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is one method to promote self-care for fatigue?
Keeping a daily fatigue diary.
p.83
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the significance of CD4 count in HIV?
CD4 count indicates the strength of the immune system and progression of HIV.
p.57
Viral Infections and Warts
What is the main subject of the article by Freak, J. (2004)?
Promoting knowledge and awareness of skin cancer.
p.41
Candida Infection Treatments
What reduction in genital warts was reported in Australia after using Gardasil?
50-60% reduction over 3 years.
p.76
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the effect of elective circumcision on HIV-1 infections in men?
It can prevent at least 60% of HIV-1 infections.
p.8
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is the significance of the year 2016 in the context of STIs in Hong Kong?
It refers to the year when new cases of STIs were reported.
p.111
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does WHO stand for?
World Health Organization.
p.24
Gonorrhea: Symptoms and Treatment
How is gonorrhea primarily transmitted?
Through close contact as a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
p.61
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does PLWHA stand for?
People Living With HIV/AIDS.
p.55
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What does the acronym PRIDE stand for in the context of sexual history?
PRIDE stands for Partner, Risks, Infections, Drugs, and Education.
p.81
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is a key focus of the CDC's 2008 report?
The risk of transmission of infectious diseases.
p.58
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is a key population at risk for HIV in Hong Kong?
People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).
p.19
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What type of infections are RPR and VDRL tests associated with?
Sexually transmitted infections, specifically syphilis.
p.40
Viral Infections and Warts
What are some patient-applied treatments for warts?
Podofilox, imiquimod, or sinecatechins.
p.89
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is a key method for preventing HIV infection?
Using condoms during sexual activity.
p.21
Syphilis and Its Stages
What does TPPA stand for?
Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay.
p.116
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does 'Undetectable = Untransmittable' mean?
It means that individuals with an undetectable viral load cannot transmit HIV to sexual partners.
p.33
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What are the common treatments for LGV?
Doxycycline 100 mg b.d. for 2-3 weeks, or Erythromycin/Tetracycline 500 mg qid for 3 weeks.
p.7
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What virus is associated with AIDS?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
p.52
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What is classic scabies?
A contagious skin condition caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite.
p.19
Syphilis and Its Stages
Are RPR and VDRL tests specific for syphilis?
No, they can give false positives due to other conditions.
p.55
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What does the PLEASURE framework focus on?
It focuses on understanding the positive aspects of sexual experiences.
p.47
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What causes scabies?
It is caused by a mite called Sarcoptes scabiei.
p.116
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the significance of having an undetectable viral load for people living with HIV?
It significantly reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to others.
p.33
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What complications can arise from LGV?
Protocolitis and stricture.
p.21
Syphilis and Its Stages
What is the purpose of the RPR test?
It is a non-treponemal test used for screening syphilis.
p.24
Gonorrhea: Symptoms and Treatment
What types of infections can gonorrhea cause?
Local and systemic infections.
p.113
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the second target of the 2025 AIDS goals?
95% of people diagnosed with HIV should receive sustained antiretroviral therapy.
p.89
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does the acronym S.A.V.E. stand for in HIV prevention?
Safer practices, Access to treatment, Voluntary testing, Education.
p.52
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
Which areas are commonly involved in classic scabies?
Male genitalia and inter-digital web spaces.
p.58
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What are the three levels of HIV prevention?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
p.31
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What type of medications are used to treat protozoal infections?
Antiprotozoal medications.
p.3
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the focus of the article 'Sexually transmitted infections: challenges ahead'?
The ongoing challenges related to STIs.
p.96
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What was the outcome for the Mississippi Baby after further testing?
The baby later showed detectable levels of HIV, indicating that the initial cure was not permanent.
p.47
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
In which population are scabies epidemics common?
In long-term health-care facilities for elderly people.
p.48
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
Where can scabious burrows typically be found?
In the interdigital web spaces of the hands.
p.75
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What significant finding was noted regarding one of the cases?
One case showed acute HIV seroconversion with last negative tests within 3 to 19 months.
p.6
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
Which virus is linked to the development of warts?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
p.48
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What are scabious nodules?
Nodules that can appear at genital organs or armpits.
p.75
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What interventions might be considered in response to the increase in HIV infections among female sex workers?
Targeted prevention programs, regular testing, and access to treatment.
p.23
Syphilis and Its Stages
What additional medication is used with Procaine penicillin G for neurosyphilis treatment?
Probenicid 500 mg orally four times a day (qid) for 10 - 14 days.
p.80
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What do hollow bars represent in the study?
Postseroconversion subjects.
p.103
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What are opportunistic infections (OIs) in the context of HIV?
Infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems.
p.59
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What advancements have been made in HIV research?
Development of new lab techniques, study designs, and drugs.
p.106
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What conditions can cause arthralgia, myalgia, or neuropathy?
Opportunistic infections (OIs), cancers, side effects of medications, and co-morbidities like diabetic neuropathy.
p.83
Opportunistic Infections and AIDS Defining Illnesses
What are opportunistic infections?
Infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS.
p.104
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is a recommended strategy for conserving energy during daily activities?
Sitting down to perform activities of daily living (ADLs).
p.43
HPV Vaccination Efficacy
What was the efficacy of the Quadrivalent HPV vaccine in preventing external genital lesions in all subjects?
90.4% (95% CI: 69.2, 98.1).
p.104
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What are some natural techniques to help with fatigue?
Progressive relaxation and acupressure.
p.114
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What does the Continuum of Care refer to?
A comprehensive approach to healthcare that ensures patients receive appropriate services at every stage of their health journey.
p.61
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the significance of the number 39M in relation to PLWHA?
It refers to the estimated 39 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide.
p.18
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is a colposcopy?
A medical procedure used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease.
p.36
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What are some common areas of research recognized by the Nobel Prize for Medicine?
Cancer research, immunology, and neuroscience.
p.92
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
Give an example of a first-line ART regimen.
TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + EFV (TLE) or Atripla.
p.16
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is the characteristic of A - R pupils?
They are small, irregular, do not react to light, but react to accommodation.
p.102
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does a red tissue depiction indicate in PCR reactions?
50% or more of the PCR reactions were positive.
p.39
Viral Infections and Warts
How is Podophyllotoxin administered for wart treatment?
As a 0.5% solution or gel applied twice daily for 3 days (self-administered).
p.104
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What are some causes of fatigue?
Hypermetabolic state, viral infections, muscle wasting, anemia, dehydration, and psychological factors.
p.39
Viral Infections and Warts
What is the concentration of Podophyllin used in wart treatment?
10 - 25% in tincture benzoin.
p.56
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is a common characteristic of many STIs?
They may be asymptomatic.
p.94
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the purpose of Cobicistat?
It is a booster for protease inhibitors (PI).
p.90
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the mechanism of action for Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)?
NRTIs require intracellular phosphorylation and competitively bind to reverse transcriptase, causing premature DNA chain termination.
p.71
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What are some examples of overlapping risk behaviors?
Unprotected sex, substance abuse, and multiple sexual partners.
p.103
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What can cause dehydration in HIV patients?
Opportunistic infections, side effects of medications, and malnutrition.
p.45
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are the symptoms of Herpes Simplex?
Burning sensation and vesicles.
p.25
Gonorrhea: Symptoms and Treatment
What is a common treatment for gonorrhea?
Single dose of Ceftriaxone 1000 mg IMI.
p.32
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What happens to Lactobacillus sp. in bacterial vaginosis?
It is replaced by anaerobes like Mycoplasma and Gardnerella.
p.90
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What role do Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) play in HIV treatment?
INSTIs bind viral integrase to prevent viral DNA from integrating into the host cell chromosome.
p.15
Syphilis and Its Stages
What are the symptoms of General Paralysis of Insane (GPI)?
Dementia, recent memory loss, loss of insight, euphoria with delusion of grandeur, tremor, spastic paraparesis, convulsions, incontinence, and being bed-ridden.
p.55
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the purpose of the PROBLEM framework in sexual history taking?
To identify issues related to sexual health and functioning.
p.46
Miscellaneous Skin Diseases
What is alopecia?
A condition that causes hair loss.
p.58
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What should be understood regarding HIV?
The route of transmission and related risks.
p.16
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is Charcot's joint associated with?
Neuropathic arthropathy, often seen in conditions like diabetes.
p.89
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is one mode of transmission for HIV?
Unprotected sexual contact.
p.58
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is a global action related to HIV?
Implementing strategies for prevention and treatment.
p.84
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the first step in the HIV life cycle?
Attachment to the host cell.
p.88
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does a CD4 count greater than 500/mL indicate?
It indicates good immune function.
p.41
Candida Infection Treatments
Which HPV types does Gardasil protect against?
Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.
p.104
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What should be planned to help manage fatigue effectively?
Activities ahead and an exercise schedule.
p.90
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
How do Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) work?
NNRTIs bind to an allosteric site on reverse transcriptase, causing a change that inhibits nucleoside binding.
p.56
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What urine tests are conducted for STI investigations?
Culture, PCR, and microscopy.
p.43
HPV Vaccination Efficacy
What was the efficacy of the Quadrivalent HPV vaccine in MSM related to AIN?
77.5% (95% CI: 39.6, 93.3).
p.25
Gonorrhea: Symptoms and Treatment
What alternative treatments are available for gonorrhea?
Cefixime 400 mg po, Azithromycin 1g po x 1, or Doxycycline 100 mg b.d. x 1/52.
p.34
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are bacterial STIs?
Infections transmitted through sexual contact caused by bacteria.
p.49
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What is the application method for Permethrin?
Once only application, leave on for 8-14 hours then wash.
p.21
Syphilis and Its Stages
How is TPPA used in syphilis testing?
It is a treponemal test used to confirm syphilis infection.
p.92
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What should first-line ART consist of?
2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus any group of NNRTIs, PIs, or Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTs).
p.114
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What are the key stages in the Cascade of Care?
Diagnosis, linkage to care, retention in care, and achieving health outcomes.
p.16
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does a positive Romberg test indicate?
Possible proprioceptive or vestibular dysfunction.
p.89
HIV Transmission and Prevention
How can education help in the prevention of HIV?
By informing individuals about risks and safe practices.
p.92
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is an example of an INST-based ART regimen?
TDF + FTC + DTG (INST) or TAF + FTC + Bictegravir (BIC) or Bicatarvy.
p.69
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does MSM stand for in the context of HIV prevalence?
Men who have sex with men.
p.57
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
Who are the authors of the article discussing sexually transmitted infections challenges in 2017?
Unemo, M., Bradshaw, C.S., de Hocking, J.S., and others.
p.50
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
Who should be treated for scabies?
Individuals with close contact to the infested client, even if asymptomatic.
p.38
Viral Infections and Warts
What is another method for treating warts besides cryosurgery?
Electrodesiccation or curettage.
p.9
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
Which STI is associated with NGU?
Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU).
p.50
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What should be explored if persistent itchiness lasts for 1-2 weeks?
The cause of the persistent itchiness should be explored.
p.88
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What type of test is EIA / ELISA?
An antibody test used for HIV diagnosis.
p.101
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is a key strategy in controlling HIV transmission?
A multi-pronged approach including STI treatment, behavioral change, PrEP, and PEP.
p.104
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What substances should be avoided to help manage fatigue?
Coffee, alcohol, and smoking.
p.83
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does viral load measure in HIV patients?
Viral load measures the amount of HIV in the blood.
p.39
Viral Infections and Warts
What are the intralesional therapy options for warts?
Bleomycin and Interferon α.
p.90
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is a key characteristic of NRTIs?
They are nucleoside or nucleotide analogs with an absent hydroxyl at the 3’ end.
p.27
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the treatment for infants with NGU using Erythromycin?
Erythromycin for 2 weeks.
p.106
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
How can constipation be viewed in the context of pain interventions?
Constipation may be a benefit in pain interventions (PIs).
p.32
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What should be avoided in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis?
Antiseptic/vaginal preparations and vaginal douching.
p.90
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the function of Fusion Inhibitors (FIs) in HIV therapy?
FIs bind to the envelope glycoprotein gp41 to prevent viral fusion with CD4 T-cells.
p.34
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are the common symptoms of Chlamydia?
Often asymptomatic, but can include abnormal discharge and pain during urination.
p.114
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Why is the Continuum of Care important?
It helps to identify gaps in healthcare services and improve patient outcomes.
p.80
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does the frequency of self-reported acute HIV symptoms indicate?
It indicates the clinical manifestations of primary HIV infection.
p.54
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What does the CDC recommend for identifying infections?
Identification of people with asymptomatic infections and those not seeking medical care.
p.54
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is crucial for effective management of STIs according to the CDC?
Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
p.92
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is Complera?
A single drug regimen for ART.
p.16
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is a stamping gait indicative of?
Loss of proprioception, often seen in neuropathies.
p.53
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What is the primary treatment for Pediculosis in children over 2 years old?
Permethrin and Pyrethrin Lotion applied to the scalp.
p.92
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What does TLE stand for in ART regimens?
TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + EFV.
p.102
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does a blue tissue depiction indicate in PCR reactions?
No PCR reactions positive.
p.99
HIV Transmission and Prevention
How does life expectancy differ between men and women with HIV?
Men have +20 years, while women have +33 years.
p.79
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the first step in the HIV-1 life cycle?
Attachment and entry into the host cell.
p.108
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What are the types of precautions to prevent infections?
Transmission-based and standard precautions.
p.27
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is an alternative treatment for NGU using Azithromycin?
1g as a single dose orally (not first line).
p.38
Viral Infections and Warts
What may be required for complete resolution of a wart lesion?
A combination of treatments.
p.83
Opportunistic Infections and AIDS Defining Illnesses
What are AIDS defining illnesses?
Illnesses that occur in individuals with AIDS, indicating severe immune system damage.
p.25
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is the prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum?
Erythromycin (0.5%) ointment.
p.93
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is a common adverse effect associated with Lopinavir?
Hyperlipidemia, especially hypertriglyceridemia.
p.78
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV replication?
It converts viral RNA into DNA.
p.77
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the outcome of untreated HIV-1 infection?
It can progress to AIDS, characterized by severe immune deficiency.
p.32
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is an alternative treatment for bacterial vaginosis?
Tinidazole 1g/2g as above or Metronidazole/Clindamycin cream for 5-7 days.
p.34
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is a key symptom of Gonorrhea?
Painful urination and pus-like discharge.
p.96
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the significance of the Mississippi Baby in HIV research?
The Mississippi Baby was initially thought to be functionally cured of HIV after early treatment.
p.13
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What is a major issue with compliance in antibiotic treatment?
Approximately 70-75% of treatments do not adhere to existing guidelines.
p.11
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the relative risk (RR) range for chancroid in primary prevention of STI/HIV?
RR = 0.12 - 1.11 (not significant).
p.57
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the title of the 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines published by the CDC?
2015 STD Treatment Guidelines.
p.6
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What virus is associated with genital herpes?
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
p.13
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What potential problem arises from using new antibiotics?
They may promote drug resistance.
p.7
Viral Infections and Warts
What organ inflammation can Cytomegalovirus (CMV) cause?
Inflammation in the brain, eye, and bowel.
p.108
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is one way to enhance compliance in clients on HAART?
Education on the effects and side effects of drugs.
p.27
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the most common cause of Non Gonorrhoea Urethritis (NGU)?
Chlamydia trachomatis (40%).
p.29
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What precautions should be taken during treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Avoid pregnancy and alcohol use.
p.26
Candida Infection Treatments
What is a key characteristic of Macrolide antibiotics like Azithromycin?
They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
p.108
HIV Transmission and Prevention
How can infections be prevented after discharge?
By following airborne, contact, and droplet precautions.
What should be taught to improve nutritional health?
Nutritional requirements.
p.59
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is a notable characteristic of some individuals in the context of HIV research?
Some people go further and faster in their understanding and approach.
p.1
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What condition is Methotrexate commonly used to treat?
Severe itchiness related to autoimmune disorders.
p.83
Diagnostic Tests of HIV Infection
What diagnostic tests are used for HIV infection?
Tests include antibody tests, antigen tests, and viral load tests.
p.53
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What types of medications can be used for itchiness associated with Pediculosis?
Antipruritic, corticosteroid, and antihistamine, such as Eurax cream.
p.100
Non-AIDS Defining Malignancies
What was the median follow-up time for HIV+ and HIV- veterans in the study?
5.1 years for HIV+ and 6.4 years for HIV-.
p.77
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the role of CD4+ T cells in HIV infection?
They are the primary target cells for HIV-1, leading to immune system compromise.
p.115
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the goal of Treatment as Prevention?
To achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load in HIV-positive individuals.
p.79
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the significance of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?
They prevent the maturation of viral particles.
p.35
Viral Infections and Warts
What are plantar warts?
Warts that appear on the foot.
p.15
Syphilis and Its Stages
What are the ocular complications associated with ocular syphilis?
Ocular atrophy, optic neuritis, and chorioretinitis with pepper and salt fundus.
p.75
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What unusual trend was observed among female sex workers from August 2021 to June 2022?
An increase in new HIV infections.
p.102
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does PEP stand for in the context of Rhesus Macaques?
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis.
p.13
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What is a concern regarding the use of certain antibiotics?
The use of drugs that are known to have resistance.
p.75
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the age range of the female sex workers who tested positive for HIV?
51 to 63 years old (median age 54).
p.89
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What role does voluntary testing play in HIV prevention?
It helps individuals know their status and take necessary precautions.
p.52
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
How is scabies transmitted?
Through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested person.
p.47
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What is the incubation period for scabies?
Approximately 3 weeks (3/52).
p.107
HIV Transmission and Prevention
Which infections should be prophylaxed?
PTB (Pulmonary Tuberculosis), PCP (Pneumocystis Pneumonia), and MAC (Mycobacterium Avium Complex).
p.94
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What type of inhibitor is Maraviroc?
Fusion inhibitor targeting CCR5 receptor.
p.59
HIV Transmission and Prevention
Why is understanding HIV & AIDS essential in medical practice?
Because no hospital can operate without addressing AIDS.
How can dietary intake be increased?
By increasing the availability of food.
p.107
HIV Transmission and Prevention
Which vaccinations are recommended for infection prevention?
Pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations.
p.88
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the role of the Western blot test?
It is used as a confirmation test for HIV diagnosis.
p.101
HIV Transmission and Prevention
Who presented the multi-pronged approach to control HIV transmission?
Cohen, M. at the 17th IAC in Mexico City.
p.117
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What type of healthcare system does Australia have that contributes to the decline of AIDS?
A world-leading universal healthcare system.
p.93
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is Efavirenz classified as?
NNRTI (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor).
p.88
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What are other investigations for OIs?
Tests conducted to identify opportunistic infections in HIV patients.
p.78
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the first step in the HIV replication cycle?
Attachment to the host cell.
p.71
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
How can overlapping risk behaviors impact public health?
They can increase the transmission rates of infections and complicate treatment efforts.
p.22
Syphilis and Its Stages
What is the primary method for diagnosing Treponema pallidum?
EIA (AIA), FTA-ABS (Blood + CSF), and MHA-TP (Antibody).
p.115
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is Treatment as Prevention (TasP)?
A strategy that involves using antiretroviral therapy to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
p.22
Syphilis and Its Stages
What is the recommended treatment for Treponema pallidum?
Benzathine penicillin G (2.4 million units IMI).
p.45
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are the potential complications of Herpes Simplex in women?
Cervical cancer and spontaneous abortion.
p.22
Syphilis and Its Stages
What alternative treatment can be used for syphilis?
Doxycycline 100 mg b.d./t.d.s for 2 weeks or Azithromycin 2g po single dose.
p.22
Syphilis and Its Stages
What is an important aspect of case management for Treponema pallidum?
Contact tracing and treatment within 90 days for all potential cases.
p.87
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What type of pneumonia is associated with recurrent severe bacterial infections in HIV patients?
Recurrent severe or radiological bacterial pneumonia.
p.52
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What causes scabies?
Infestation by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite.
p.107
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What should be observed for in the prevention of infections?
Opportunistic Infections (OIs).
p.80
HIV Transmission and Prevention
How many preseroconversion subjects were involved in the study?
57 preseroconversion subjects.
p.31
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What is the purpose of antibacterial medications?
To treat bacterial infections.
p.50
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What are common side effects of scabies treatment?
Irritation on the face and genitals, puritus, and eczematous lesions.
p.54
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What should be done regarding sexual partners within 60 days?
Evaluation and treatment of sexual partners.
p.57
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is the focus of the article by Jordon, K. (2008)?
Sexually transmitted infections as a major challenge for Advanced Practice Nurses.
p.84
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What occurs after the viral RNA is converted into DNA?
Integration of viral DNA into the host genome.
p.25
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are some symptoms of gonorrhea in men?
Epididymitis and prostatitis.
p.84
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the final step in the HIV life cycle?
Budding of new virions from the host cell.
p.79
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the role of integrase in the HIV-1 life cycle?
It integrates the viral DNA into the host cell's genome.
p.117
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What key populations are engaged in Australia's community response to HIV?
Gay men, sex workers, and people who inject drugs.
p.77
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the first step in the progression from HIV-1 transmission to productive clinical infection?
HIV-1 enters the body through mucosal surfaces.
p.1
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What symptoms do 5HT3 receptor antagonists address?
They are primarily used for nausea but may help with itchiness in some cases.
p.32
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is the recommended oral treatment for bacterial vaginosis?
Metronidazole 500 mg p.o. b.d. for 1 week.
p.78
HIV Transmission and Prevention
How does HIV exit the host cell?
By budding off from the cell membrane.
p.100
Non-AIDS Defining Malignancies
How did the rate of non-ADM change among HIV- veterans from 1998-1999 to 2000-2001?
The rate declined (p=0.03).
p.65
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the projected trend for new HIV infections by 2030?
A significant reduction in new HIV infections is expected.
p.47
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
How is scabies transmitted?
Through close personal contact.
p.10
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does SPP stand for?
SPP typically stands for 'Strategic Planning Process' or 'Standardized Patient Program', depending on the context.
p.110
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the significance of the years 1958 - 1990 in the context of the text?
It likely marks a period of heightened awareness or change regarding sexual health and practices.
p.18
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What types of conditions can a high vaginal swab help diagnose?
Infections such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and STIs.
p.29
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the recommended treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Metronidazole 2g single dose or 500 mg orally twice daily for 1 week, or Tinidazole 2g orally once or 5g for 7 days.
p.65
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What role does education play in the projection of new HIV infections by 2030?
Education is crucial for prevention and reducing stigma.
p.53
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
How long should Permethrin or Pyrethrin Lotion be left on the hair?
10 minutes before rinsing.
p.41
Candida Infection Treatments
What is Gardasil indicated for?
Prevention of cervical cancer, precancerous lesions, and genital warts caused by HPV.
p.84
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is produced during the transcription phase of the HIV life cycle?
New viral RNA and proteins.
p.48
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What is a severe manifestation of scabies in immuno-deficient clients?
Generalized crusted scabies with prior blisters and pustules.
p.71
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Why is understanding overlapping risk behaviors important?
It helps in developing targeted interventions for health issues like STIs.
p.106
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What should be provided to promote comfort during illness?
Comfort measures and a sense of normalcy and dignity.
p.27
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What are the rare causes of NGU?
Trichomonas vaginalis, Candidiasis, Herpes simplex, and secondary bacterial urinary tract infection (all < 2%).
p.99
HIV Transmission and Prevention
How does income level affect life expectancy for individuals with HIV?
High income leads to longer life expectancy compared to low income for both men and women.
p.1
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What is Cyclosporin used for?
To manage severe itchiness in conditions like psoriasis.
p.78
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What happens after HIV attaches to the host cell?
The virus enters the host cell.
p.15
Syphilis and Its Stages
What characterizes asymptomatic neurosyphilis?
Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
p.79
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
How do reverse transcriptase inhibitors work?
They block the conversion of viral RNA to DNA.
p.115
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the significance of an undetectable viral load?
It means the person cannot transmit HIV to sexual partners, often summarized as 'Undetectable = Untransmittable' (U=U).
p.87
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is HIV wasting syndrome characterized by?
Unexplained weight loss of more than 10% within 6 months.
p.35
Viral Infections and Warts
What are hyperkeratotic papules or plaques?
Benign growths that can be chronic and slow-growing.
p.34
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
How can bacterial STIs be treated?
With antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare provider.
p.29
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are the common symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis infection?
Yellow, frothy, odor discharge and dyspareunia.
p.65
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What strategies are being implemented to reduce new HIV infections by 2030?
Increased access to testing, treatment, and prevention methods.
p.84
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What happens after HIV attaches to the host cell?
Fusion and entry into the host cell.
p.80
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What do solid bars represent in the study?
Preseroconversion subjects.
p.83
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What are the stages of HIV?
The stages include acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS.
p.57
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What does the WHO training modules focus on?
Syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections.
p.106
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What are the two types of pain mentioned?
Acute pain and chronic pain.
p.69
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the significance of the study published in 2012 regarding MSM and HIV?
It provides insights into global HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men.
p.56
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What blood tests are commonly performed for STIs?
EIA/ELISA, VDRL (titre), and PCR.
p.79
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What occurs after HIV-1 enters the host cell?
Reverse transcription of viral RNA into DNA.
p.103
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is important to maintain for comfort and safety in HIV patients?
Comfort and safety measures.
p.93
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What are the dosing options for Lopinavir?
1 or 2 doses per day for treatment-naïve patients.
p.106
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What should be administered to manage pain?
Pain medications, with observation of their effects and side effects.
p.1
Types of Medications for Itchiness
How do tricyclic antidepressants help with itchiness?
They can reduce itchiness by affecting neurotransmitters.
p.35
Viral Infections and Warts
What virus causes warts?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
p.115
HIV Transmission and Prevention
How does Treatment as Prevention work?
By lowering the viral load in an HIV-positive person to undetectable levels, reducing the risk of transmission to sexual partners.
p.117
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is PrEP and how does it help in preventing HIV?
A well-tolerated anti-retroviral treatment that provides almost complete protection from HIV infection when taken daily.
p.22
Syphilis and Its Stages
How is Benzathine penicillin G administered for late latent cases?
1 dose weekly for 3 weeks.
p.93
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What advantage does Raltegravir have over PIs?
More rapid viral load decline and not affecting the lipid profile.
p.87
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is a neurological condition associated with HIV?
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML).
p.45
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is the suppression therapy for clients with more than 6 Herpes Simplex episodes per year?
Daily acyclovir 400 mg twice daily.
p.107
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does the CD4 count indicate in relation to infections?
It may reflect the possibility of occurrence of infections.
p.80
HIV Transmission and Prevention
How many postseroconversion subjects were involved in the study?
120 postseroconversion subjects.
What are some side effects of medications and infections related to nutrition?
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, altered taste, impaired swallowing or chewing, diarrhea, fatigue, depression, and impaired cognition.
p.101
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What does PEP stand for?
Post-exposure prophylaxis.
p.102
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What does an orange tissue depiction indicate in PCR reactions?
Less than 50% of PCR reactions were positive.
p.108
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What are some strategies to enhance compliance in clients on HAART?
Implementing reminders, simplifying regimens, and providing support.
p.56
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What type of swabs are used for STI investigations?
High Vaginal Swab and Urethral swab.
p.103
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What should be increased to help manage symptoms of HIV?
Caloric and fluid intake.
p.59
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What remains unchanged despite advancements in HIV research?
The mindset of some people regarding HIV & AIDS.
p.38
Viral Infections and Warts
What type of laser systems can be used for wart treatment?
Pulsed-Dye and Other Laser Systems.
p.9
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What STI is characterized by genital warts?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
p.25
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are potential complications of gonorrhea?
Gonococcal bacteremia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, and meningitis.
p.117
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the purpose of education programs in Australia's HIV response?
To encourage and normalize HIV testing and support a healthy culture of 'safe sex' and 'harm minimization.'
p.90
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the effect of Protease Inhibitors (PIs) on HIV?
PIs competitively inhibit the cleavage of gag/pol polyproteins, resulting in immature, non-infectious virions.
p.106
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What complementary therapies are encouraged?
Cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation, and imagery.
p.87
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What is the treatment for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
Bactrim / Co-trimoxazole.
p.15
Syphilis and Its Stages
What are the symptoms of Tabes dorsalis?
Pain in legs, paraesthesia, sensory ataxia, sensory loss in proprioception and vibration, deep pain in Achilles tendon, absent reflexes, overflow incontinence, Argyll Robertson pupils, optic atrophy, Charcot's joints, and visceral crises.
p.25
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are common symptoms of gonorrhea in women?
May be asymptomatic or present with PID/UTI with purulent discharge.
p.26
Candida Infection Treatments
What is a common side effect of Azithromycin?
Gastrointestinal disturbances.
p.41
Candida Infection Treatments
What age groups is Gardasil recommended for?
Girls and women aged 9 to 26, and also for those aged 27 to 45.
p.93
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is a potential side effect of Efavirenz during pregnancy?
It is potentially teratogenic in the first trimester.
p.32
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is bacterial vaginosis potentially linked to?
Adverse pregnancy outcomes.
p.77
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What occurs after HIV-1 enters the body?
The virus infects CD4+ T cells and begins to replicate.
p.117
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What advancements have been made in treatments for HIV infection in Australia?
Increasingly well-tolerated and effective treatments that are easily and affordably accessible.
p.41
Candida Infection Treatments
How is Gardasil administered for ages 9-14?
In a 2-dose schedule (0, 6-12 months).
p.25
Gonorrhea: Symptoms and Treatment
What is a notable resistance issue with N. gonorrhoeae?
Quinolone resistance (QRNG) is common.
p.49
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What is the recommended dosage of Ivermectin for treatment?
200 mg p.o., repeat in 2 weeks.
p.25
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are other symptoms associated with gonorrhea?
Conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, proctitis, and dermatitis.
p.115
HIV Transmission and Prevention
Who can benefit from Treatment as Prevention?
HIV-positive individuals who are on antiretroviral therapy and have achieved an undetectable viral load.
p.34
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
How can bacterial STIs be prevented?
Using condoms and regular STI screenings.
p.71
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What does overlapping of risk behaviors refer to?
The occurrence of multiple risk behaviors in an individual or population.
p.107
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is important regarding food and drink in infection prevention?
Ensuring access to clean water.
p.104
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
How can sleep be improved to manage fatigue?
Promote sleep and avoid sleep interruption.
p.15
Syphilis and Its Stages
What are the cardiovascular complications associated with tertiary syphilis?
Angina pectoris, aortic incompetence, and aortic aneurysm.
p.79
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the function of protease in HIV-1 replication?
It cleaves viral proteins into functional units.
p.79
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What are the intervention points for antiretroviral drugs in the HIV-1 life cycle?
Attachment inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors.
p.78
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What occurs after the viral RNA is converted into DNA?
The viral DNA integrates into the host's genome.
p.77
HIV Transmission and Prevention
What is the clinical significance of viral load in HIV infection?
Higher viral loads are associated with increased risk of transmission and disease progression.
p.43
HPV Vaccination Efficacy
What was the overall efficacy of the Quadrivalent HPV vaccine in preventing persistent HPV DNA?
85.6% (95% CI: 73.4, 92.9).
p.22
Syphilis and Its Stages
What symptoms are associated with Treponema pallidum infection?
Ulcer, urethral discharge, and chancre.
p.1
Types of Medications for Itchiness
What is Gabapentin used for in relation to itchiness?
To manage neuropathic pain that may cause itchiness.
p.79
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
What is the purpose of using integrase inhibitors?
To prevent the integration of viral DNA into the host genome.
p.34
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
Name three common bacterial STIs.
Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis.
p.43
HPV Vaccination Efficacy
How many doses of the Quadrivalent HPV vaccine were administered?
3 doses (0, 2, 6 months).
p.45
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
What is the recommended treatment for Herpes Simplex?
Acyclovir 200 mg five times a day or Famiciclovir 250 mg three times a day.
p.90
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV
How do Chemokine Receptor Antagonists (CCR5 Antagonists) work?
They block entry into CD4 T-cells by preventing interaction between CD4 cells and the gp120 subunit of the viral envelope.
p.34
Syphilis and Its Stages
What are the stages of Syphilis?
Primary, Secondary, Latent, and Tertiary stages.
p.49
Scabies and Pediculosis Treatment
What areas should be treated for scabies?
Fingers, toes, nails, scalp, face, and behind the ears.
p.35
Viral Infections and Warts
What is a potential risk associated with chronic hyperkeratotic lesions?
They may develop into low-grade Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
p.34
Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
What complications can arise from untreated bacterial STIs?
Infertility, chronic pain, and increased risk of HIV.
