p.1
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What are the two main components of the male reproductive system?
Testes and male sex hormones.
p.1
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What is the function of the testes?
To produce sperms (male gametes) and male sex hormones.
p.1
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What is the role of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To keep the temperature slightly lower than body temperature for proper sperm development.
p.1
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
Why is a lower temperature essential for sperm development?
Because it is necessary for sperms to develop properly.
p.16
Development of Embryo and Foetus
How does amniotic fluid prevent desiccation?
It prevents the embryo from drying out.
p.3
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
How do the cilia in the oviducts assist in the movement of the ovum?
The beating action of cilia and wave-like muscular contractions move the ovum along the tube.
p.2
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What are the three parts of the ducts that store and transfer sperm?
Epididymis, sperm duct (vas deferens), and urethra.
p.31
Birth Control Methods
What happens to ovulation if both oviducts of a woman are tied and cut?
Ovulation is not affected.
p.3
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What is the cervix?
The lower end of the uterus that has a ring of muscle.
p.23
Birth Process and Labour Stages
What are the main events involved in the birth process?
Rhythmic contractions of the uterine muscles, dilation of the cervix, breaking of amnion, expulsion of the foetus, and expulsion of the placenta.
p.13
Fertilization Process
What challenges do sperms face in reaching the oviducts?
Some are trapped by mucus, killed by acidic secretion, or are defective and immotile.
p.4
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What is the first step in examining the reproductive system of dissected rats?
Examine the reproductive system of a dissected male rat.
p.30
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
Why is the uterine lining thick during the period of 22nd to 24th April?
The uterine lining is thick during this period, ready for the implantation of the embryo.
p.23
Parental Care and Breastfeeding
What happens to mammary glands during pregnancy?
They enlarge and become able to produce milk.
p.14
Fertilization Process
What occurs during sexual intercourse in relation to fertilization?
Sperms are transferred through a male’s penis into a female's vagina.
p.16
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What is the placenta?
A disc-like organ formed at the site of implantation.
p.27
Birth Control Methods
What is a diaphragm in the context of birth control?
A dome-shaped rubber cap with an elastic rim that fits over the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
p.1
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What are sperms?
The male gametes produced by the testes.
p.14
Fertilization Process
What happens to the jelly coat of the ovum once a sperm penetrates it?
It changes to prevent other sperms from entering.
p.12
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What happens from Day 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle?
Further thickening of the uterine lining.
p.9
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What creates a current to suck the ovum into the oviduct?
The beating action of cilia lining the oviduct.
p.29
Birth Control Methods
Can the IUD be removed if a woman wants to become pregnant?
Yes, it can be removed by a doctor.
p.25
Birth Control Methods
What should a woman do before starting contraceptive pills?
Consult a doctor and have regular check-ups.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What triggers the development of follicles and immature ova at puberty?
The secretion of female sex hormones.
p.30
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
How are female sex hormones transported to target organs after tubal ligation?
They are transported by blood to the target organs to carry out their functions.
p.25
Birth Control Methods
What is the fertile period?
The five days before and two days after ovulation.
p.21
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What is implantation?
The embedding of the embryo into the uterine lining.
p.29
Birth Control Methods
When should ECPs be used?
As emergency contraception or in case of contraceptive accidents.
p.5
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What are the seminiferous tubules?
Highly coiled tubules in the testis that are the site of sperm production.
p.8
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
Which is larger in size: human sperm or human ovum?
Human ovum is larger in size.
p.13
Fertilization Process
Where are sperms usually ejaculated during sexual intercourse?
At the top of the vagina near the cervix.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What structures should be identified in the female rat's reproductive system?
Ovary, oviducts, uterus, and vagina.
p.16
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What tissues compose the placenta?
Tissues from both the mother and the embryo.
p.17
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What do the umbilical arteries carry?
Deoxygenated blood and waste products from the embryo to the placenta.
p.17
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What materials diffuse from maternal blood into the embryo's blood?
Nutrients, oxygen, and antibodies.
p.2
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What happens to the penis during sexual stimulation?
It becomes erect to allow for sexual intercourse.
p.23
Parental Care and Breastfeeding
What is lactation?
The process of producing and releasing milk when a baby sucks the nipples.
p.24
Birth Control Methods
What happens if no ovum is released?
No fertilization can take place after sexual intercourse.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
What is the importance of prenatal care?
It helps reduce the risk of many birth defects.
p.17
Development of Embryo and Foetus
How does the placenta maintain a steep concentration gradient?
By allowing efficient transport of materials away from the placenta.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
Why is iron important during pregnancy?
It is needed for the formation of foetal red blood cells.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
What is the genetic relationship between fraternal twins?
They are genetically different.
p.3
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What is the function of the uterus?
To provide a site for embryo attachment and to accommodate the developing fetus during pregnancy.
p.2
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What is the function of the epididymis?
It stores sperm temporarily and allows sperm to mature.
p.5
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What hormone is produced between the seminiferous tubules?
Male sex hormones, such as testosterone.
p.12
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What occurs from Day 6 to 13 of the menstrual cycle?
Repairing of the uterine lining.
p.25
Birth Control Methods
What are some side effects of contraceptive pills?
Nausea, weight gain, headache, and high blood pressure.
p.4
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What safety precautions should be taken during the examination?
Cover any wounds with sterile dressings and wear disposable gloves.
p.5
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What are the three distinct regions of a sperm?
The head, midpiece, and tail.
p.29
Birth Control Methods
What are some side effects of the IUD?
Irritation of the uterine lining, heavy menstruation, and painful cramps.
p.13
Fertilization Process
What is the pathway of sperm after ejaculation?
Sperms swim through the cervix into the uterus and then to the oviducts.
p.22
Birth Process and Labour Stages
What position does the fetus change to a few weeks before birth?
Head downwards just above the cervix.
p.23
Parental Care and Breastfeeding
What are the benefits of breast-feeding for babies?
Breast milk contains essential nutrients and antibodies that help protect against infectious diseases.
p.5
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What happens to sperms in the epididymis?
They mature and become motile.
p.23
Parental Care and Breastfeeding
Why is breast milk easy for babies to digest?
Because the protein in breast milk is easy for babies to digest and absorb.
p.21
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What is the role of the amnion?
To enclose the embryo and bathe it in amniotic fluid.
p.29
Birth Control Methods
What must be done before taking ECPs?
They must be prescribed by doctors.
p.28
Birth Control Methods
How does a vasectomy affect male secondary sexual characteristics?
They are not affected because male sex hormones are still transported by blood.
p.16
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What is one function of amniotic fluid?
It acts as a shock-absorber, protecting the embryo from mechanical injury.
p.13
Fertilization Process
What happens to the penis during sexual stimulation?
It becomes hard and rigid due to increased blood flow.
p.6
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What is packed in the midpiece of a sperm cell?
Mitochondria, which supply energy for the movements of the tail.
p.31
Birth Control Methods
What is the biological principle of contraceptive pills?
They contain synthetic sex hormones that prevent ovulation.
p.16
Development of Embryo and Foetus
Why is it important for the embryo's blood to be separated from the maternal blood?
To prevent clumping of incompatible blood groups and protect the embryo from high maternal blood pressure and pathogens.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What happens to potential ova before a baby girl is born?
Thousands of potential ova are already present in her ovaries but remain immature until puberty.
p.27
Birth Control Methods
What is sterilization in the context of birth control?
A surgical method to prevent pregnancy with a failure rate of less than 1%, often irreversible.
p.31
Birth Control Methods
What is the purpose of surgical methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation?
To prevent sperm or ova from passing through and meeting.
p.30
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
Will tubal ligation affect a woman's secondary sexual characteristics?
No, her secondary sexual characteristics will not be affected because female sex hormones can still be produced by the ovaries.
p.11
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What is menarche?
A woman's first menstruation, usually occurring around the age of 11.
p.27
Birth Control Methods
What must individuals consider before undergoing sterilization?
They must be sure that they do not want babies in the future.
p.9
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What occurs if the released ovum is not fertilized?
The yellow body degenerates.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
What should women include in their diet during pregnancy?
A balanced diet with enough iron and folic acid.
p.21
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What is the function of the placenta?
To exchange materials between the embryo and the mother.
p.3
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What are the oviducts and their role in the female reproductive system?
Thin-walled muscular tubes that transport the ovum and where fertilization usually occurs.
p.16
Birth Process and Labour Stages
What role does amniotic fluid play during childbirth?
It helps lubricate the birth canal.
p.13
Fertilization Process
What is ejaculation?
The discharge of semen through the penis.
p.4
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What structures should be identified in the male rat's reproductive system?
Testes, epididymis, sperm ducts, prostate gland, and penis.
p.5
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What role do male sex hormones play during puberty?
They promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
p.3
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What is the role of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
It receives the penis during sexual intercourse and serves as the birth canal.
p.23
Parental Care and Breastfeeding
What is parental care?
The care provided by parents, including food, clothes, shelter, and teaching language and basic skills.
p.8
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
Which can move by itself: sperm or ovum?
Sperm can move by itself.
p.23
Parental Care and Breastfeeding
What is breast-feeding?
The feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk.
p.2
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What is the function of seminal fluid?
It nourishes sperm, provides a medium for swimming, and neutralizes vaginal acidity.
p.13
Fertilization Process
Why is the vaginal secretion important during reproduction?
It contains acid that helps slow down the growth of microorganisms.
p.24
Birth Control Methods
How do contraceptive pills work?
They contain synthetic female sex hormones that prevent follicles from developing in the ovaries, stopping ovulation.
p.25
Birth Control Methods
What is the rhythm method commonly known as?
The ‘safe-period’ method.
p.25
Birth Control Methods
How does the rhythm method work?
By avoiding sexual intercourse for several days around the time of ovulation.
p.29
Birth Control Methods
What is the purpose of emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)?
To avoid unwanted pregnancy within 120 hours after sexual intercourse.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
What are the two types of twins?
Identical twins and fraternal twins.
p.17
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What hormones does the placenta secrete?
Hormones that help maintain the uterine lining throughout pregnancy.
p.10
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What occurs during Days 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation, where the thickened uterine lining breaks down and is expelled as menstrual blood.
p.22
Birth Process and Labour Stages
What occurs during the dilation of the cervix?
The cervix dilates to let the head of the fetus pass through, and the amnion breaks, releasing amniotic fluid.
p.22
Birth Process and Labour Stages
What is the third stage of labour?
Expulsion of the placenta.
p.26
Birth Control Methods
What is the purpose of a female condom?
To catch semen by being inserted into the vagina before intercourse.
p.26
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What is the significance of body temperature changes during the menstrual cycle?
It can help in predicting ovulation and fertile periods.
p.11
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What occurs on Day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation, where the mature follicle ruptures and releases an ovum into the oviduct.
p.30
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
On which dates was menstruation occurring?
10th to 15th April (or 6th to 11th May) because there is a great drop in the thickness of the uterine lining during this period.
p.31
Birth Control Methods
What does the rhythm method involve?
Avoiding sexual intercourse during the fertile period.
p.2
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What are the three sets of accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands.
p.11
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What occurs if fertilization does not happen after ovulation?
The uterine lining breaks down and a new cycle begins.
p.9
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
How often does ovulation occur in females?
Approximately every 28 days.
p.17
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What adaptations does the placenta have to facilitate material exchange?
Numerous villi for surface area, close proximity of blood, and a rich supply of blood vessels.
p.30
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
How can one estimate the time of ovulation?
By counting 14 days backwards from the first day of menstruation of the next cycle.
p.11
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What is the relationship between the events in the ovaries and the uterine lining?
The thickness of the uterine lining changes in response to the events occurring in the ovaries throughout the menstrual cycle.
p.29
Birth Control Methods
How do ECPs work?
They contain synthetic hormones that either stop or delay ovulation.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
What is the genetic relationship between identical twins?
They are genetically identical.
p.9
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What is the role of female sex hormones in the menstrual cycle?
They coordinate the cyclic changes in the ovaries and uterine lining.
p.10
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What significant event occurs on Day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation, when an ovum is released.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
What happens to the zygote in the case of identical twins?
The zygote divides into two cells, each undergoing mitotic cell division to form two embryos.
p.18
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What is the gestation period in humans?
About 38 weeks from fertilization to birth.
p.12
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What is ovulation?
The release of an ovum from the ovary.
p.6
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
It contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an ovum.
p.7
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
Where are male gametes (sperms) produced in humans?
In the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
p.24
Birth Control Methods
What is family planning?
The idea of planning for an ideal family size and deciding not to have many children.
p.11
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What happens to the uterine lining from Day 15 to 28?
The uterine lining further thickens and is prepared to receive an embryo.
p.24
Birth Control Methods
What does contraception mean?
The prevention of pregnancy.
p.31
Birth Control Methods
How do barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms work?
They trap semen and prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
p.24
Birth Control Methods
What are the biological principles of contraceptive methods?
Preventing ovulation, preventing sperm from reaching an ovum, and preventing the implantation of an embryo.
p.2
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What structures are involved in the female reproductive system?
Ovary, vagina, uterine wall, uterine lining, cervix, and oviduct.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
How does the size of an ovum compare to that of a sperm?
An ovum is much larger than a sperm.
p.23
Parental Care and Breastfeeding
How does breast-feeding benefit mothers?
It helps the mother recover from childbirth and may reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
p.28
Birth Control Methods
What is tubal ligation?
A surgical operation in which both oviducts of a woman are tied and cut.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
What does folic acid do during pregnancy?
It lowers the risk of some birth defects.
p.25
Birth Control Methods
What methods can women use to estimate the time of ovulation?
Keeping record of menstruation, measuring body temperature, and observing vaginal secretions.
p.28
Birth Control Methods
What occurs in a woman's body after tubal ligation?
Ovulation and menstruation still occur as the ovaries continue to produce female sex hormones.
p.26
Birth Control Methods
How do condoms help prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
They limit the exchange of body fluids during intercourse.
p.3
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What are the two main functions of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
To produce ova (female gametes) and female sex hormones.
p.16
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What stable environment does amniotic fluid provide for the embryo?
It provides a constant temperature and pH.
p.13
Fertilization Process
How is sperm transferred from a male to a female during reproduction?
Through sexual intercourse or copulation.
p.18
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What happens to the embryo about eight weeks after fertilization?
It becomes a foetus with all major organs formed.
p.31
Birth Control Methods
Which contraceptive methods prevent sperm from reaching an ovum?
Using a condom, diaphragm, and intrauterine device.
p.3
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What is the uterine lining?
The soft, smooth inner lining of the uterus where the embryo attaches.
p.1
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
Where are the testes located?
In the scrotum, which hangs outside the abdominal cavity.
p.2
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What is the role of the sperm duct (vas deferens)?
It transfers sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
p.16
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What are villi?
Finger-like projections that grow from the embryo and contain its capillaries.
p.6
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What is the role of the tail in a sperm cell?
It propels the sperm forward.
p.17
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What does the umbilical vein carry?
Oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the embryo.
p.30
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What period should the woman have sexual intercourse to get pregnant?
22nd to 24th April, as ovulation occurs within this time period, allowing for potential fertilization.
p.7
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
What are the three parts of a sperm?
Head, midpiece, and tail.
p.5
Function of Testes and Sperm Production
How many sperms can a healthy man produce daily?
More than 100 million sperms.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What surrounds each immature ovum in the ovaries?
Follicle cells, forming a follicle.
p.11
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What happens to the uterine lining if fertilization occurs?
The uterine lining does not break down and menstruation will only occur after the birth of the baby.
p.4
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What should be done after examining the reproductive systems of dissected rats?
Draw labelled diagrams of the reproductive systems.
p.27
Birth Control Methods
What is a vasectomy?
A surgical operation in which both sperm ducts of a man are tied and cut.
p.31
Birth Control Methods
What is the function of an intrauterine device (IUD)?
It prevents the embryo from implanting in the uterine lining.
p.9
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What happens to the follicle after it releases an ovum?
It becomes the yellow body.
p.4
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What activity involves examining human reproductive systems?
Examination of the male and female reproductive systems of humans using models.
p.29
Birth Control Methods
Why are regular medical check-ups needed for IUD users?
To ensure the device remains in place.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What are the components of an ovum?
Cell membrane, jelly coat, cytoplasm with yolk, and a nucleus.
p.4
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
What is the purpose of the mini lab activity?
To examine the structure of the reproductive system in human models.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
How are identical twins formed?
From a single zygote that divides into two separate cells, each growing into an embryo.
p.26
Birth Control Methods
What are barrier methods in birth control?
Methods like condoms and diaphragms that act as physical barriers to prevent sperm from meeting an ovum.
p.10
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What happens to the uterine lining from Days 6 to 13?
It repairs and thickens due to the secretion of oestrogen.
p.22
Birth Process and Labour Stages
What happens during the expulsion of the fetus?
The muscles of the uterus and abdominal muscles contract strongly, pushing the fetus head-first through the cervix and vagina.
p.26
Birth Control Methods
What additional protection do some condoms offer?
They may be coated with a spermicide that kills sperm.
p.28
Birth Control Methods
What is the structure of an IUD?
A small T-shaped structure made of plastic and copper.
p.11
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What is menopause?
The time when a woman's ovaries stop releasing ova and menstruation ceases, typically occurring between ages 45 to 55.
What should be indicated in the photographs of human reproductive systems?
Structures that produce gametes and sex hormones, and where fertilization usually takes place.
p.9
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What prepares the uterine lining to receive an embryo?
The thickening and sponginess of the uterine lining, supplied with blood vessels.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What does the cytoplasm of an ovum contain?
Food reserves (yolk) for the developing embryo.
p.28
Birth Control Methods
What happens to sperm production after a male undergoes a vasectomy?
The testes can still make sperm and male sex hormones, but there are no sperm in the semen.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
How are fraternal twins formed?
When two ova are released and fertilized independently by two sperms.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
What should pregnant women avoid to ensure the health of their baby?
Smoking, drinking alcohol, and taking drugs without consulting a doctor.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
Can fraternal twins be of different sexes?
Yes, they can be of the same sex or different sexes.
p.21
Genetic Aspects of Twins
How do fraternal twins develop?
From two zygotes and are genetically different.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
How many embryos typically develop in a human pregnancy?
Usually only one embryo develops.
p.21
Development of Embryo and Foetus
Which of the following is not a function of fluid Y?
To provide oxygen to the foetus.
p.15
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What aids the zygote in traveling to the uterus?
The beating action of cilia and muscular contractions of the oviduct.
p.28
Birth Control Methods
What is the function of an intrauterine device (IUD)?
To prevent embryos from implanting in the uterine lining.
p.10
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What happens from Days 15 to 28 in the menstrual cycle?
Further thickening of the uterine lining occurs.
p.20
Genetic Aspects of Twins
What is a multiple birth?
When two or more babies are born in one pregnancy.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
What is contained in the nucleus of an ovum?
A haploid number of chromosomes.
p.26
Birth Control Methods
How does a male condom work?
It is rolled over the erect penis to trap semen and prevent sperm from entering the vagina.
p.21
Development of Embryo and Foetus
What is the gestation period?
The period of development from fertilization until a foetus is ready to be born.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
Who is recommended to undergo amniocentesis?
Pregnant women with a family history of genetic diseases or those over the age of 35.
p.22
Birth Process and Labour Stages
What happens to the umbilical cord after the baby is born?
It is clamped and cut, and the remains dry up and fall off, forming a scar called the navel.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
What is amniocentesis used for?
To check whether a foetus has certain genetic diseases such as Down syndrome.
p.22
Birth Process and Labour Stages
What causes the placenta to detach from the uterine lining?
Continued contractions of the uterus.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
What is the risk associated with amniocentesis?
It carries a 1% risk of miscarriage.
p.21
Genetic Aspects of Twins
How do identical twins develop?
From one zygote and are genetically identical.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
What does the amniocentesis procedure involve?
Inserting a syringe needle into the amniotic cavity to remove a small amount of amniotic fluid.
p.10
Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation
What is menstrual blood composed of?
Blood, mucus, uterine tissues, and the unfertilized ovum.
p.19
Prenatal Care and Breastfeeding
What new prenatal test has been developed for Down syndrome screening?
Testing for foetal DNA present in the mother’s blood plasma.
