p.11
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What are the types of access networks mentioned for connecting end systems to edge routers?
Residential access networks, institutional access networks (school, company), and mobile access networks.
p.35
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the proposed option for connecting access ISPs?
Connect each access ISP to every other access ISP.
p.18
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What type of networks are typically used in companies and universities?
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet).
p.16
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is the purpose of an Optical Network Terminal (ONT)?
To connect fiber optic networks to home networks.
p.36
Internet Structure and Functionality
What connects each access ISP to a global transit ISP?
Economic agreements between customer and provider ISPs.
p.32
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is needed for reliable data transfer in packet switching?
Protocols for reliable data transfer and congestion control.
p.50
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does the traceroute program measure?
It measures delay from the source to each router along the end-to-end Internet path towards the destination.
p.8
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is an example of a human protocol?
A conversation like 'Hi, got the time?'
p.30
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What does TDM stand for?
Time Division Multiplexing.
p.11
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is an important consideration regarding the access network's performance?
The bandwidth (bits per second) of the access network.
p.20
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What are packets in data communication?
Packets are smaller chunks of data, each of length L bits, created from an application message.
p.20
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the transmission rate denoted by R?
R is the link transmission rate, also known as link capacity or link bandwidth.
p.4
Introduction to Computer Networking
What can you do with a Slingbox?
Watch and control cable TV remotely.
p.8
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is a protocol in the context of networking?
A set of rules governing the exchange of data between devices.
p.7
Protocol Layers and Service Models
How do human protocols differ from network protocols?
Human protocols involve specific messages and actions taken during communication, while network protocols govern communication between machines.
p.6
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the Internet viewed as in the context of data communication?
A service infrastructure that provides services to applications.
p.8
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is an example of a computer network protocol?
TCP connection request and response.
p.54
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is a bottleneck link?
The link on the end-to-end path that constrains end-to-end throughput.
p.19
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What are the transmission rates for 802.11b/g (WiFi)?
11 Mbps for 802.11b and 54 Mbps for 802.11g.
p.52
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What happens when a packet arrives at a full queue?
The packet is dropped (aka lost).
p.30
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is the main difference between FDM and TDM in circuit switching?
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) allocates different frequency bands to users, while TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) allocates time slots to users.
p.54
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does R_s represent in the context of end-to-end throughput?
The average end-to-end throughput in bits per second.
p.26
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is packet switching?
A method that uses store-and-forward technique for data transmission.
p.2
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the Internet?
A global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standardized protocols.
p.38
Internet Structure and Functionality
What happens if one global ISP is a viable business?
There will be competitors that must interconnect.
p.18
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What role does an Ethernet switch play in a network?
It connects end systems within the network.
p.20
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is the function of the host in data communication?
The host sends packets of data by taking an application message and breaking it into smaller chunks known as packets.
p.30
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What does FDM stand for?
Frequency Division Multiplexing.
p.18
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What are the common transmission rates for Ethernet?
10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps.
p.7
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What aspects do protocols define in network communication?
The format, order of messages sent and received, and actions taken on message transmission and receipt.
p.20
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does L represent in the context of data packets?
L represents the length of each packet in bits.
p.8
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does TCP stand for?
Transmission Control Protocol.
p.2
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What are the components of the network edge?
End systems, access networks, and links.
p.44
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What causes loss and delay in data communication?
When the packet arrival rate temporarily exceeds the output link capacity.
p.32
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is a challenge in providing circuit-like behavior in packet switching?
Bandwidth guarantees are needed for audio/video applications.
p.18
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What types of services might be supported by an institutional router?
Institutional mail and web servers.
p.3
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the 'nuts and bolts' view of the Internet?
It refers to millions of connected computing devices, including hosts (end systems) and communication links.
p.26
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
In a one-hop transmission example, what are the values of L and R?
L = 7.5 Mbits and R = 1.5 Mbps.
p.24
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What are the two types of switching discussed in the network core?
Packet switching and circuit switching.
p.36
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is a global transit ISP?
An Internet Service Provider that provides connectivity between different networks on a global scale.
p.62
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does 'protocol layers' refer to in networking?
The organization of protocols in layers to facilitate communication.
p.2
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What do protocol layers and service models refer to?
The organization of network protocols and the services they provide.
p.57
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What are the main components of networks mentioned?
Hosts, routers, links of various media, applications, protocols, hardware, and software.
p.32
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is a key advantage of packet switching?
Great for bursty data and resource sharing.
p.54
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does R_c represent in the context of end-to-end throughput?
The capacity of the bottleneck link in bits per second.
p.32
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is a disadvantage of packet switching?
Excessive congestion can lead to packet delay and loss.
p.4
Introduction to Computer Networking
What is the function of a web-enabled toaster?
It acts as a toaster and a weather forecaster.
p.43
Introduction to Computer Networking
What is the focus of Chapter 1 in the EE3009 Data Communication & Networking course?
An introduction to the Internet and its components.
p.47
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does the caravan analogy represent in data communication?
Cars represent bits, and the caravan represents packets.
p.14
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What does CMTS stand for?
Cable Modem Termination System.
p.43
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What are the main components discussed in the network edge section?
End systems, access networks, and links.
p.21
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What is a physical link in data communication?
It refers to what lies between the transmitter and receiver.
p.61
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What are the five layers of the networking model mentioned?
Application, Transport, Network, Link, Physical.
p.53
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is throughput in data communication?
The rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver.
p.33
Internet Structure and Functionality
What types of ISPs are mentioned?
Residential, company, and university ISPs.
p.45
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does nodal processing delay (d_proc) involve?
Checking bit errors and determining the output link.
p.29
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is the main characteristic of circuit switching?
End-to-end resources are allocated and reserved for a call between source and destination.
p.3
Internet Structure and Functionality
What types of communication links are mentioned?
Fiber, copper, radio, and satellite.
p.43
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does the protocol layers section cover?
Service models and the structure of protocols.
p.52
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the role of a buffer in data communication?
It serves as a waiting area for packets before they are transmitted.
p.34
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is a key challenge in connecting millions of access ISPs?
How to connect them together.
p.57
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does the term 'protocol layers' refer to in networking?
The structured organization of various network components and their interactions.
p.6
Internet Structure and Functionality
What types of services does the Internet provide?
Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, social networks, etc.
p.27
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What can occur if the memory (buffer) fills up in a packet switching scenario?
Packets can be dropped (lost).
p.68
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
How many hosts are estimated to be on the Internet?
Approximately 750 million hosts.
p.56
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the Internet?
A global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standardized protocols.
p.54
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What happens when R_s is greater than R_c?
The average end-to-end throughput is constrained by R_c.
p.59
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is a notable difference between the ISO/OSI model and the Internet stack?
The Internet stack is missing the presentation and session layers.
p.68
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What trend is observed in broadband access?
Aggressive deployment of broadband access.
p.61
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is the purpose of encapsulation in networking?
To wrap data with protocol information at each layer.
p.47
Protocol Layers and Service Models
How long does it take for the entire caravan to pass through the toll booth?
120 seconds (12 seconds per car for 10 cars).
p.12
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is the role of the DSLAM in a DSL network?
It connects multiple DSL lines to the Internet and manages data transmission.
p.61
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is a segment in the context of data communication?
A unit of data at the Transport layer.
p.53
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is average throughput?
The rate over a longer period of time.
p.50
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What happens to the packets sent by the traceroute program?
They reach router i on the path towards the destination, and the router returns them to the sender.
p.52
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What may happen to a lost packet?
It may be retransmitted by the previous node, by the source end system, or not at all.
p.35
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the scalability issue with connecting each access ISP directly?
It results in O(N^2) connections.
p.38
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the role of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the Internet structure?
ISPs must be interconnected to provide access.
p.20
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
How is packet transmission delay calculated?
Packet transmission delay is calculated as L (bits) divided by R (bits/sec).
p.37
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the role of access networks in the Internet structure?
They connect end users to the Internet.
p.34
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What does 'access net' refer to in the context of the Internet?
It refers to the networks that provide access to the Internet for users.
p.40
Internet Structure and Functionality
What role do content provider networks play in the Internet structure?
They run their own networks to bring services and content close to end users.
p.21
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What is the role of physical media in data communication?
It allows bits to propagate between transmitter/receiver pairs.
p.22
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What are the two types of physical media mentioned?
Coaxial cable and fiber optic cable.
p.24
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What does the network edge include?
End systems, access networks, and links.
p.56
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What are the components of the network edge?
End systems, access networks, and links.
p.40
Internet Structure and Functionality
What do ISPs and IXPs represent in the Internet structure?
ISPs are Internet Service Providers, and IXPs are Internet Exchange Points.
p.64
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What theory did Kleinrock demonstrate in 1961?
Queueing theory shows the effectiveness of packet-switching.
p.4
Introduction to Computer Networking
What type of communication do internet phones facilitate?
Voice communication over the internet.
p.27
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the role of the queue in packet switching?
To hold packets waiting for output link transmission.
p.55
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does 'R' represent in the context of throughput?
The backbone bottleneck link capacity in bits/sec.
p.41
Internet Structure and Functionality
What are 'tier-1' commercial ISPs?
Large networks that provide national and international coverage, such as Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, and NTT.
p.59
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does ISO stand for?
International Organization for Standards.
p.60
Protocol Layers and Service Models
Why is layering important in data communication systems?
It helps in dealing with complex systems by providing an explicit structure for identification and relationships of system components.
p.69
Internet Structure and Functionality
What does the course introduce regarding Internet structure?
An overview of the Internet's structure.
p.16
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What does ONT stand for in the context of fiber to the home?
Optical Network Terminal.
p.57
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is the purpose of organizing the structure of a network?
To facilitate discussion and understanding of networks.
p.14
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What type of network is used for data and TV transmission over shared cables?
Cable distribution network.
p.62
Introduction to Computer Networking
What is the focus of Chapter 1 in the EE3009 Data Comm. & Networking course?
An introduction to the Internet and networking concepts.
p.6
Internet Protocols and Standards
What does the Internet provide to applications?
A programming interface with hooks for sending and receiving application programs.
p.38
Internet Structure and Functionality
What do peering links facilitate?
Direct traffic exchange between ISPs.
p.6
Internet Structure and Functionality
How is the Internet's service options analogous?
It is analogous to postal services.
p.43
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What two types of switching are covered in the network core section?
Packet switching and circuit switching.
p.66
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What protocol was defined in 1982 for email communication?
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
p.44
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What occurs if there are no free buffers in a router?
Arriving packets are dropped, resulting in loss.
p.24
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What key performance metrics are discussed in relation to networks?
Delay, loss, and throughput.
p.25
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What does the network core consist of?
A mesh of interconnected routers.
p.29
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
How are resources allocated in circuit switching?
Resources are dedicated and not shared among calls.
p.56
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What do protocol layers and service models refer to?
The organization of network protocols and the services they provide.
p.22
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What is a key advantage of fiber optic cable in terms of speed?
It allows high-speed point-to-point transmission, with rates of tens to hundreds of Gbps.
p.3
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the role of packet switches in networking?
They forward packets (chunks of data).
p.49
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does La/R > 1 imply about the workload?
More 'work' is arriving than can be serviced, leading to infinite average delay.
p.52
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is a queue in the context of data communication?
A buffer that has finite capacity preceding a link.
p.7
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is a protocol in the context of networking?
A set of rules governing communication activities among network entities.
p.38
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is an Internet Exchange Point (IXP)?
A facility where ISPs connect and exchange traffic.
p.19
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What is the typical range of wireless LANs?
Within a building, approximately 100 feet.
p.37
Internet Structure and Functionality
What happens if one global ISP is a viable business?
There will be competitors.
p.39
Internet Structure and Functionality
What role do IXPs play in the Internet structure?
They connect different ISPs.
p.46
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the formula for transmission delay (d_trans)?
d_trans = L/R, where L is packet length in bits and R is link bandwidth in bps.
p.25
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is packet-switching?
A method where hosts break application-layer messages into packets for transmission.
p.18
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is the purpose of an institutional link to an ISP?
To connect the institution to the Internet.
p.3
Internet Structure and Functionality
What are hosts in the context of the Internet?
Hosts are end systems running network applications.
p.40
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the purpose of regional networks in the Internet structure?
To connect various access networks and facilitate communication.
p.66
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What was defined in 1983 for name-to-IP address translation?
DNS (Domain Name System).
p.4
Introduction to Computer Networking
What unique feature does an internet refrigerator have?
It can connect to the internet for various functionalities.
p.58
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is the role of the application layer in the Internet protocol stack?
Supporting network applications such as FTP, SMTP, and HTTP.
p.33
Internet Structure and Functionality
What drives the evolution of the Internet structure?
Economics and national policies.
p.59
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does OSI stand for?
Open System Interconnection.
p.17
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is GPON?
Gigabit Passive Optical Networks.
p.19
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What connects an end system to a router in a wireless access network?
A base station, also known as an access point.
p.18
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
How do end systems typically connect in an Ethernet network?
They connect into an Ethernet switch.
p.62
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What are the components discussed under 'network edge'?
End systems, access networks, and links.
p.25
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is the primary function of routers in a network?
To forward packets from one router to the next across links.
p.2
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What are the two main types of switching in the network core?
Packet switching and circuit switching.
p.22
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What are the characteristics of coaxial cable?
It has two concentric copper conductors, is bidirectional, and supports broadband with multiple channels.
p.59
Protocol Layers and Service Models
If presentation and session services are needed in the Internet stack, where must they be implemented?
In the application layer.
p.13
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is the function of a cable headend in a cable network?
It serves as the central point for signal distribution.
p.50
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the purpose of the traceroute program?
To provide delay measurement and visualize the route taken by packets to the destination.
p.21
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What are unguided media?
Signals propagate freely, such as in radio communications.
p.49
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does La/R ~ 0 indicate about average queueing delay?
Average queueing delay is small.
p.69
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What are the two types of switching discussed in the course?
Packet-switching and circuit-switching.
p.46
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What are the four sources of packet delay?
Propagation delay, nodal delay, processing delay, and queueing delay.
p.43
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What historical aspect is included in the course roadmap?
The history of networking technologies.
p.45
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
How is total nodal delay (d_nodal) calculated?
d_nodal = d_proc + d_queue + d_trans + d_prop.
p.58
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is the main function of the network layer?
Routing of datagrams from source to destination.
p.63
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What was the evolution of transmission in telephone networks?
From analog transmission to digital transmission.
p.9
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What do protocol layers and service models refer to?
The organization of network protocols and the services they provide.
p.60
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What happens when the internal function of a layer changes?
It does not affect the rest of the system.
p.3
Internet Structure and Functionality
What devices are included as end systems?
Smartphones, PCs, servers, and wireless laptops.
p.69
Introduction to Computer Networking
What will be covered in more depth later in the course?
Detailed aspects of networking.
p.27
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What happens when the arrival rate to a link exceeds its transmission rate?
Packets will queue and wait to be transmitted on the link.
p.39
Internet Structure and Functionality
What do ISPs stand for?
Internet Service Providers.
p.59
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does the presentation layer of the ISO/OSI model allow applications to do?
Interpret the meaning of data, including encryption and compression.
p.36
Internet Structure and Functionality
What role do global ISPs play in the Internet structure?
They facilitate connections between access ISPs.
p.59
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What functions does the session layer provide?
Synchronization, checkpointing, and recovery of data exchange.
p.33
Internet Structure and Functionality
How do end systems connect to the Internet?
Via access ISPs (Internet Service Providers).
p.45
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What are the four sources of packet delay?
Nodal processing, queueing, transmission, and propagation.
p.48
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
Will cars arrive at the second toll booth before all cars are serviced at the first booth?
Yes, after 7 minutes, the first car arrives at the second booth while three cars are still at the first booth.
p.50
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does the sender do after sending packets in a traceroute?
The sender times the interval between transmission and reply from the router.
p.56
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What are the two main types of switching in the network core?
Packet switching and circuit switching.
p.53
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is instantaneous throughput?
The rate at a given point in time.
p.33
Internet Structure and Functionality
Why must access ISPs be interconnected?
So that any two hosts can send packets to each other.
p.45
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the typical duration of nodal processing delay?
Typically less than a millisecond.
p.23
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What type of media does radio communication use?
Electromagnetic spectrum.
p.64
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What significant network was conceived in 1967?
ARPAnet by the Advanced Research Projects Agency.
p.5
Internet Protocols and Standards
What do protocols control in the context of the Internet?
The sending and receiving of messages.
p.46
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the formula for nodal delay (d_nodal)?
d_nodal = d_proc + d_queue + d_trans + d_prop.
p.51
Internet Structure and Functionality
What does a '*' indicate in a traceroute output?
It means no response (probe lost, router not replying).
p.5
Internet Protocols and Standards
Name an example of a protocol used on the Internet.
TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, or 802.11.
p.29
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
How does the history of circuit-switching networks compare to the Internet?
Circuit-switching networks have a much longer history than the Internet.
p.51
Internet Structure and Functionality
What does the term 'trans-oceanic link' refer to in the context of networking?
It refers to connections that span across oceans, facilitating international data transfer.
p.28
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is a routing algorithm?
A method used to determine the best path for data packets to travel across a network.
p.26
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does 'store and forward' mean in packet switching?
The entire packet must arrive at the router before it can be transmitted on the next link.
p.57
Protocol Layers and Service Models
Why are networks considered complex?
Because they consist of many different components and interactions.
p.54
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What happens when R_s is less than R_c?
The average end-to-end throughput is limited by R_s.
p.40
Internet Structure and Functionality
Can you name some examples of content provider networks?
Google, Microsoft, Akamai.
p.36
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is an access ISP?
An Internet Service Provider that connects users to the Internet.
p.19
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What type of wireless access is provided by telco operators?
Wide-area wireless access.
p.62
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What key performance metrics are discussed in the context of networks?
Delay, loss, and throughput.
p.2
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What factors are considered in network performance?
Delay, loss, and throughput.
p.6
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What are the different types of networks mentioned in relation to the Internet?
Mobile network, global ISP, regional ISP, home network, institutional network.
p.69
Introduction to Computer Networking
What is the main focus of the EE3009 Data Communication & Networking course?
To provide an overview of networking concepts.
p.64
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What was the focus of Baran's work in 1964?
Packet-switching in military networks.
p.62
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What aspect of networking does 'history' cover in this chapter?
The evolution and development of networking technologies.
p.42
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is a Tier-1 ISP?
An Internet Service Provider that can reach every other network on the Internet without purchasing IP transit or paying for peering, e.g., Sprint.
p.41
Internet Structure and Functionality
What role do content provider networks, like Google, play in the Internet structure?
They are private networks that connect data centers to the Internet, often bypassing tier-1 and regional ISPs.
p.45
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is queueing delay (d_queue)?
The time waiting at the output link for transmission, depending on the congestion level of the router.
p.67
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What significant event occurred in the early 1990s regarding ARPAnet?
ARPAnet was decommissioned.
p.12
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What type of existing infrastructure does DSL use?
Existing telephone lines.
p.60
Protocol Layers and Service Models
How does modularization benefit system maintenance?
It eases maintenance and updating of the system.
p.9
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What are the key performance metrics in networks?
Delay, loss, and throughput.
p.29
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
Where is circuit switching commonly used?
In traditional telephone networks.
p.1
Introduction to Computer Networking
Which university is mentioned in the introduction?
City University of Hong Kong.
p.28
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is the purpose of routing in networking?
Determining the source-destination route taken by packets.
p.28
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What does a local forwarding table contain?
Information used to forward packets based on header values.
p.65
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What are the key principles of Cerf and Kahn's internetworking?
Minimalism, autonomy, best effort service model, stateless routers, decentralized control.
p.8
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What type of information can be requested using a protocol?
Data such as a file or a webpage (e.g., http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross).
p.46
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the formula for propagation delay (d_prop)?
d_prop = d/s, where d is the length of the physical link and s is the propagation speed in the medium.
p.25
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
How are packets transmitted in a packet-switched network?
Each packet is transmitted at full link capacity.
p.49
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the formula for traffic intensity?
Traffic intensity = La/R.
p.10
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What are the different types of networks mentioned in the network core?
Mobile network, global ISP, regional ISP, home network, and institutional network.
p.14
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
How does the cable network differ from DSL in terms of access?
Cable shares access to the headend, while DSL has dedicated access to the central office.
p.2
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What is the focus of the history section in networking?
The evolution and development of networking technologies.
p.12
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
How does DSL transmit voice and data?
At different frequencies over a dedicated line to the central office.
p.51
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the purpose of the traceroute command?
To measure the delays and routes taken by packets across the Internet.
p.55
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does 'Rs' refer to in the context of the throughput scenario?
The rate of each connection.
p.12
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is the typical upstream transmission rate for DSL?
Typically less than 1 Mbps, with a maximum of 2.5 Mbps.
p.69
Internet Protocols and Standards
What is the significance of protocols in networking?
Protocols define the rules for communication between devices.
p.51
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
Which node has the highest average delay in the provided traceroute?
fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) with 132 ms.
p.69
Introduction to Computer Networking
What does the course aim to provide in terms of networking?
Context, overview, and a 'feel' of networking.
p.67
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What trend emerged in the late 1990s regarding the Web?
Commercialization of the Web.
p.67
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What new applications became popular in the late 1990s to 2000s?
Instant messaging and P2P file sharing.
p.62
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What two types of switching are covered under 'network core'?
Packet switching and circuit switching.
p.44
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What happens to packets when they queue in router buffers?
They wait for their turn to be transmitted, causing delay.
p.32
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is the human analogy for reserved resources in circuit switching?
Reserved resources can be compared to circuit switching, while on-demand allocation is like packet switching.
p.10
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is the role of the network core?
To interconnect routers and form a network of networks.
p.21
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What are guided media?
Signals propagate in solid media such as copper, fiber, and coaxial cables.
p.43
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What key performance metrics are discussed in relation to networks?
Delay, loss, and throughput.
p.68
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What has increased the availability of high-speed Internet?
Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access.
p.9
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the Internet?
A global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standardized protocols.
p.44
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the relationship between packet arrival rate and output link capacity?
If the arrival rate exceeds the capacity, packets will queue and cause delays.
p.22
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What is the main component of fiber optic cable?
Glass fiber carrying light pulses.
p.66
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
Which protocol was defined in 1985 for file transfer?
FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
p.15
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is the purpose of the access network in a home setup?
To connect the home network to/from the headend or central office.
p.23
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What is a key characteristic of radio communication?
It has no physical 'wire'.
p.1
Introduction to Computer Networking
What is the title of the book referenced in the introduction?
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 7th edition.
p.29
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
In circuit switching, what type of performance is guaranteed?
Circuit-like performance is guaranteed.
p.53
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the link capacity denoted as R_c?
The capacity of the client's link in bits/sec.
p.58
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does the link layer handle?
Data transfer between neighboring network elements.
p.51
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the significance of performing traceroutes from exotic countries?
To analyze the routing paths and delays from different geographical locations.
p.56
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What are the key performance metrics in networks?
Delay, loss, and throughput.
p.26
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the formula for end-to-end delay in packet switching?
End-to-end delay = 2L / R (assuming zero propagation delay).
p.13
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What technology allows different channels to be transmitted in different frequency bands?
Frequency division multiplexing.
p.9
Network Edge: End Systems and Access Networks
What are the components of the network edge?
End systems, access networks, and links.
p.21
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What is a twisted pair (TP) cable?
It consists of two insulated copper wires.
p.60
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What does a layered reference model facilitate?
It facilitates discussion about the system's architecture.
p.24
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What historical aspect is included in the course roadmap?
The history of networking technologies.
p.41
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the function of IXPs in the Internet structure?
They facilitate the exchange of Internet traffic between different ISPs.
p.61
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is a frame in networking?
A unit of data at the Link layer.
p.42
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the role of a Tier-1 ISP in data communication?
To connect to/from customers and peer with other networks to/from the backbone.
p.41
Internet Structure and Functionality
What is the relationship between access ISPs and regional ISPs?
Access ISPs connect end users to the Internet, while regional ISPs provide broader coverage and connect to tier-1 ISPs.
p.60
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is a key advantage of changing a layer's implementation?
The change is transparent to the rest of the system.
p.3
Internet Structure and Functionality
What types of networks are mentioned in the document?
Global ISP, regional ISP, home network, institutional network.
p.5
Internet Protocols and Standards
What is the role of the IETF?
Internet Engineering Task Force.
p.15
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
How are wireless devices often integrated in home networks?
They are often combined in a single box with other networking devices.
p.28
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What does forwarding in networking refer to?
Moving packets from a router's input to the appropriate router output.
p.65
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What significant network was established in Hawaii in 1970?
ALOHA net satellite network.
p.49
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What happens when La/R > 1?
Average queueing delay becomes large.
p.69
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What aspects of network performance are covered in the course?
Loss, delay, and throughput.
p.9
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What are the two main types of switching in the network core?
Packet switching and circuit switching.
p.15
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What devices are commonly used in a home access network?
Cable or DSL modem, router, firewall, and NAT.
p.68
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What type of services are run in the cloud by enterprises and universities?
E-commerce and other services (e.g., Amazon EC2).
p.64
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What major events occurred in 1972 related to ARPAnet?
Public demo, introduction of NCP (Network Control Protocol), first e-mail program, and ARPAnet had 15 nodes.
p.12
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What is the typical downstream transmission rate for DSL?
Typically less than 10 Mbps, with a maximum of 24 Mbps.
p.1
Introduction to Computer Networking
What department is associated with the introduction slide?
Department of Electrical Engineering.
p.12
Access Networks: DSL, Cable, and Fiber
What does the DSL access multiplexer do?
It combines multiple DSL connections for efficient data transmission.
p.44
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What are the two main factors contributing to delays in packet transmission?
Queueing of packets and the time taken for packet transmission.
p.61
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is a datagram?
A unit of data at the Network layer.
p.56
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What does the history section cover in data communication and networking?
The evolution and development of networking technologies over time.
p.23
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What are the effects of the propagation environment on radio signals?
Reflection, obstruction by objects, and interference.
p.66
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What were some of the new national networks in the US during this period?
Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel.
p.63
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What technology is associated with mobile communications?
Circuit switching and digital transmission.
p.66
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What characterized the period from 1980 to 1990 in networking?
New protocols and a proliferation of networks.
p.9
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What does the history section cover in networking?
The evolution and development of networking technologies.
p.67
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What was the estimated number of hosts and users by the late 1990s?
Approximately 50 million hosts and over 100 million users.
p.28
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is the significance of the destination address in a packet's header?
It is used to determine the output link for forwarding the packet.
p.25
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What is the role of links in packet-switching?
Links connect routers and facilitate the forwarding of packets from source to destination.
p.29
Network Core: Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What happens to circuit segments in circuit switching when not in use?
They remain idle and are not shared with other calls.
p.21
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What is the maximum speed of Category 5 twisted pair cables?
100 Mbps to 1 Gbps Ethernet.
p.67
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What happened in 1991 concerning NSFnet?
NSF lifted restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet.
p.1
Introduction to Computer Networking
Who are the authors of the book mentioned?
Jim Kurose and Keith Ross.
p.53
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What analogy is used to describe the data transfer in the context of throughput?
Bits are sent as fluid into a pipe that can carry fluid at a certain rate.
p.58
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What are some examples of protocols in the link layer?
Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), and PPP.
p.65
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What was a precursor to ATM introduced in the late 1970s?
Switching fixed length packets.
p.22
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What contributes to the low error rate in fiber optic cables?
Repeaters spaced far apart and immunity to electromagnetic noise.
p.53
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What is the link capacity denoted as R_s?
The capacity of the server's link in bits/sec.
p.55
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Networks
What does 'Rc' refer to in the context of the throughput scenario?
The capacity of the bottleneck link.
p.67
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What was the significance of Mosaic in 1994?
It was one of the first web browsers, later leading to Netscape.
p.9
Internet Protocols and Standards
What is a significant concern for networks today?
Security and networks under attack.
p.5
Internet Structure and Functionality
What are the different types of networks mentioned in the 'nuts and bolts' view of the Internet?
Mobile network, global ISP, regional ISP, home network, institutional network.
p.58
Protocol Layers and Service Models
What is the focus of the physical layer in the Internet protocol stack?
Transmission of bits 'on the wire'.
p.23
Physical Media and Transmission Technologies
What are the two types of satellite orbits mentioned?
Geosynchronous and low altitude.
p.58
Protocol Layers and Service Models
Which protocols are used in the network layer?
IP and routing protocols.
p.64
History and Evolution of Networking Technologies
What period does 1961-1972 cover in networking history?
Early packet-switching principles.
p.31
Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What advantage does packet switching have over circuit switching?
Packet switching allows more users to use the network.
p.31
Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching
What happens if more than 35 users try to use the network?
The example does not specify, but it implies potential issues with capacity.
