p.3
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
What is cytokinesis?
The process that divides the cytoplasm into two distinctive cells.
p.20
Mitosis Process and Stages
What does the term 'mitos' mean in Greek?
'Thread,' referring to the thread-like appearance of chromosomes.
p.4
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
The cell is active biochemically, accumulating building blocks of DNA and proteins.
p.13
Overview of the Cell Cycle
What factors influence the length of the cell cycle?
Different types of cells take different lengths of time to complete the cycle.
p.25
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
Why is maintaining the species-specific chromosome number important?
It is crucial for normal functioning of all body cells.
p.24
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What role does mitosis play in the development of an organism?
It allows a single fertilized egg to become a complex organism with diverse cell types.
p.15
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
To prevent compromised cells from continuing to divide.
p.18
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
How can interactive recaps enhance learning?
By engaging participants and encouraging active participation.
p.39
Mitosis Process and Stages
What is the role of the mitotic spindle?
To organize and separate the chromosomes.
p.26
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What is the normal function of mitosis?
Mitosis is a highly regulated process.
p.35
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What is a key difference in cytokinesis between animal and plant cells?
Animal cells undergo cleavage furrow formation, while plant cells form a cell plate.
p.14
Overview of the Cell Cycle
How do different types of cells manage their time in the cell cycle phases?
They split their time between cell cycle phases in different ways.
p.20
Mitosis Process and Stages
What is karyokinesis?
The process of dividing the nucleus during mitosis.
p.31
Mitosis Process and Stages
What does the alignment of chromosomes during metaphase ensure?
That each new cell receives one copy of each chromosome.
p.35
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What is one similarity between plant and animal cell mitosis?
Both undergo the same stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What is interphase in the cell cycle?
The period during which the cell may be living and not dividing or preparing to divide.
p.25
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
How does mitosis achieve genetic consistency?
By precisely duplicating the genetic material and segregating it equally into two daughter cells.
p.13
Overview of the Cell Cycle
How long can fast-cycling mammalian cells take to complete the cell cycle?
Every 9-10 hours when grown in culture.
p.1
Overview of the Cell Cycle
What does the cell cycle refer to?
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its maturity and subsequent division.
p.36
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What is the fundamental process that both plant and animal cells follow during mitosis?
Mitosis follows the same fundamental process in both plant and animal cells.
p.38
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
Do plant cells form asters during mitosis?
No, plant cells do not form asters.
p.22
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
How does mitosis contribute to healing wounds?
By regenerating tissues through the division of cells.
p.31
Mitosis Process and Stages
What is the hallmark of metaphase?
The alignment of chromosomes along the metaphase plate.
p.31
Mitosis Process and Stages
How do sister chromatids attach during metaphase?
Each sister chromatid attaches to spindle fibers coming from opposite poles.
p.27
Mitosis Process and Stages
Why is the onion root tip commonly used for studying mitosis?
It has a high rate of cell division.
p.40
Mitosis in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
What is a key structural difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and complex chromosome structures.
p.31
Mitosis Process and Stages
What are the phases of mitosis represented by the acronym PPMAT?
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
p.38
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What aids in the division process of animal cells during mitosis?
The ability to change shape.
p.23
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
Which types of organisms reproduce asexually through mitosis?
Single-celled organisms like protozoa and yeasts, as well as some multicellular organisms like hydras and plants.
p.3
Mitosis Process and Stages
What is mitosis associated with?
The division or distribution of replicated genetic material to two daughter cells.
p.37
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
What role do actin and myosin microfilaments play in animal cell cytokinesis?
They constrict the middle of the cell, pinching it into two daughter cells.
p.11
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What happens to cell organelles during the G2 phase?
Some cell organelles are duplicated.
p.38
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
How does the cell wall affect plant cells during mitosis?
It restricts the movement of the cell.
p.22
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What role does mitosis play in tissue repair?
Mitosis replaces lost or damaged cells when tissues are injured or worn out.
p.25
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What does genetic consistency in mitosis mean?
All body cells of an organism contain the same DNA, except for gametes.
p.14
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What is the result of the rapid cycling of cells in early frog embryos?
The division of one big cell, the zygote, into many smaller cells.
p.39
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What are the adaptations in the mitosis process due to?
Structural and material constraints inherent in different types of cells.
p.37
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
How do animal cells undergo cytokinesis?
Through the formation of a cleavage furrow.
p.30
Mitosis Process and Stages
What are kinetochores?
Protein structures on the chromatids at the centromeres that become attachment points for spindle microtubules.
p.29
Mitosis Process and Stages
What happens to chromatin during prophase?
It condenses into visible chromosomes.
p.12
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What happens to cells in the G0 phase?
They are not actively preparing to divide.
p.26
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
Why is understanding mitosis important in the context of cancer?
It is crucial for developing treatments and prevention strategies for cancer.
p.21
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What does repeated rounds of mitosis produce?
A vast number of cells that make up the tissues and organs of a body.
p.21
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
Why is mitosis important for multicellular organisms?
It is essential for growth and development.
p.4
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What does the cell accumulate during the G1 phase to prepare for DNA replication?
Energy reserves and building blocks for chromosomal DNA.
p.38
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What structures do animal cells utilize for spatial orientation during mitosis?
Centrosomes and astral microtubules.
p.24
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What happens to lymphocytes when activated by antigens?
They rapidly divide by mitosis to build up a force capable of fighting infection.
p.30
Mitosis Process and Stages
Why are kinetochores important during prometaphase?
They are crucial for chromosome movement.
p.33
Mitosis Process and Stages
What forms around each set of chromatids during telophase?
Nuclear envelopes re-form, resulting in two separate nuclei.
p.33
Mitosis Process and Stages
What is the acronym for the mitotic phases?
PPMAT (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).
p.29
Mitosis Process and Stages
What do centrosomes do during prophase?
They begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell.
p.40
Mitosis in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Does mitosis occur in prokaryotes?
No, mitosis does not occur in prokaryotes.
p.25
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What does mitosis ensure for daughter cells?
Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell’s genetic material.
p.35
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What structure do plant cells form during cytokinesis?
A cell plate that eventually develops into a new cell wall.
p.24
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
How do cells differentiate into various cell types?
Through the regulation of gene expression during mitotic cell division.
p.15
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
At which phase does the first cell cycle checkpoint occur?
Near the end of G1 phase.
p.38
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
How do plant cells organize their mitotic spindle?
They rely on the spatial structure provided by the cell wall and vacuoles.
p.30
Mitosis Process and Stages
What is the acronym for the mitotic phases?
PPMAT (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).
p.12
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What characterizes the G0 phase?
Cells are in a quiescent (inactive) stage.
p.32
Mitosis Process and Stages
What causes the cell to elongate during anaphase?
Pushing forces exerted by overlapping non-kinetochore microtubules.
p.20
Mitosis Process and Stages
Who coined the term 'mitosis' and in what year?
Walther Flemming in 1882.
p.35
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
How do animal cells typically divide during mitosis?
By forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into two.
p.7
DNA Replication Mechanism
What does it mean for the two strands of DNA to be complementary?
Each nucleotide on one strand pairs with a specific nucleotide on the other strand.
p.4
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
What is the G1/S checkpoint responsible for?
Determining if the cell is ready to proceed into the division phase.
p.36
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What are the organizing centers for microtubules in animal cells?
Centrosomes containing a pair of centrioles.
Why is it important to recap all topics?
To ensure understanding and retention of the material.
p.18
Mitosis Process and Stages
What role does feedback play in an interactive recap?
It helps identify areas that need further clarification.
p.34
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
What is cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.
p.11
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What macromolecules are produced during the G2 phase?
RNA, proteins, and other macromolecules required for organelle multiplication, spindle formation, and cell growth.
p.11
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What is the main purpose of the G2 phase?
To prepare the cell for the mitotic phase.
p.6
S Phase, G1, G2, and G0 Phases
What are centrosomes composed of?
A pair of rod-like centrioles composed of tubulin and other proteins.
p.20
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What is the primary outcome of mitosis?
The production of two identical daughter cells from a parent cell.
p.31
Mitosis Process and Stages
What indicates proper bipolar attachment during metaphase?
The kinetochores are under tension.
p.39
Mitosis Process and Stages
How does the mitotic spindle form in plant cells?
Without centrosomes, establishing a bipolar structure.
p.1
Overview of the Cell Cycle
What are the key events in the cell cycle?
Duplication of its genome and synthesis of the cell organelles followed by division of the cytoplasm.
p.39
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What is the end goal of mitosis in both plant and animal cells?
To produce two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.
p.30
Mitosis Process and Stages
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?
It completely breaks down.
p.18
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
What methods can be used in an interactive recap?
Quizzes, discussions, and group activities.
p.22
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What is the significance of mitotic cell division in tissue regeneration?
It allows for the replacement of damaged cells and promotes healing.
p.36
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
Where do spindle microtubules form in plant cells?
Around nucleating sites in the cytoplasm called microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs).
p.30
Mitosis Process and Stages
What begins to happen to the chromosomes during prometaphase?
They begin moving toward the center of the cell, known as the metaphase plate.
p.34
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
How is cytokinesis different from mitosis?
Cytokinesis is often considered a separate process from mitosis.
p.6
S Phase, G1, G2, and G0 Phases
What are sister chromatids?
Identical copies of each chromosome that are firmly attached at the centromere region.
p.34
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
What forms in plant cells during cytokinesis?
A cell plate along the line of the metaphase plate, leading to two separate cell walls.
p.34
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
What do the daughter cells formed during cytokinesis contain?
Each daughter cell has one nucleus.
p.6
Mitosis Process and Stages
What is the function of the mitotic spindle?
It orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.
p.26
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What happens when regulatory mechanisms of mitosis fail?
It leads to uncontrolled cell division and cancer.
p.7
DNA Replication Mechanism
What is the purpose of DNA replication during the S phase?
To ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the DNA.
p.7
DNA Replication Mechanism
Which nucleotides pair together during DNA replication?
Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
p.4
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What is the primary focus of the G1 phase?
Cell growth and protein synthesis.
p.27
Mitosis Process and Stages
What stages of mitosis can be observed in the onion root tip?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
p.18
Overview of the Cell Cycle
What is the purpose of an interactive recap?
To review and reinforce the topics discussed.
p.4
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
What factors are assessed at the G1/S checkpoint?
DNA damage and nutrient concentration.
p.35
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What is the role of the spindle apparatus in both plant and animal cell mitosis?
To help separate the chromosomes during cell division.
p.24
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
Why is mitosis essential for the immune system?
It is crucial for the proliferation of lymphocytes, which are vital for the immune response.
p.23
Functions and Importance of Mitosis
What does mitosis create in asexual reproduction?
Clones of the original organism.
p.3
Mitosis Process and Stages
What happens to the cell nucleus during mitosis?
It breaks down and two new, fully functional nuclei are formed.
p.6
S Phase, G1, G2, and G0 Phases
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication results in the formation of two identical copies of each chromosome, known as sister chromatids.
p.6
S Phase, G1, G2, and G0 Phases
What happens to centrosomes during the S phase?
Centrosomes are duplicated.
p.29
Mitosis Process and Stages
What are the components of the mitotic spindle?
Microtubules and other proteins.
p.32
Mitosis Process and Stages
What is the acronym for the mitotic phases?
PPMAT (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).
p.36
Differences in Mitosis: Plant vs Animal Cells
What happens to centrosomes during prophase in animal cells?
They migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
p.1
Overview of the Cell Cycle
What follows the duplication of the genome in the cell cycle?
Division of the cytoplasm.
p.37
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
Why can't plant cells undergo cytokinesis by pinching?
Because they are surrounded by a rigid cell wall.
p.15
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
What happens at cell cycle checkpoints?
The cell cycle can be stopped until conditions are favorable.
p.29
Mitosis Process and Stages
What do chromosomes consist of during prophase?
Two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
p.32
Mitosis Process and Stages
What happens to the sister chromatids during anaphase?
The proteins holding them together break apart, allowing them to separate.
p.11
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
The cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation.
p.33
Mitosis Process and Stages
What occurs during telophase?
It is the reversal of prophase and prometaphase events.
p.34
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
What structure forms in animal cells during cytokinesis?
A contractile ring that pinches the cell in two, forming a cleavage furrow.
p.12
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
Which types of cells remain in G0 permanently?
Mature cardiac muscle and nerve cells.
p.32
Mitosis Process and Stages
What are the sister chromatids referred to after they separate during anaphase?
They are now individual chromosomes.
p.33
Mitosis Process and Stages
What happens to chromosomes during telophase?
They arrive at the poles and begin decondensing back into chromatin.
p.37
Cytokinesis in Cell Division
How does the cell plate expand during plant cell cytokinesis?
It expands outward until it fuses with the existing cell wall.
p.12
G1, S, G2, and G0 Phases
When do some cells enter the G0 phase?
Temporarily, until an external signal triggers the onset of G1.
p.32
Mitosis Process and Stages
What role do microtubules play during anaphase?
Microtubules attached to kinetochores shorten, pulling the chromosomes apart.
