What is the primary focus of criminology?
The study of crime as a social phenomenon and the causation of crime.
p.1
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
Which well-known criminologists are associated with the different schools of criminology?
Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Lombroso, Raffaele Garofalo, and Enrico Terri.
What factors do different criminology theories consider for the causation of crime?
Various factors including environment, personality traits, and mental elements.
p.1
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
How many schools of criminology are discussed in the research paper?
Four schools of criminology.
What role does criminology play in the legal system?
It helps in adjudicating the criminal liability of the offender.
p.8
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
What is the main difference between the Pre-Classical and Neo-Classical schools?
The Pre-Classical school relied on demonology, while the Neo-Classical school emphasized determinism and mitigating factors.
p.2
Historical Development of Criminology
Why was legal recourse considered a last resort in early societies?
Because law was dominated by religion and superstitions.
p.3
Classical School of Criminology
Why did Beccaria reject torture as a method of punishment?
Because it allowed the weak to incriminate and the strong to escape justice based on social position.
p.5
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
What are Criminoids according to Lombroso?
Criminals with a physical type who commit crimes to overcome an inferiority complex.
p.4
Classical School of Criminology
What achievement is attributed to the classical school of criminology?
It recognized the need for a substantial and robust criminal policy to avoid arbitrary punishments.
p.3
Pre-Classical School of Criminology
What was the early explanation for criminal behavior according to the pre-classical school?
Criminal behavior was attributed to spirits, demons, and unknown powers beyond human control.
p.2
Historical Development of Criminology
Which philosophers contributed to the early understanding of criminology?
Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
p.1
Philosophical Underpinnings of Criminology
What is a key aspect of the theories discussed in the paper?
They are supported by research and scientific explanations.
p.8
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
How does the Neo-Classical school view free will compared to the Classical school?
It argues that no person has total free will and allows for mitigating factors.
What aspect of crime has continued to be considered in modern legal systems?
The mental aspect and circumstances surrounding the crime.
p.5
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
What is Ferri's major contribution to criminology?
The theory of 'Law of Criminal Saturation'.
p.4
Classical School of Criminology
What was a significant shortcoming of the classical school regarding punishments?
It prescribed equal punishments for the same offense without distinction between first offenders and habitual criminals.
p.8
Pre-Classical School of Criminology
How did the Pre-Classical school approach the causation of crime?
It ignored the mental aspect of the criminal and focused on the crime itself.
p.3
Pre-Classical School of Criminology
What justification was given for the rituals used in the pre-classical school?
The belief that when human agency fails, divine means of proof become necessary.
p.5
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
What approach did the Neo-Classical School of Criminology take towards certain classes?
It granted leniency to those classes.
p.5
Positivist School of Criminology
What shift did the Positivist School of Criminology represent?
A focus on the criminal and the reasons leading to the causation of crime.
p.5
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
What are the three categories of criminals according to Lombroso?
Atavists (born criminals), Insane criminals, and Criminoids.
p.5
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
What characterizes Insane criminals in Lombroso's classification?
They are unable to understand the nature of their acts due to mental disorders.
p.6
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
What theory does the Classical School of Criminology reject?
The demonological theory of the Pre-Classical School.
p.9
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
What does the Neo-Classical school of criminology consider in its theory?
The physical and social environment where the individual was placed.
p.1
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
Why can't the four schools of criminology co-exist?
Each school has a different approach and analysis to understand crime and criminals.
p.9
Historical Development of Criminology
How did different schools of criminology define crime?
According to the rationality of society at the time.
p.3
Classical School of Criminology
Who are the pioneers of the Classical School of Criminology?
Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and Romilly.
p.3
Classical School of Criminology
What did Beccaria propose regarding punishment?
Punishment should be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.
p.7
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
What distinguishes the pre-classical school from the classical school?
The pre-classical school lacked scientific explanation and was based on the omnipotence of demons, while the classical school was based on scientific explanation and rationality.
p.7
Classical School of Criminology
What was the focus of the classical school regarding crime?
It focused on the crime rather than the criminal.
p.4
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
What factors should be considered alongside the criminal act according to the neo-classical school?
The personality of the criminal, motives, previous life, history, and general character.
p.1
Historical Development of Criminology
What factors influenced the schools of criminology during the analyzed periods?
Beliefs, rituals, and the rationality of the people in society.
p.2
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
What are the four major schools of criminology?
Pre-classical school, classical school, neo-classical school, and positivist school.
What does the research paper aim to conceptualize?
The different schools of criminology and their theories related to the causation of crime.
p.8
Classical School of Criminology
What concept does the Classical school base its theory on?
The concept of free will, where offenders commit crimes for pleasure.
p.8
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
What criticism did the Neo-Classical school have regarding punishments?
It viewed equal punishments for all as unjust and unfair.
p.5
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
What are Atavists in Lombroso's theory?
Hereditary criminals who cannot refrain from committing crimes.
p.4
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
What did the neo-classical school assert regarding certain categories of offenders?
They should not be treated equally as prudent individuals in matters of punishment due to their incapacity to understand their actions.
p.7
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
Who were the main exponents of the Positive School?
Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo.
p.6
Philosophical Underpinnings of Criminology
What is the Classical School's view on the motivation behind crime?
Offenders commit crimes out of free will for pleasure and to cause pain to victims.
p.8
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
What does the Positive school of criminology emphasize?
The importance of the personality and mental aspects of the criminal.
p.3
Pre-Classical School of Criminology
What was the Ordeal test?
A method of torturing offenders to determine their guilt, based on the belief that the innocent would not be harmed.
p.2
Historical Development of Criminology
What was the dominant belief regarding crime in primitive societies?
Crime was attributed to a corrupted soul and physical deformities.
What is the significance of mitigating factors in criminology?
They allow for consideration of the individual's circumstances leading to crime.
p.5
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
Who are the main exponents of the Positivist School of Criminology?
Cesare Lombroso, Raffaele Garofalo, and Enrico Ferri.
p.7
Positivist School of Criminology
What did the Positive School emphasize in its approach?
It focused on the criminal rather than the crime, helping to understand the nature and mental element of the criminal.
What does Ferri believe is the outcome of social change in a dynamic society?
Disharmony, conflict, and cultural variations.
p.7
Historical Development of Criminology
What was the focus of the 19th-century doctrine in criminology?
It emphasized a scientific method of study and shifted focus from retribution to corrective treatment.
p.6
Punishment and Rehabilitation in Criminology
What type of punishment did the Pre-Classical School advocate for offenders?
Extreme and severe torture through Ordeals.
p.1
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
What time periods does the research paper analyze regarding schools of criminology?
The 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.
p.9
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
How do the Neo-Classical and Positive schools of criminology differ?
Neo-Classical focuses on environment, while Positive focuses on personality traits and mental elements.
p.8
Positivist School of Criminology
What theory did the Positive school reject in favor of rehabilitation?
The Ordeal test and the focus on mere punishment.
p.2
Pre-Classical School of Criminology
What characterized the pre-classical school of criminology?
It is known as the demonological school, focusing on religious and superstitious explanations for crime.
p.2
Historical Development of Criminology
What shift occurred in human thinking that influenced the development of criminology?
A move towards a more rational understanding of crime and the need for a robust criminal justice system.
What does Ferri's 'Law of Criminal Saturation' suggest?
That crime is produced by three main factors.
p.6
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
What is the main belief of the Pre-Classical School of Criminology?
That crime is committed due to possession by demons or evil spirits.
p.9
Positivist School of Criminology
What is the main focus of the Positive school of criminology?
Anthropological or personality traits and the mental element to determine criminal liability.
p.8
Pre-Classical School of Criminology
What method did the Pre-Classical school use to determine guilt?
The Ordeal test, which involved severe torture.
p.3
Historical Development of Criminology
What led to the questioning of the demonological theory?
The development of scientific analysis and reasoning over time.
p.5
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
What was a major criticism of the Neo-Classical School of Criminology?
It viewed criminals as a nuisance to society and believed they should be expelled.
p.2
Punishment and Rehabilitation in Criminology
What was often the nature of punishments in the absence of a fair judiciary?
Punishments were arbitrary and irrational.
p.4
Classical School of Criminology
What is a major drawback of the classical school?
It is based on an abstract presumption of free will and ignores the state of mind of the criminal.
p.7
Comparative Analysis of Criminology Schools
What is a similarity between the classical and pre-classical schools?
Both schools relied on the crime rather than the criminal, ignoring the mental aspect and true reasons for the causation of crime.
What are the three factors that influence criminal behavior according to Ferri?
Physical or geographical, anthropological, and psychological or social.
p.6
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
What was Raffaele Garofalo's view on the causes of crime?
Lack of pity generates crimes against persons, while lack of probity leads to crimes against property.
p.6
Punishment and Rehabilitation in Criminology
What was the Classical School's approach to punishment?
Harsh punishments with a substantial criminal policy that is easy to administer.
p.3
Classical School of Criminology
What is the main belief of the Classical School of Criminology?
That individuals act out of free will and self-interest, not due to possession by evil spirits.
p.5
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
What did Lombroso conclude about the physical characteristics of criminals?
He believed that criminals were physically inferior, leading to a tendency for inferior acts.
p.4
Classical School of Criminology
What principle does the classical school of criminology focus on?
The principle of deterrence.
p.7
Positivist School of Criminology
What definition of law did the Positive School adopt?
A sociological definition.
p.6
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
How many categories of criminals did Garofalo identify?
Four categories: murderers, violent criminals, criminals lacking in sentiment of probity, and lascivious or lustful criminals.
p.7
Classical School of Criminology
What was the classical school's stance on arbitrary punishment?
It was against granting arbitrary punishment by the judiciary.
p.4
Neo-Classical School of Criminology
What is a key contribution of the neo-classical school of criminology?
It emphasizes considering individual circumstances and personality factors when assessing criminal liability.
p.6
Key Criminologists and Their Theories
How many types of criminals did Ferri classify?
Five types: born criminals, occasional criminals, passionate criminals, insane criminals, and habitual criminals.
p.7
Pre-Classical School of Criminology
What theory did the pre-classical school rely on?
The demonological theory, which presumed that crime was committed due to possession by a demon or evil spirit.
